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Perio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropologists tell us that the most ancient skulls found show:

A

Caries, alveolar bone loss, supernumerary teeth, impacted teeth, and periapical abscesses

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2
Q

Around 400 BC, what did Hippocrates do?

A

Wrote about bad breath for women
His advice was to burn the head of a Hare and 3 mice removing the intestines of 2 of them but leaving the liver and pound in a stone motar some marble and whitstone and apply with greasy wool

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3
Q

Whitstone

A

Another name for chalk and is still used in some toothpastes

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4
Q

Described the use of scrapers for the cleaning of teeth

A

Aristotle

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5
Q

Used as teeth cleaners by the early Mohammedans and miswaks by the people in early Saudia Arabia

A

Siwaks

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6
Q

By the middle ages (around 1500) calculus was being referenced by

A

Albucasis

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7
Q

Listed 10 rules of Oral Hygiene

A

Aranculus

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8
Q

The first dentist to be allowed to apply for membership in the College of Surgeons in Paris

A

Ambroise Pare

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9
Q

Discovered dentinal tubules when looking through his invention- the microscope

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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10
Q

Determined he scrapings from teeth contained microorganisms

A

Anton van Leuwenhoek

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11
Q

Considered the father of modern dentistry and lived in America

A

G V Black

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12
Q

1638, the pilgrims had 3 barber-surgeons. Their job was to not only cut hair but

A

extract teeth, lance boils, etc.

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13
Q

It is unknown who the first dentist in America was.

True or False

A

True

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14
Q

First Dental School

A

1840- Baltimore College of Dental Surgery

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15
Q

Wrote about the curability of the diseases of the mouth

A

John Riggs

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16
Q

One of the first names for periodontal disease

A

Rigg’s Disease

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17
Q

Considered to be the first perodontis

A

Leonard Koecker of London

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18
Q

Renamed Periodontoclasia to alveolaris

A

F.H. Rehwinkel

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19
Q

Advocated his system of periodic oral prophylaxis. Time constraints caused him to train a assistant to provide the actual care

A

1898- Alfred C. Fones

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20
Q

1906- Fones trained the first hygienist, his cousin

A

Irene Newman

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21
Q

1913- Fones established the first Hygiene School in

A

Bridgeport Connecticut

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22
Q

Dentists were first granted licenses in

A

1841

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23
Q

1914 two women dentists formed the Academy of Periodontology

A

Grace Rogers and Gilette Hayden

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24
Q

Periodontal probes came into wide use after

A

World War 2 from 1948-1958

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25
Q

The Practice Community requires detailed periodontal records to:

A
  1. Provide evidence of evaluation
  2. Provide for the treatment of periodontal disease
  3. Provide care for the patient
  4. Protect against malpractice
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26
Q

6 roles for the dental hygienist:

A 
Clinician
Educator/Health promoter
Consumer advocate
Administrator/Manager
Change Agent
Researcher
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27
Q

Defined as the tissues that surround, support, and attach to the teeth

A

Periodontium

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28
Q

INcludes the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and the alveolar bone

A

Periodontium

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29
Q

Cuff around the tooth

A

Free gingiva

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30
Q

Varies from 1-9mm and is attached to the bone by collagen fibers
Kertinized or parakeratinized and commonly stippled

A

Attached gingiva

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31
Q

The gingiva between the teeth that fills the embrassures or space between two adjacent teeth

AKA interdental gingiva

Below the interproximal contact

A

Papillae

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32
Q

In the posteriors
You will not find this in anteriors
Will be depressed buccal to lingual not mesial to distal

A

Col

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33
Q

Where the attached gingiva meets the mucosa

A

Mucogingival junction

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34
Q

Connection occurs in the rete pegs which are ridges in the connective tissue

A

Basal Lamina

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35
Q

Stratified squamous cells mostly keratinocytes but with some Langerhans cells and Merkels cells and melanocytes

Protect and to allow selective interchange

A

Epithelium

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36
Q

Composed of attached gingiva, papillae, and the outer portion of the free gingiva

A

Oral Epithelium

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37
Q 
Non or Para Kertinized
Extends from the outer epithelium into the gingival sulcus to the junctional epithelium
No rete pegs
1-3mm in health
Inside of pocket
A

Sulcular Epithelium

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38
Q

Seperates the PDL from the oral environment

A

Junctional Epithelium

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39
Q

Kertinocytes migrate from the basal layer to the surface, they flatten and produce a keratohyaline granule layer where no cell nuclei are present

A

Keratinization

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40
Q

If the cells retain their nuclei in this process it is

A

Parakertinization

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41
Q

Phagocytic

A

Langerhans cells

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42
Q

Associated with nerve cells

A

Merkel cells

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43
Q

Contain melanin which gives a pigmented appearance thus color

A

Melanocytes

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44
Q

The lamina propria is the connective tissue beneath the gingiva made up of:

A

Papillary layer: the projections between the rete pegs

Reticular layer: extends to the periosteum

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45
Q

Runs from the cementum, just apical to cementoenamel junction, to crestal bone
Retains tooth in socket; opposes lateral forces

A

Alveolar crest

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46
Q

Directly across PDL space

Attaches root surface to alveolar bone

A

Horizontal

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47
Q

Courses in oblique direction across periodontal ligament space and into alveolar bone
Largest group of fiber bundles; transfers occlusal stresses to bone

A

Obilque

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48
Q

Runs from apex of root into alveolar bone, both apical and lateral to root apex
Does not occur in erupting teeth

A

Apical

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49
Q

Spreads apically into bone, from furcation

Present only in multirooted teeth

A

Interradicular

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50
Q

Movement of teeth gradually over time often throughout life in a mesial direction and occlusally via osteoclastic and osteoblastic action

A

Physiologic Mesial Migration

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51
Q

Resorb bone

A

Osteoclasts

C tells you it is carving out bone

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52
Q

Build bone

A

Osteoblasts

B tells you it is building bone

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53
Q

Functions of Cementum:

A

Anchors teeth
Maintains the occlusal relationship
Provides a seal for the dentinal tubules
Contains Sharpey’s Fibers

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54
Q

Near cementoenamel junction
No fibers
No cementocytes

A

Acellular afibrillar

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55
Q

Coronal third of root
Sharpey’s Fibers
No cementocytes

A

Acellular Extrinsic Fiber

56
Q

Apical third of root and furcations
Sharpey’s Fibers and Intrinsic Fibers
Cementocytes

A

Cellular Mixed Stratified

57
Q

Areas of resorption
Intrinsic Fibers
Cementocytes

A

Cellular Intrinsic Fiber

58
Q

Near junction of cementum and dentin
No fibers
Remnants

A

Intermediate Cementum

59
Q

Comprises 50% of the inorganic components of cementum

A

Hydroxyapite

60
Q

97%

A

Enamel

61
Q

70%

A

Dentin

62
Q

Comprised of cribiform plate encompassing the alveoli and the adjacent cancellous bone

A

Alveolar Bone

63
Q

Makes up facial and lingual cortical plates

A

Compact Bone

64
Q

Between the cortical plates

A

Trabecular and Cancellous bone

65
Q

Clinical Observation

KCTCS

A

Shape: “K”nife-edged shape papillae, not blunted
Color: pink, coral pink in health
Texture: firm, stippled, not spongy
Consistency: firm, resilient
Size: not swollen, not resorbed or receded

66
Q

Study of host response to disease

A

Immunology

67
Q

The process of signaling inflammatory cells to areas of trauma or infection

A

Chemotaxis

68
Q

Inflammatory cells include:

A

PMN’s (neutrophils)
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Lymphocytes

69
Q

Fuction of inflammatory cells:

A

To phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue and to secrete products that affect cell permeability which cause lysis (cell death)

70
Q

Recognize antigens (any foreign body)

A

Lymphocytes

71
Q

Lymphocyte

Produced in the thymus; used in cell mediated response
Occurs as T-helper cells to the B lymphocytes

A

T-lymphocytes

72
Q

Lymphocyte

Serve as receptor sites for antigens and are the precursors of plasma cells which produce antigens

A

B lymphocytes

73
Q

Lymphocyte

Produce more antigens
Effective against virus and tumor cells

A

Natural Killer lymphocytes

74
Q

Make up 70% of leukocytes
Phagocytize microbes
Are the enzymes, collagenase, and elactase, which cause tissue destruction especially in periodontal disease

A

PMN’s

Neutrophils

75
Q

Mediate the inflammatory response process with increased vascular permeability

A

Mast cells

76
Q

AKA scavenger cells
Often are the first to recognize the antigen as foreign and therefore begins the inflammatory response. They are important in periodontal disease because of histamine thereby setting off an alergic reaction

A

Macrophages

77
Q

Immunoglobins are divided into how many classes?

A

NINE

78
Q

Provide communication between cells assisting in the development and regulation of the immune effector cells

A

Cytokines

79
Q

Anaphylaxis

Most dangerous

A

Hyper Type 1

80
Q

Cytotoxic- breakdown of tissues

A

Hyper Type 2

81
Q

Immune Complex
Arthus reations
Antigens persist

A

Hyper Type 3

82
Q

Cell mediated

Can be delayed up to days later

A

Hyper Type 4

83
Q

Inflammatory exudate in large numbers in periodontitis

Comes from underlying tissue….. not saliva

A

Sulcular Fluid

84
Q

Lubricates, protects, buffers, cleanses, helps with remineralization of the teeth and is antimicrobial

A

Saliva

85
Q

Study of health and disease and the associated factors in population in reference to heredity, biology, environment, society, and behavior, etc.

A

Epidemiology

86
Q

Number of cases of the disease in the population at a single point in time

A

Prevalence

87
Q

The rate of new occurrences in a population over a given period of time

A

Incidence

88
Q

The level of disease

A

Severity

89
Q

The exposure, behaviors, characteristics, etc associated with disease

A

Risk factors

90
Q

Studies an entire population that is representative of the population and is studied at a given point in time

A

Cross-sectional

91
Q

Studies a population or a subset of the population over time (usually years)

A

Cohort

92
Q

Compare individuals with a disease to those without and compare the risk factors etc

A

Case Control

93
Q

The ratio of measurements to allow for interpretation

Easier to compare percentages to each other than raw data

A

Indices or INdexes

94
Q

Developed by the American Academy of Periodontology and the American Dental Association
Important because of its use and the fact these two organizations agreed

A

PSR

Periodontal Screening and Recording

95
Q

Miller Index of Tooth Mobility

A

0- no movement
1- barely moves
2- 1mm movement
3- over 1mm movement or the tooth is depressable

96
Q

Proper method of moving teeth

A

Is between two instruments or using the fingernail portion of your fingers. Flesh of your fingers hides movement

97
Q

Gingival bleeding occurs in approximately

A

Half of the population

98
Q

Most common pocket depth

A

4mm

99
Q

Attachment loss occurs in almost…

A

all of the population

100
Q

Calculus occurs in approximately….

A

1/3 of all adults

101
Q

Approximately 35% or slightly more than 1/3 of the population have moderate pocketing and gingival bleeding
Most people keep their teeth longer

A

Periodontal Disease

102
Q

Men are more likely than women to have this
Lower income individuals more likely
Most have calculus

A

Perio Disease

103
Q

Suppresses the vascular reaction masking the signs of inflammation
Because of the suppressed bleeding… are less likely to seek care- no bleeding gums

A

Tobacco use and Perio

104
Q

Other factors and Perio…

A

Insulin Dependents are two to three times more likely to have periodontal problems
Those people are more likely or have an increased risk for heart disease and to give birth to low-birth weight babies

Obesity

Alcohol Consumption

105
Q

Exceptions to the Rule

A

LAP- Localized Aggressive Periodontis
More likely to occur in black males
Most periodontal conditions have no racial preference

More predominant to men overall

HIV- Associated- seen more in women than men

106
Q

Occurs when microorganisms form a layer on almost any surface

A

Biofilm

107
Q

Loosely adhered bacteria and cellular debris

Defined as a dental plaque biofilm or simple plaque

A

Material Alba

108
Q

Produce a sticky extracellular matrix called glycocalyx

A

Plaque biofilm

109
Q

Has a network of channels and canals that allow nutrient exchance
Provides physical protection

A

Glycocalyx

110
Q

Most common cocci

Forms into chain

A

Streptococci

111
Q

Rod types

May be curved, uneven, club shaped, thread-like filaments

A

Bacilli

112
Q

Threadlike but have tapered ends

A

Fusiforms

113
Q

Have one or more axial fibrils incorporated into their cell walls

A

Spirochetes or spirals

114
Q

Cell Wall Type:

Positive organisms when stained and counter-stained retain the initial crystal violet stain because of the permeability of the cell wall

A

Gram Negative organisms

115
Q

Generally have a larger glycan layer

A

Gram Positive organisms

116
Q

A loose gel like polysaccharide substance

A

Glycocalyx

117
Q

Breaks down sugars and allows cleansing

A

Lysozymes

118
Q

Show the red safrain counter-stain

A

Gram negative organisms

119
Q

Most common bacteria in the mouth is

A

Gram postiv

120
Q

Long fine wavy filaments used for movement

A

Flagella

121
Q

Bacteria that requires oxygen

A

Aerobes

122
Q

Bacteria that lives without oxygen

A

Anaerobes

123
Q

Bacteria that can use oxygen but can live well without it

A

Faculative anaerobes

124
Q

Bacteria that do not use oxygen but can tolerate it

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

125
Q

Bacteria that cannot survive in oxygen

A

Obigate anaerobes

126
Q

Bacteria that requires carbon dioxide for growth

A

Capnophiles

127
Q

Tongue is rough and irregular surface

Majority of the bacteria are gram postive streptococci usually S. salivarius and S. sanguis

A

Dorsum

128
Q

Bacteria present in halitosis

A

Gram negative

129
Q

Oral Mucosal surface have mostly what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram Positive Streptococci

130
Q

An amorphous tenacious film on tooth surfaces.
Composed from the formation of salivary proteins attracted to oppositely charged calcium and phosphate ions of hydroxapite

A

Pellicle

131
Q

It is the predominant antibody in saliva and inhibits bacterial attachment

A

Immunoglobin A

132
Q

Composed predominantly of cocci type bacteria

Aided by streptococcal bacteria

A

Initial plaque

133
Q

Composed of cocci and appears in rows much like a corncob

A

Corncob formation

134
Q

Composed of filaments bacteria and gram negative rods

A

Test Tube (Bristle Brush)

135
Q

The cocci formation changes the environment to allow other bacteria the right to succeed (follow). As the filaments bacteria begin to join, the number of cocci decreases

A

Microbial succession

Perio (4 decks)

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