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Endocrine GM > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What levels do hormones work on?

A

Whole body, molecular, cellular levels

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2
Q

Activin has what effect on the anterior pituitary

A

Enhances FSH synthesis

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3
Q

Inhibin has what effect on the anterior pituitary

A

Diminishes FSH synthesis

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4
Q

What anterior pituitary hormone is under separate stimulatory and inhibitory hypothalamic control?

A

Growth hormone

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5
Q

What anterior pituitary hormone is under stimulatory hypothalamic control?

A

FSH, LH, prolactin

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6
Q

What is the metabolic clearance rate equation

A

MCR= rate of disappearance / concentration

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7
Q

How does the liver normally get rid of steroid hormones? What happens when it is diseased?

A

Conjugation and excretion in the bile.

When you have liver disease, the steroid hormones go up b/c inability to conjugate

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8
Q

What second messenger signaling uses inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate which causes a release of Ca++ and what does it do?

A

Phospholipase C which ultimately phosphorylates proteins to induce physiologic effects

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9
Q

What hormone acts directly on genes, affecting transcription

A

T3, goes straight to the nucleus

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10
Q

What does radio immunoassay use

A

Radioactivity and labeling, for a known amount of hormone is labeled with radioactive iodine which is used to generate a standard curve

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11
Q

What inhibits prolactin release by anterior pituitary gland

A

Dopamine from the hypothalamus

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12
Q

Which two anterior pituitary hormones, share the same stimulatory hypothalamic factor

A

FSH and LH

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13
Q

What are 3 of the functions of growth hormone

A

Stimulates protein synthesis, cell multiplication, cell differentiation, and fat utilization for enhancing production of glucose

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14
Q

What hypothalamic factor inhibits the release of growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

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15
Q

What is associated with “metabolic syndrome”

A

Increased clotting risk

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16
Q

Growth hormone increases the use of what for energy decreasing carbohydrate utilization

A

Fatty acids

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17
Q

What is a major function of somatomedin C

A

Prolongs the effects of growth hormones, pygmys lack somatomedin C

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18
Q

When is the largest burst of growth hormone secretion in a young child

A

Within one hour after onset of sleep

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19
Q

What is a deficiency in thyroid hormone associated with?

A

Mental retardation

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20
Q

What is associated with a deficiency in growth hormones in children

A

Short, delayed puberty, mild obesity

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21
Q

What endocrine gland increases iodide trapping in glandular cells

A

Thyroid

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22
Q

What hormones are a part of the POMC family

A

MSH, B lipotropin, B endorphin, ATCH

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23
Q

What hormone stimulates uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

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24
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates milk secretion, inhibits ovulation, enhance aspects of the immune response

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25
Q

What hormone produces milk letdown and is released in response to suckling, and promotes bonding of mother and baby

A

Oxytocin

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26
Q

What is the fate of most of the T4 that is secreted by the thyroid gland at target tissues

A

Converted to T3

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27
Q

What hormone is produced by pineal gland, especially during sleep

A

Melatonin

28
Q

After a traumatic brain injury, how common is pituitary dysfunction

A

25-40%

29
Q

Which is more potent T3 or T4

A

T3 is 4x more potent

30
Q

What thyroid hormone is important in regulation of calcium levels in the body

A

Calcitonin

31
Q

What are calcitonin and PTH’s affect on calcium levels

A

Calcitonin lowers levels, PTH raises

32
Q

Hasimoto does what to the thyroid

A

Destroys it

33
Q

What does addison’s disease do

A

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

34
Q

What does graves disease do?

A

Hypersecretion of TRH by hypothalamic neurons in response to abnormal antibodies that form against the TSH receptor

35
Q

What is associated with cretinism

A

Mental retardation, inhibited skeletal growth, treated with thyroxine

36
Q

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Fatigue, constipation, weight gain, myxedema

37
Q

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

Weight loss, diarrhea, exophthalmos, inability to sleep

38
Q

What is the direct precursor for aldosterone

A

Corticosterone

39
Q

What are functions of glucocorticoids

A

Gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory effects, suppression of immune response

40
Q

How are glucocorticoids involved in the maintanance of normal blood pressure

A

Up regulate alpha 1 adrenergic receptors

41
Q

A patient with elevated cortisol levels undergoes dexamethasone suppression test. Neither a low or high does suppresses cortisol

A

The hypercortisolism is likely due to adrenal cortical cortisol secreting tumor

Low dose doesn’t, high dose does = hypercortisolism is likely due to anterior pituitary ACTH secreting tumor

42
Q

Aldosterone is mainly under control of what?

A

Angiotensin 2

Precusor cortisol makes ACTH renin and corticosterone

43
Q

What are functions of mineralocorticoids

A

Control ECF volume, stimulate renal K+ excretion, increase H+ secretion

44
Q

Autoimmune destruction of the entire adrenal cortex with decreased synthesis of all adrenocortical hormones is a characteristic of what

A

Addison’s disease

45
Q

Which class of hormones is synthesized from cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

46
Q

What usually prevents over activity of hormone secretions

A

Negative feedback

47
Q

Plasma proteins binding T4 in the blood serves what function

A

Slows clearance of T4

48
Q

Why can liver disease cause abnormally high levels of steroid hormones

A

Decreased conjugation and decreased excretion of steroids in bile

49
Q

Name some key parts of adenylyl cylase-cAMP 2nd messenger signaling

A

Use a Gs protein, inactivated by phosphodiesterase, phosphorylates proteins

50
Q

What hormone acts directly on genes, affecting transcription and where does it go?

A

T3 goes to nucleus

51
Q

What inhibits prolactin released by the ant. Pituitary gland

A

Dopamine from hypothalamus

52
Q

Which two ant. Pituitary hormones share the same stimulatory hypothalamic factor and what is the factor

A

FSH and LH, factor is GNRH

53
Q

What hypothalamic factor inhibits the release of growth hormone

A

Somatostatin

54
Q

Growth hormone increases the use of _____ _______ for energy by decreasing ______ utilization

A

Fatty acids….. carbohydrate

55
Q

What is the major function of somatomedin C

A

Prolongs the effects of growth hormone

56
Q

What endocrine gland increases iodide trapping in glandular cells and what is the ratio

A

Thyroid, 1/5th take, 4/5th get rid of

57
Q

Name the hormones of the POMC family

A

MSH, B-lipotropin, B-endorphin, ACTH

58
Q

What autoimmune disease destroys the thyroid and is preceded by thyroiditis

A

Hashimoto’s disease

59
Q

The direct precursor for aldosterone is what?

A

Corticosterone

60
Q

What are functions of glucocorticoids

A

Gluconeogenesis, anti-inflammatory effects, suppression of the immune response

61
Q

How are glucocorticoids involved in the maintenance of normal blood pressure

A

Up regulate a1 adrenergic receptors

62
Q

Aldosterone is mainly under the control of which of the following

A

Angiotensin 2

63
Q

What are major functions of mineral-corticoids

A

Control ECF volume, stimulate renal K+ excretion, increase H+ secretion

64
Q

What would be the result of 17a-hydroxylase deficiency in adrenal cortex

A

Decreased levels of aldosterone(indirectly)

65
Q

Autoimmune destruction of the entire adrenal cortex with decreased synthesis of all adrenocortical hormones is characteristic of what?

A

Addison’s disease

Endocrine GM (3 decks)

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