Exam #1 Flashcards
Gender
refers to your personal sense of who you are
Sex
refers mainly to biology
Sexism
prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender
What do humans do to gain influence and power?
note differences and put people into groups based on those differences
What is often the purpose of dividing people into in-groups and out-groups?
to empower those who emphasize differences between people
Gender studies have been an integral part of
the womens movement, and the effort to eliminate sex-based bias from society
Cisgender
individuals who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth
Gender is about
a persons identity/sense of self a persons sex roles and behaviors experiences heritage
What is the Essentialist view of gender?
Gender is principally a matter of biology
What is the Social Constructivist view of gender?
Gender is learned
What is the Nature via Nurture view of Gender?
Both biology and culture interact to create gender identity
What is sex (biology)?
the exchange and recombining of genes from two individuals to produce offspring that differ from its parents
Why did we evolve with sexual reproduction?
it serves as a way to introduce genetic variety, which helps fight off parasites and disease
What is the “red queen hypothesis”?
We must constantly change our genetic variety in order to fend of attacks from parasites
Biodiversity
the existence of a wide range of different types of organisms in a given place at a given time
Is evolution a perfection seeking process?
No
What is the difference between the sexes?
Females make big gametes (Eggs)
Males make small gametes (Sperm)
How many eggs does a woman have when she is born?
approximately 1 million
How many sperm are released during ejaculation?
about 300 million
How many eggs will a woman ovulate during her lifetime?
only 300 to 400
What is the First Nudge towards gender?
the recombination of parents chromosomes
What is the Second Nudge toward gender/?
the formation of gonads
What is formed from the gonads?
Testes in Males
Ovaries in Females
What is the Third Nudge?
The gonads develop into sex glands and hormones are released
Genotype
the specific genetic characteristics of an organism (genetic makeup)
Phenotype
the specific expression of the genes of an organism in the environment (physical appearance)
What is the Fourth Nudge?
the development of the internal organs that characterize female and male anatomy
What are the internal female reproductive organs?
the ovaries
the uterus
the fallopian tubes
the upper vagina
What are the internal male reproductive organs?
the testes
seminal vesicle
vas deferens
prostate gland
What is the Fifth Nudge?
the formation of external female and male anatomy
What is the external female reproductive anatomy?
the clitoris
the urethra
the lower vagina
the labia
What is the external male reproductive anatomy?
the penis
the scrotum
Turner Syndrome
One X chromosome
phenotypically female
Klinefelter’s syndrome
XXY
de la Chapelle’s syndrome
XX
male phenotype
sterile
Swyer’s syndrome
XY
female phenotype
no secondary female sex characteristics
Mosaic Genes
the cells within the body have different genotypes, forming a mosaic of XX and XY genes
Chimera
two separate eggs form an individual in the womb
two sets of DNA
Congenital Andrenal Hyperplasia CAH
XX
over-exposure to testosterone in the womb
masculinization of female genitals
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome AIS
XY
insensitive to male hormones
perceived as female until puberty
What gods do the Hijra worship?
Bahuchara Mata
Lord Shiva
Aravan
What methods are included in research?
Quantitative and Qualitative
What is reification?
proving things, clear definition, turning abstractions into numbers
What are the different types of Qualitative Research Methods?
Case Studies
Interviews
Ethnography
Focus Groups
What did Saint Thomas Aquinas accomplish?
he helped formalize the dualism between religion and science
What are the two main research mental models?
the inductive method
the hypothetico-deductive method
What is the inductive method
abstractions of observations
what is the hypothetico-deductive method?
notion of how things work
Empiricism
knowledge comes from sensory experience
research must involve interaction with the real world
What is the main problem with qualitative methods?
it is impossible to completely get rid of personal bias
How long ago did the first ancestors of human beings appear?
five million years ago
Hominization
the evolutionary process that results in the present human being
homo sapiens
the species of human beings that exist today
Why is it so hard to live in the post-modern world?
Human beings have not adapted to our new ways of life
The only thing that matters in evolution
the persistence of genes; survival
needs vs. wants
you are born with needs
you are taught wants
Natural Selection
the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
Sexual Selection
Mate choice has been the primary mechanism of sexual selection in humans
Allegories
representations for natural phenomena
How did myths start?
myths began as the personification of inanimate objects and forces
What are the four basic functions of mythology?
the mystical function
the cosmological function
the sociological function
the pedagogical function
What is the mystical function of myths?
express the awe and wonder of the universe
what is the cosmological function of myths?
explain the processes of nature
what is the sociological function of myths?
support and validate a certain social order
what is the pedagogical function of myths?
explain how to live a good, full life
How are myths like mirrors?
the reflect the concerns of the people of the society from which they originate
Sunday
Sun’s day
Monday
Moon’s day
Tuesday
named for Norse god Tyr
Wednesday
Germanic god Wodin and Norse god Odin
What is a psychopomp?
leader of souls
associated with poetry and musical inspiration
Thursday
Thor’s day
Friday
Freya
Saturday
Roman God Saturn
From the psychoanalytic and cultural anthropological perspectives myths…
are thought of as a subjective counterpart to the objective scientific approach to understanding the universe
The role of males in the west was influenced by…
God the Father
God the Son
the Holy Spirit
The role of females in the west was influenced by…
Eve
Mary
What were the results of people moving to cities and developing governments?
power in the hands of few
monotheistic religions
individual rights became a central issue
people needed rules
What is the biggest difference between modern humans and our hunter-gatherer ancestors?
the relationship we have with material things
What did ancient female children have to learn?
what plants to eat
birth
nurturing the young
What did ancient male children have to learn?
how to hunt
protect their in-group
What do we use today instead of mythology to understand behavior?
the behavioral sciences
Evolutionary psychology
gives us important insights to behavior
What is the symbol for woman?
the moon
From a biological point of view, a sexually mature female is a
woman not a girl
Peri-Menopause
the ovaries gradually begin to make less estrogen
lasts until menopause
Menopause
when the ovaries stop releasing eggs
Allomother
post-menopausal woman
high interest in young people
What is the image for males?
the sun
male vs. female maturity
females have clear biological events
males have rites of passage
Why does nature favor diversity?
it is out of variation that biological evolution springs
What has evolution predisposed women to want in a partner?
characteristics that contribute to the well-being of her and her offspring
