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Behavioral Neuroscience > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Theory (who and what)

A

Camillo Golgi, nervous system is a bunch of continuous fibers (no synapses)

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2
Q

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A

The Neuron Doctrine. Disproved reticular theory, found synapses

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3
Q

Input Zone

A

Dendrites, cell body in Multipolar and bipolar neurons. Receive info

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4
Q

Integration Zone

A

Axon hillock, where action potentials arise (decision to make neural signal is made)

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5
Q

Conduction Zone

A

Info transmitted through axon. In Unipolar neuron, the cell body is here

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6
Q

Output Zone

A

Axon terminals, transfer of info to other cells

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7
Q

Afferent transmission

A

Input. Sensory info

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8
Q

Efferent transmission

A

Output. Motor

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9
Q

Glial cell that provides structural support and nutrients to neurons

A

Astrocyte

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10
Q

Glial cell that myelinates CNS neurons

A

Oligodendrocyte

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11
Q

Glial cell that removes debris from injured or dead cells

A

Microglia

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12
Q

Glial cell that myelinates PNS neurons

A

Schwann cell

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13
Q

Gray matter

A

Cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. Processing

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14
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons. Info transport

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15
Q

Corpus callosum

A

White matter connecting hemispheres for communication

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16
Q

Group of neurons in cns

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Group of neurons in pns

A

Ganglion

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18
Q

Region involved in working memory, thinking, executive control, behavioral inhibition

A

Frontal lobe

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19
Q

Region involved in Visuospatial processing and somatosensory processing

A

Parietal lobe

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20
Q

Region of parietal lobe involved in somatosensory processing

A

Postcentral gyrus

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21
Q

Region of frontal lobe involved in motor control

A

Precentral gyrus

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22
Q

Cerebellum

A

A LOT of neurons. Motor control

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23
Q

Region involved in auditory and visual processing, along with memory

A

Temporal lobe, hippocampus is the memory portion

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24
Q

Hormones and homeostasis region

A

Hypothalamus and Pituitary

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25
Q

Sensory relay region. Receives instructions from cortex to ctrl which sensory info is transmitted

A

Thalamus

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26
Q

Caudal to thalamus, small region involved in vision

A

Superior colliculi

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27
Q

Caudal to thalamus, small region involved in audition

A

Inferior colliculi

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28
Q

VERY Multipolar neuron for a lot of communication and excitability

A

Pyramidal neuron

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29
Q

Brain system that filters bad material out and acts as a medium for exchange between blood vessels and brain tissue. 3 openings let CSF cover surface of brain and spinal cord. Also shock absorber

A

Ventricular system. Lateral-3rd-4th. Lateral ventricle touches all four lobes

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30
Q

Difference between tracts and nerves

A

Tracts are inside brain. As soon as neuron enters brain it becomes a tract

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31
Q

Hogan twins are joined at which brain structure

A

Thalamus. They can experience each others sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts

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32
Q

Brain system critical for emotion and learning

A

Limbic system HIPPOCAMPUS, AMYGDALA IS BIG PART

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33
Q

What was removed from patient HM? Same brain structure that dies first during suffocation (ten second tom)

A

Hippocampus

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34
Q

Limbic system component involved in fear emotion and aggression

A

Amygdala

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35
Q

What is lesioned in patient sm that causes her not to have a sense of fear or social norms

A

Amygdala

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36
Q

Brain system involved in motor control- gray matter

A

Basal ganglia

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37
Q

Create and release dopamine- basal ganglia- parkinsons

A

Substantia nigra

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38
Q

Cranial nerve I and function

A

Olfactory- smell

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39
Q

Cranial nerve Ii and function

A

optic vision

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40
Q

Cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor keep eyelids from droop

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41
Q

Cranial nerve IV and function

A

Trochlear allow eyes to cross

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42
Q

Cranial nerve v and function

A

Trigeminal jaw control and facial teeth and sinus sensory info

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43
Q

Cranial nerve VI and function

A

Abducens lateral movement of eyes

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44
Q

Cranial nerve VII and function

A

Facial 2/3 of taste and makes emotional faces

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45
Q

Cranial nerve VIII and function

A

Vestibulocochlear hearing

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46
Q

Cranial nerve IX and function

A

Glossopharyngeal swallowing 1/3 of taste

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47
Q

Cranial nerve X and function

A

Vagus slows heart beat and is in charge of sensory motor ctrl of internal organs

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48
Q

Cranial nerve XI and function

A

Spinal Accessory shrug

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49
Q

Cranial nerve XII and function

A

Hypoglossal tongue muscles help in swallowing

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50
Q

Type of viewing technique that outlines all cell bodies because the dyes are attracted to RNA

A

Nissl stain

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51
Q

Anterograde labeling

A

Uses radioactive molecules taken up by the cell body and then transported to the axon terminals

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52
Q

Retrograde labeling

A

uses horseradish peroxidase HRP which is taken up in the axon terminals. Backtracks flow of info

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53
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging DTI

A

measures water diffusion patterns to determine white matter structure

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54
Q

Phrenology

A

BAD measures bumps in skull. Bigger bumps in people show more brain in that area. People good at language have big bump in a certain part of the skull

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55
Q

Brocas area

A

Left frontal lobe. Area for speech production

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56
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

Enables researchers to create precise lesions guided by 3D adjustable arms and stereotaxic brain atlas

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57
Q

TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION tms

A

Magnetic fields temporarily disrupt brain activity in specific region and observe effects

58
Q

Positron emission tomography PET

A

uses radioactive chemicals to determine brain activity in certain areas when person is exposed to stimulus

59
Q

Functional MRI fMRI

A

Measures blood oxygenation over time as an index of brain activity. Good for instant studies

60
Q

Electroencephalography

A

Good for over time studies

61
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Measures electrical activity of individual cells or groups of cells in a specific brain region

62
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Motor control and feeling

63
Q

Autonomic nervous system- sympathetic

A

Fight or flight. Norepinephrine

64
Q

Autonomic nervous system parasympathetic

A

Rest and destress acetylcholine

65
Q

Why use squid axon?

A

Can see with naked eye. Invertebrate neurons are not myelinated so axons must be larger to send fast potentials. Diameter is important

66
Q

How fast are action potentials

A

Less than 1000tthh ooh a second

67
Q

Is the inside of the axon more negative or positive

A

Negative

68
Q

Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: ions spread out down concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

69
Q

Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: opposite polarities attract, negative charge pulls in pos charge

A

Electrostatic force

70
Q

Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: cell chooses what can come in

A

Selective membrane permeability

71
Q

Key element for maintaining resting membrane potential: 2 in, 3 out

A

Na+-K+ pump

72
Q

4 types of ion channels important for action potential generation

A

Na-K pump Open K+ channels Voltage-gated Na+ channels voltage gated K+ channels

73
Q

Relative Refractory period

A

CAused By Hyperpolarization Resulting from Potassium leaving axon. actionPotential can be produced with additional depolarization

74
Q

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

A

Caused By closure of sodium channels. Action potentials can not be produced during this period

75
Q

RATE Coding

A

higher depolarization only means More action potentials, NOT Stronger action potentials

76
Q

What is the refractory period for

A

Stops potential from going backward

77
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

blocks voltage gated Na+ channels So action potentials can’t be sent causing paralysis

78
Q

Scorpions give Na+ channel agonists so….

A

Causes a lot of action potentials & seizures

79
Q

Tetanus

A

Prevents Sodium channel inactivation

80
Q

Otto Loewi frog heart experiment proves

A

CHEMICAL SYNAPSE

81
Q

What does curare and Bungarotoxin do to receptors

A

Binds to Ach receptor Site as an antagonist. No response, paralyze,

82
Q

Event Related potentials

A

Patient exposed to stimulus (word or Something ) repeatedly and *takes average brainwaves from all runs

83
Q

optogenetics

A

some ion channels respond to light stimulus a0 try to infect people with it for treatment

84
Q

ACh in CNS function

A

Learning and memory

85
Q

ACh in PNS function

A

Motor ctrl. Muscular action potentials cause contraction

86
Q

ACh related neurocognitive disease

A

Alzheimer’s

87
Q

Ionotropic ACh receptor (excitatory or inhibitory)

A

Nicotinic, excitatory

88
Q

Metabotropic ACh receptor (excitatory or inhibitory)

A

Muscarinic, both

89
Q

Major CNS acetylcholine route for learning and memory

A

Medial septal nucleus to fornix to HIPPOCAMPUS

90
Q

Major ach route in brain for motor ctrl

A

Nucleus on brainstem to cerebellum

91
Q

Norepinephrine role in CNS.

A

Attention mood arousal

92
Q

Norepinephrine receptors metabotropic or ionotropic

A

Metabotropic

93
Q

Serotonin function

A

Modulates mood, anxiety, sleep, sexual behavior

94
Q

SSRI

A

antidepressants selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

95
Q

Ach quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid

A

Quaternary amine

96
Q

Dopamine quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid

A

Monoamine

97
Q

Norepinephrine quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid

A

Monoamine

98
Q

Serotonin and melatonin quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid

A

Monoamine

99
Q

GABA and glutamate quaternary amine, monoamine, or amino acid

A

Amino acid

100
Q

Mesostriatal pathway

A

Motor ctrl. Dopamine from substantia nigra to caudate and putamen (BASAL GANGLIA)

101
Q

Mesolimbocortical pathway

A

Dopamine from ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens. REWARD AND REINFORCEMENT. LIMBIC SYSTEM.

102
Q

What activities can stimulate reward system in mesolimbocortical pathway

A

Drugs of abuse, sex, shopping, games, exercise, gambling

103
Q

Antipsychotics-Typical neuroleptics

A

Schiz treatment. Only targeted positive symptoms ie hallucinations

104
Q

Antipsychotics- Atypical neuroleptics

A

Schizophrenia treatment targets both positive symptoms (hallucinations) and negative symptoms (social withdrawal)

105
Q

Anxiolytics

A

GABA receptor agonists

106
Q

What do amphetamine and cocaine have in common

A

Both stimulants, both block reuptake of excitatory neurotransmitters

107
Q

Amphetamine Stimulates the release and blocks the reuptake of

A

Dopamine and norepinephrine

108
Q

Nicotine is an agonist of what neurotransmitter

A

ACh, addictive properties come from activation in ventral tegmental area (reward system in mesolimbocortical pathway). Very potent- 1 dig can cover 80% of receptors

109
Q

What type of ligand is caffeine and what does it effect

A

Competitive antagonist of adenosine autoreceptors that inhibit the release of dopamine and the epinephrines

110
Q

Naloxone is an inverse agonist of

A

Opioids. Can counter overdose and is used to treat addiction

111
Q

What do Endocannabinoids do that goes against the nature of an axon

A

Act as retrograde messengers that may modulate presynaptic neurotransmitter release

112
Q

Cannabinoids. CB1 agonist impairs

A

Learning

113
Q

LSD affects what neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin, agonist of serotonin receptor 5HT2A which is found in the visual cortex (inducing hallucinations)

114
Q

Alcohol activates what receptors

A

GABAa, producing inhibition. Also stimulates dopamine pathways (buzz)

115
Q

How does alcohol affect neural degradation

A

Increases it by poor diet- thiamine deficiency- already have enough calories from booze

116
Q

Metabolic tolerance

A

Metabolic organs become more efficient at eliminating drug before it has effect

117
Q

Functional tolerance

A

Target structures of drugs become less sensitive to drug. Up and down regulation

118
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Use of a drug leads to tolerance of similar drugs as well

119
Q

Moral model of addicition

A

Addict has lack of self ctrl

120
Q

Disease model of addiction

A

Addict requires medical treatment. Inherited

121
Q

Physical dependence model of addiction

A

People use drugs to avoid withdrawal

122
Q

Positive reward model of addiction

A

Drugs super stimulate reward circuitry

123
Q

Pheromone vs allomone

A

Pheromone is communication between members of same species through chemicals, allomone is between other species

124
Q

Vasopressin

A

From posterior pituitary, promotes water retention by inhibiting urination, also promotes monogamous mating in prairie voles

125
Q

Membranous hormone receptors interact with what types of hormones

A

Amine and protein. Amines can also attach to transporters to bring the amine into cell

126
Q

What hormones can easily diffuse across cell membrane and enter nucleus

A

Steroid (cholesterol derivatives)

127
Q

Pineal gland hormone function

A

Reproductive maturation and body rhythms

128
Q

Anterior pituitary hormone functions

A

Growth. Targets thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads for hormone secretion

129
Q

Thyroid function

A

Growth and development, metabolic rate

130
Q

Posterior pituitary hormone functions

A

Water balance, salt balance, milk letdown

131
Q

Adrenal cortex function

A

Salt (Aldosterone) and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory reactions

132
Q

Adrenal medulla function

A

Emotional arousal. Receives direct neural input, making FAST fight or flight response

133
Q

Pancreas function (islets of Langerhans)

A

Sugar metabolism

134
Q

Posterior pituitary made of what tissue

A

Neural, does not produce its own hormones. Just a route to capillaries from hypothalamus

135
Q

Anterior pituitary made of what tissue

A

Glandular, makes own hormones triggered by hypothalamus hormones through capillaries

136
Q

Releasing hormones

A

Produced in hypothalamus, control release of tropic hormones in anterior pituitary

137
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Produced in anterior pituitary, affect secretion of other endocrine glands

138
Q

Psychosocial dwarfism

A

Stress reduces production of growth hormone, can be reversed when stress is alleviated

139
Q

Alpha cells of islets of Langerhans

A

Emit Glucagon. Liver converts glycogen into glucose and releases it into bloodstream. Increases blood sugar

140
Q

Beta cells of islets of Langerhans

A

Emit insulin. Liver stores glucose as glycogen, other cells increase consumption of glucose . Decreases blood sugar

141
Q

Type I diabetes

A

Immune system destroys Beta cells, no insulin produced

142
Q

Type II diabetes

A

Reduced responsivity to insulin in cells that require insulin for glucose absorption

Behavioral Neuroscience (3 decks)

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