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COM 1520 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mass communication

A

Companies produce large messages with help of at least 1 tech, then widely distributed and scattered across an area on a regular basis

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Format messages that can be distributed to large groups of a scattered area

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3
Q

Demassification

A

Media now has to produce messages that are aimed at specific target demographics rather than mass groups of people

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4
Q

Gatekeeper

A

People in media companies who control content and the flow of information coming out of the media company

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5
Q

Taste makers

A

Big media company with influence over what to trends introduce and encourage consumers to adopt

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6
Q

Crowd sourcing

A

People can band together with social media

+ harnessing the effort of multiple individuals to solve a problem or share a view

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7
Q

Democratized*

A

Two way communication between consumers and companies

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8
Q

Noise

A

Media speak for interference with communication

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9
Q

Name the three types of noise and explain them

A
  1. ) semantic-language barrier
  2. ) mechanical- technology or machine error
  3. ) environmental- where a person is a the specific time
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10
Q

Mainstream media + examples

A

Older media companies and industries
Oldest: print media
Then: movie industry and commercial radio
Then: television, broadcast networks and the recording industry

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11
Q

New media + examples

A

Media that is new
Internet and social media
I s technology based

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12
Q

Name the 7 trends in media

A
  1. ) audience is fragmented along demographic lines
  2. ) convergence- come together (5 types)
    1. ) economic- 1 company offers multiple service
    2. ) organic- multitasking with different media
    3. ) cultural- stories or concepts of media flow across different a types of media, ie book to movie
    4. ) global- trends affect cultures globally
    5. ) technological- technology performs many functions
  3. ) audience control-the audience has increased control of what is shown
  4. ) multiple platforms-you can receive a media message in multiple ways
  5. ) user generated content- users are creating their own media messages
  6. ) mobile media- carry media with you
  7. ) social media- media to share personal stuff
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13
Q

Duopoli

A

When two companies control an industry

Ex.) dish and direct tv

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14
Q

Oligopoli

A

When 3-6 companies control an industry

Ex.) movie industry = 6 studies produce 85% of box office

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15
Q

Vertical integration

A

When one large company gets the means to produce and distribute a product in house

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16
Q

Full integration

A

When one company can produce, distribute, and retail/exhibit a product.
Ex.) old movie industry produced 99% of movies and movie houses

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17
Q

3 facets of business

A
  1. ) production
  2. ) distribution
  3. ) retail/exhibition
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18
Q

The three types of companies

A

Conglomerate- large corporation that owns smaller companies
Chain- a company owns multiple outlets in one type of media
Cross media owners- companies own multiple outlets in 2 or more types of media

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19
Q

Name the top 4 largest media companies

A
  1. ) Comcast NBC Universal
  2. ) Disney
  3. ) Time Warner Inc.
  4. ) Charter Communications
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20
Q

Revenue stream

A

The ways media makes their money

- can be singular or plural

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21
Q

Name the 7 revenue streams

A

1.) direct sales- product goes directly to
people
2.) rentals- rent out product -ie blockbuster
3.) subscription- subscribe for constant access
4.) usage fee- pay for the use of the product as a utility
5.) advertising- commercials and ads in a program
-broadcast TV and radio are supported by ads
6.) syndication- a company licenses its content to other companies
7.) license fee- pay to distribute musician

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22
Q

Name the 5 media functions

A

1.) Surveillance- news tells what’s going on
- 2 types: beware: informational media-need to know Instrumental: everyday stuff
2.) interpretation- media interprets what has happened for us- not just the facts
-2 by products: bias: being partial w/ opinion
Agenda setting: telling what we should be thinking about
3.) linkage- media groups different a groups with others, business with consumers
4.) transmission of values- teach values through media
Entertainment- to keep you entertained

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23
Q

Name the 4 uses of media

A
  1. ) cognition- be aware of what is going on
  2. ) diversion- to be a distraction
    • 3 types: stimulation, relaxation, emotional release
  3. ) social unity- conversation piece
  4. ) withdrawal- use media as an escape from reality
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24
Q

Name the 5 categories of technology adopters and explain them + the percentage of the population they are

A
  1. ) innovators- adopts right away 2.5%
  2. ) early adopters- waits a few weeks to adopts 13.5%
  3. ) early majority- adopts after a few months 34%
  4. ) late majority- adopts around 1 year 34%
  5. ) lagers- last to adopt waits a long time 16%
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25
Q

Why do people wait to adopt new tech

A

Wait for reviews, bug fixes, and prices to drop

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26
Q

Name the 3 reasons for adopting new tech

A
  1. ) voluntary adoption- choose to adopt on own
  2. ) collective adoption- group of people decide that within an environment that tech will be used
  3. ) authority decision adoption- 1 person at the top devices everybody will use it or leave
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27
Q

Media literacy

A

Encouraging people to be more critical consumers of media
- the process of critical analyzing media content by considering its presentation, underlying political or social message, and being aware of media ownership

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28
Q

What are the 5 things to look for when critically analyzing the media

A
  1. ) purpose- is it to persuade, inform, or entertain
  2. ) source- where is the message coming from
  3. )framing of the content- how the media covers a story
  4. ) format of message- how was message receive:print, TV, radio, film, or Internet
  5. ) audience- what audience is message aimed at
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29
Q

What are the 7 media literacy principles

A
  1. ) all media message are constructed by people
  2. ) most media messages are constructed and distributed within a commercial environment
  3. ) all media media messages are constructed and distributed within a political environment
  4. ) media messages are in 5 broad genres: entertainment, news, information, education, and advertising
  5. ) most audience members bring their own opinions beliefs and values when receiving messages
  6. ) be careful of social media
  7. ) late night shows are not news
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30
Q

When is the rock n roll original period and what is rock n roll

A

1954-59

Rock n roll is r&ab music that was sped up and had electric guitars, bass, piano, and drums added

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31
Q

Name 4 early influential rock n roll artists

A

Elvis Presley
Buddy holly
Fats domino
Richie valance

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32
Q

Why did rock n roll period end

A

Rock n rollers died or got in trouble and the establishment hated it

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33
Q

What was music like 1960-63

2 major movement

A

Tame and watered down with clean cut teen idols- pop where everybody was a Bobbi or Jonny
Motown music and west coast surfing sounds movement

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34
Q

What day did everything change and what happened

A

February 9 1964

The Beatles appeared on the Ed Sullivan show and started the British Invasion

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35
Q

How is music produced and distributed

A
  1. ) music starts as a composition (music + lyrics)
  2. ) composition goes to a recording studio and is cording by a band, artist,or session people
  3. ) the recording is distributed to the public
    • music is called MEDIA when it’s the final product and finished format
36
Q

Name the major trends of the recording industry

A
  1. ) the single song has replaced the album
  2. ) music is consumed through portable devices
  3. ) music stores have disappeared
  4. ) streaming music is the largest way to consume music
  5. ) the markets is extremely fragmented
  6. ) music companies are concentrating on short term profits- nurture artists less
  7. ) corporate radio- tight playlist for corporate stations
37
Q

Name the 3 major music companies and what percent of the market do they own together

A
  1. ) the universal music group
  2. ) Sony music entertainment
  3. ) Warner music group

Own 80% of the market
Independent companies-small labels- own 20%

38
Q

Niche artist

A

An artist or group who’s music does not sound commercial to the major music companies

39
Q

Name the top 3 percentages and genres of the consumption of music

A 
#1 rap and hip hop 21% 
#2 pop 14%
#3 R & B 9%
40
Q

What are the recording industry music time periods

A
  1. ) new song- up to 8 weeks old
  2. ) recent song- up to 1 1/2 years old
  3. ) catalog song- 1 1/2 -3 years old
  4. ) deep catalog- anything over 3 years old
41
Q

What percentage of sales are catalog

A

47-55%

42
Q

What are the 2 separate copryrights on music

A
  1. ) first copyright is on the composition
    • the writer owns the copyright
  2. ) second copyright is on the master recording- finished product - recording label owns
43
Q

What are the 4 sources of revenue for recording artists

A
  1. ) sale of the track: sale of royalties/ mechanical royalties- artist gets percentage of the sales per unit sold
  2. ) performance royalties- if you write own songs you get paid when songs are played publicly
  3. ) digital distribution- music is distributed digital, all of the artists who preformed get money
  4. ) concert tours and shows
44
Q

What does a music rights organization do

A

Collect license money from radio stations, TV stations, and any business or venue which features music in their business
- they keep track of when a song writers song is played public ally and pays the royalties collected to the composer

45
Q

What does sound exchange do

A

Handles the royalty payments for composers in digital rights only

46
Q

Name the 3 performance rights organizations

A

ASCAP-oldest
BMI- 2nd oldest
SECSAC- new + European

47
Q

What is a 360 deal

A

A non optional deal where the label gets a cut of everything an artist earns, even if the label isn’t directly involved

48
Q

How were traditional deals made

A 
Labels singed artists
Made recordings
Sell records
Label gets biggest money share
Artist kept everything else they made
49
Q

Name the 3 ways music gets distributed to the public

A
  1. ) streaming
  2. ) digital/direct downloads
  3. ) physical retail
50
Q

What is a rack jobber

A

The vendors whole stock the cd racks with the newest music in large chain retail stores where they leased the space. bought the physical product from from distributors in large quantities them took then to that retail space

51
Q

Name the 6 ways music is promoted

A
  1. ) Radio-oldest type can listen to new music without buying it
  2. ) MTV-music television- payed for music video production with conceptual messages and themes
  3. ) Touring- new album do your to promote it + old hits
  4. ) music tie ins- music in movies
  5. ) YouTube
  6. ) glee and other TV shows with musical performance
52
Q

Name and describe the 3 major music legal issues

A
  1. ) piracy- burning and distributing music without paying royalties
  2. ) bootlegging- illegal recording and distribution of live recordings and performances
  3. ) illegal file sharing- download songs for free through programs
53
Q

What court case decided illegality of file sharing programs and what did it decide

A

MGM vs Grokster 2005
If the program was created with the sole intent to induce people into stealing music the program creator would be open to a copyright lawsuit. If the program was created and the original intent was not to induce people to steal music and somebody else tweaked it the original creator is not responsible for the piracy

54
Q

What awards are given for amount of copies sold and what is the award based on

A

Gold record- 500,000 copies
Platinum record- 1 million copies sold
Multi-platinum record- 2 million + copies sold
Diamond record- 10 million copies sold
Digital single awards- based on downloads
Streaming awards- 150 streams= 1 download
Latin music awards- over 50% Spanish lyrics
Master ringtone award

55
Q

Who crushed the diamond awards and how many copies did they sell
-2

A
  1. ) thriller - 33 million copies sold

2. ) the Eagles greatest hits - 29 million copies sold

56
Q

Name and describe the 3 categories of radio

A
  1. ) terrestrial radio- broad cast over air radio. Send out waves that follow the curve of the earth- AM and FM supported by advertising
  2. ) satellite radio- send signal into space, it bounces off of satellite back to earth, people with a receiver and antenna pick up and decode signals - no content regulations- supported by subscriptions and advertising
  3. ) streaming- young people with mini radio stations - supported by subscription and advertising- user creates format
57
Q

When was the first commercial radio station crated and where

A

Pennsylvania 1920

58
Q

What happened in 1927

A

The government stepped into control radio stations (previously anybody w/transmitter could have a station)
Govt had jurisdiction because of scarcity rationale-the limited number of frequencies available to broadcasters- created regulations no other media had

59
Q

What is the FRC

A

Federal radio commission

Oversee the radio rules and created the rules for broadcasters

60
Q

Name the 4 rules for broadcasters

A
  1. ) every broadcast station must be licensed
  2. ) every station has a specific frequency and can only operate on the frequency
  3. ) every broadcaster is assigned a power limit-transmitter power is limited
  4. ) every broadcast system is assigned a set of call letters which they must use to identify themselves and identify their city at least once an hour
61
Q

What is the communications act of 1934

A

Made the four broadcaster rules permanent
Created the federal communication commission which replaced the FRC and was an independent rather than commercial administration

62
Q

What did the telecommunication bill of 1996 do

A

Changed the number of stations a company could own from 40 to unlimited
And created a limit per market- can only own a number of stations per city depending on the market size
Ex.) if there are 45 or more stations one company can only own 8

63
Q

What are the two largest radio station group owners

A
  1. ) iheart media- owns 885 stations

2. ) CUMULUS- owns 454 stations

64
Q

What did iheart media use to be called

A

Clear channel

65
Q

What are radio formats based on (3)

A

Demographics
Advertising
Market

66
Q

What is a format

A

A consistent programming formula that creates a recognizable sound and personality for a station

67
Q

What is format homogenization

A

Radio stations are all starting to sound the same with no distinct sound or personality
- Is caused by the control of the group owners who want to maximize profits

68
Q

How does format homogenization work

A

Group owners employ format consultants who specialize in cookie cutter approach for different genres
- cheaper than salary workers and supply playlists w/like sounding djs
1 corporate programmer for all of their stations in a market
Voice tracking- pre recording liners to send to other stations
Syndication- individual self contained programs are recorded and produce completely and the. Sent to stations to be played (usually live)

69
Q

From 1950-70 what were the 5 major music formats

A
  1. ) top 40- popular singles
    2) AOR - album orientated radio- only played deep tracks
  2. ) MOR- middle of road- soft rock
  3. ) country- george jones, Conway twisty style
  4. ) R&B- rhythm and blues
70
Q

Compare the radio formats to today’s formats

A

The old formats had few categories and were pretty general, today’s formats are very specific and every category has a dozen subcategories with only minor crossover. Today’s formats are targeted toward very specific demographics

71
Q

What 3 things go into making a music format

A
  1. ) what you want the station to sound like.
    • music genre, dj, promos, newest info
  2. ) music activity level
    • frantic, middle, relaxing
  3. ) music has sophistication level
    • classical and jazz are most sophisticated
72
Q

What are the 5 music timelines for radio

A
  1. ) current - no more than 1 year old
  2. ) contemporary- current music + music 10-15 years old
  3. ) the 80’s- synthesizer with hook lyrics
  4. ) oldies- mid 50’s to late 70’s music
  5. ) nostalgia- pre rock n roll music- big bands and swing
73
Q

What is a hot clock

A

Clock that represents 1 hour of a stations programming- what is done at each time

74
Q

What is a playlist

A

The list of songs a station will feature in one week

75
Q

What is rotation

A

The amount of times a songs will be played through the weeks playlist- the more popular a song is the more times it will be rotated in

76
Q

What is quarter hour marine de

A

Not p,suing commercials at the quarter hour markers

77
Q

What is a daypart and name the different ones and their times

A 
Am drive - 6-10 am
Mid day- 10am-2pm
Pm drive- 2-6 pm
Evening- 6pm-12am
Night-12-6am
78
Q

What is daypart separation

A

Not playing the same song at the same time everyday

79
Q

What is artist separation

A

Not playing the same artist or bands back to back

80
Q

What is the fairness doctrine and when was it repealed

A

Doctrine that main broadcasters responsible for addressing all sides of a public issue
Was repealed in 1987 and caused a rise in talk radio

81
Q

How are news talk radio shows planned

A

With block programming. Stations have specific times in which specific shows are aired in hours blocks

82
Q

How are all news info stations planned

A

Programmed in cycles- go category by category with no black timing

83
Q

What are today’s top 4 listened to formats

A
  1. ) country
  2. ) news/talk
  3. ) contemporary hits radio
  4. ) adult contemporary
84
Q

What is he radio and when was it started

A

Started in 2002 by ibiquity. Send out a digital signal alongside the existing analog signal thought the air, need a special decoder to access.

85
Q

What are 2 new broadcast regulations

A

Indecency- bad language in 2006 fine increased fro $32,000 to $320,000 per incident
Equal time rule- if a broadcaster sells political active to a candidate they must also be willing to sell ad time to all other qualified candidates

COM 1520 (3 decks)

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