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PNS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the receptors of the olfactory nerve?

A

Olfactory hairs

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2
Q

Olfactory neuron axon are ________ however covered by _________ cells

A

Unmyenlinated, Schwann

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3
Q

Where does the olfactory neurons synapse

A

Dendrites of mitral cells, this forms a synaptic glomeruli at the synapses

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4
Q

What are the second sensory neurons of the olfactory nerve

A

Mitral cells, cell bodies are located in the olfactory bulb

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5
Q

Where do the mitral cells split into medial and lateral striae

A

Anterior perforated substance

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6
Q

Where do medial Stria fibers of the olfactory nerve cross the midline?

A

Anterior commissure, and then travel to the opposite olfactory bulb

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7
Q

Where do the lateral stria fibers carry information to?

A

The primary olfactory cortex; the periamygdaloid and prepiriform area, including the uncut Bdmn. Area 34

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8
Q

What nerve is poorly developed in humans but highly developed in other animals

A

Vomeronasal nerve- important for tracking prey

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9
Q

What is the loss of smell?

A

Anosmia

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10
Q

Whats an indicator of CSF leakage

A

halo sign

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11
Q

HOw many layers is the eye composed of

A

3

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12
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eye made of

AKA the Fibrous tunic

A

Sclera- white part

Cornea- clear, is the primary refractory structure

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13
Q

What makes up the middle layer of the eye

AKA the vascular tunic

A

Ciliary body

Iris-colored part of the eye

Choroid

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14
Q

Which layer in the eye is not myelinated

A

Nerve fiber layer

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15
Q

How many types of cones are there

A

Red, green, blue

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16
Q

What do cones need

A

Adequate light to function the best

More concentrated toward center of retina

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17
Q

Where is the best spot for vision

A

Fovea Centralis

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18
Q

Rods are not located where

A

Fovea, however the periphery is almost all rods

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19
Q

Where are bipolar cells bodies located?

A

The inner nuclear layer*****

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20
Q

Where do photoreceptors relay info to bipolar cells in what layer

A

Plexiform layer

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21
Q

Bipolar cells relay info to ganglion cells in what layer

A

Inner plexiform layer

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22
Q

Where does the optic nerve enter the skull?

A

Through the optic canal and unite to form the optic chiasma

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23
Q

Are optic never axons myelinated

A

Yes

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24
Q

What cells for the myelin

A

Interfasicular Oligodendrocytes

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25
Q

Which fibers the lateral or medial fibers in the eye cross?

A

The medial fibers cross, which forms the optic tracts

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26
Q

The optic tract travels around the cerebral peduncles and fibers synapse in 3 nuclei

A

Lateral Genicuate body- majority synapse there

Superior Colliculus- info relayed to tectospinal tract

Pretectal nucleus of midbrain- deal with light reflexes

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27
Q

How many cells does it take to get to the brain for vision to work

A

4, 5 if including the cell body in broadmann area 17

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28
Q

What happens with a lesion to the optic nerve

A

Loss of depth perception

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29
Q

What happens with a lesion to the decussating fibers in the optic chiasma

A

Tunnel vision

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30
Q

Lesion in the optic tract results in

A

Loss of 1/2 of the visual field

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31
Q

What is the accommodation reflex

A

Ability to change focus from objects far to close. Lens changes shape

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32
Q

Whats corneal reflex

A

Blinking, use cotton ball

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33
Q

Whats convergence

A

Ability to contract both medial rectus muscles

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34
Q

The oculomotor nerve carries both

A

Somatic and parasympathetic fibers

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35
Q

Where is the origin of the oculomotor nuclei

A

Located in the periaquedcutal gray matter, anterior to cerebral aqueduct, at the level of superior colliculi

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36
Q

What part of the cerebral cortex sends axons to the oculomotor nuclei

A

Broadman area 8,

Also recieves fibers from superior colliculus and medial longitudinal fasiculus

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37
Q

At what point is the oculomotor nerve covered in EPINEURIUM**

A

Once it travels through the RED nucleus and exits the CNS via the interpeduncular fossa

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38
Q

Where does the oculomotor nerve exit the skull

A

The superior orbital fissure. Once in eye splits into superior and inferior rami

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39
Q

Superior ramus of oculomotor nerve supplies

A

Superior rectus

Levator palpebrae superioris

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40
Q

Inferior rectus of oculomotor nerve supplies

A

Medial rectus

Inferior rectus

Inferior oblique

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41
Q

What type of neurons are found in the accessory oculomotor nucleus

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic neuron

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42
Q

Where does the accessory oculomotor nucleus synapse in?

A

Ciliary ganglion

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43
Q

Where is the ciliary ganglion located

A

Posterior to the eyeball, about 1cm anterior to the superior orbital fissure

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44
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic axons of the accessory oculomotor nucleus follow what?

A

The ciliary arteries and pierce the sclera

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45
Q

What does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Somatic motor nerve supplying superior oblique

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46
Q

Where is the trochlear nucleus located?

A

Periaqueductal gray, just caudal to oculomotor nuclei

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47
Q

The LMN from the trochlear nucleus crosses and exits where?

A

Inferior to the inferior colliculi

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48
Q

The trochlear nucleus receives fibers from

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Superior colliculus
  3. Medial longitudinal fascicles
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49
Q

What opening does the trochlear nerve enter the orbit

A

The superior orbital fissure,

Curves around the brainstem and continues in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus

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50
Q

Communication with the cavernous plexus

A

These neurons supply smooth muscles in blood vessels that supply blood to the superior oblique

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51
Q

What is the trochlear nerve named after

A

The pulley-like mechanism on the medial aspect of the orbit that the superior oblique passes through.

Causes eye to look down and out

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52
Q

What is the abducens nerve

A

Somatic motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus

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53
Q

Where is the abducens nucleus located

A

Caudal part of the pons, at the floor of the rhomboid fossa*****

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54
Q

Where does the abducens nerve exit the CNS?

A

Inferior border of the pons

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55
Q

Where does the abducens nerve exit the skull?

A

Through the superior orbital fissure and innervated LR

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56
Q

What is strabismus

A

Eyes are “pointing in different directions”

2 types- Internal eyes converge, external eyes diverge

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57
Q

Whats diplopia

A

Double vision, subjective, difficult to demonstrate

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58
Q

Whats ptosis

A

Eyelid droops due to weakness of levator palpebrae superioris. Oculomotor lesions may be the cause

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59
Q

External ophthalmoplegia effects oculomotor nerve and

A

Diplopia, ptosis, external strabismus

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60
Q

Whats internal ophthalmoplegia

A

Inability to constrict pupil as well as loss of light and accommodation reflexes

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61
Q

Trochlear paralysis is

A

Rare, internal strabismus. Results in inability to look down, which results in difficulty descending stairs aka Diplopia

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62
Q

Whats abducens paralysis

A

Most common, internal strabismus, unable to abduct the eye

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63
Q

Whats internuclear ophthalmoplegia

A

Involves damage to the MLF- results in nystagmus when abducting during lateral gaze

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64
Q

Which cranial nerve is the largest?

A

Trigeminal

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65
Q

What is the great sensory nerve of the face

A

Trigeminal

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66
Q

The trigeminal nerve has more ______ fibers than motor fibers

A

Sensory

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67
Q

What are the three nuclei of termination with the trigeminal nerve

A
  1. Main sensory nucleus
  2. Spinal nucleus
  3. Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus
68
Q

What is the one peripheral ganglion associated with trigeminal nerve

A

Trigeminal (semilunar) ganglion

69
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

70
Q

The main sensory and spinal nuclei go directly to what nucleus

A

Trigeminal, main-touch, vibration, joint proprioception. Spinal nuclei- pain and temperature

71
Q

Dendrites from the periphery pass through ___________ ganglion and enter the CNS and ascend to the mesencephalic nucleus

A

Trigeminal

72
Q

Axons from the motor nucleus leaves the CNS and travels through the trigeminal ganglion to be carried to __________

A

Mandibular branch

73
Q

What branch of the trigeminal is the only one to carry motor fibers

A

Mandibular branch

74
Q

What does the motor nucleus receive info from

A

Cerebral cortex, reticular formation, red nucleus, tectum, medial longitudinal fasciculus, mesencephalic nucleus (monosynaptic reflex)

75
Q

What is the apparent origin of the trigeminal nerve

A

Lateral aspect of the pons

76
Q

The trigeminal nerve travels anteriorward over the patrons part of the temporal bone to enter the Trigeminal (Meckel’s) cave is where _________ is found

A

Trigeminal ganglion

77
Q

Where does the ophthalmic division enter the orbit

A

Superior orbital fissure

78
Q

What is the function of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal

A

Sensory function only

79
Q

The ophthalmic division carries sensation from what areas

A

Nose, forehead, and scalp

Also sensation from frontal and sphenoid sinuses and membrane covering nasal septum

80
Q

What are the four branches of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal

A

1.meningeal nerve or tentorial branch, 2. lacrimal nerve, 3.frontal nerve, 4.nasociliary nerve

81
Q

Which branch of the ophthalmic division is given off before it leaves the superior orbital fissure

A

Meningeal nerve- supplies the dura mater lining the middle cranial fossa

82
Q

What is the smallest branch of the ophthalmic division of trigeminal

A

Lacrimal nerve

83
Q

The lacrimal nerve passes through ___________ and supplies what two structures

A

Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal gland and skin of the upper eyelid

84
Q

The lacrimal nerve carries parasympathetic (secretory) fibers to the lacrimal gland which originated in

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion CN VII

85
Q

What two nerves parasympathetic fibers meet up with the lacrimal nerve

A

Zygomatic nerve and zygomaticotemporal nerves CN V

86
Q

What is the largest branch of the trigeminal

A

Facial nerve

87
Q

What are the two branches of the facial nerve

A

Supratrochlear and Supraorbital

88
Q

The supratrochlear nerve conveys sensation from the

A

Medial corner of the eye

89
Q

The supraorbital nerve carries sensation from the

A

Conjunctiva, upper eyelid, forehead, and mucous membranes lining frontal sinus

90
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the nasociliary nerve

A

Anterior ethmoid and infratrochlear nerves

91
Q

What are the 5 branches of the nasociliary nerve

A

Communicating branch, long ciliary nerve, posterior ethmoid, anterior ethmoid, infratrochlear nerve

92
Q

What supplies the ciliary ganglion in the trigeminal nerve

A

Communicating branch- conveys sympathetic and somatic sensory fibers, travels with oculomotor nerve

93
Q

The long ciliary nerve supplies

A

The eyeball

94
Q

Posterior ethmoid nerve carries sensory info from the

A

Sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses

95
Q

The anterior ethmoidal nervesupplies

A

Skin over the nose, mucous membrane covering the anterior part of the nasal septum by way of internal nasal nerve

96
Q

Infratrochlear nerve supplies

A

The medial corner of the eye, including the lacrimal sac

97
Q

The maxillary division of trigeminal nerve enters the ptergopalatine fossa via

A

Foramen rotundum

98
Q

True or False

Maxillary division is sensory function only

A

TRUE

99
Q

Maxillary division carries sensation from

A

The skin between the eyes and mouth, over the cheeks and temples. Also from the mucosa lining the maxillary sinuses, nasal conchae, palate and gingiva

100
Q

What are the four branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal

A

Middle meningeal, zygomatic, ganglionic branches, infraorbital nerves

101
Q

Middle meningeal nerve is given off _________ it exits the round foramen

A

Before

102
Q

What does the middle meningeal nerve supply

A

Meninges of the middle cranial fossa

103
Q

Zygomatic nerve enters the orbit through

A

Inferior orbital fissure

104
Q

Zygomatic nerve gives off a communicating branch carrying postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion to the lacrimal gland

105
Q

Zygomaticotemporal nerve supplies

A

The skin over the temple

106
Q

Zygomaticofacial nerve supplies

A

The skin over the cheek

107
Q

The ganglionic branches of the maxillary division of trigeminal carries sensory info

A

From the upper pharynx, nasal cavity, and palate through the pterygopalatine ganglion

108
Q

The infraorbital nerve supplies

A

The lower eyelid, skin over the upper jaw and maxillary sinus

109
Q

What branches does the infraorbital nerve give off before entering the infraorbital canal

A

Posterior, middle, and anterior superior alveolar nerves and carries sensory info from the teeth

110
Q

Branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve are used to distribute ________________ fibers from the ptergopalatine ganglion

A

Postganglionic parasympathetic

111
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers reach the ptergopalatine ganglion from the facial nerve via

A

Greater pterosaurs nerve

112
Q

________________ fibers from the superior cervical ganglion pass through the ptergopalatine ganglion

A

Postganglionic sympathetic

113
Q

Where does the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exit the cranial vault

A

Foramen ovale

114
Q

The mandibular division of trigeminal contain what two types of fibers

A

Large sensory and small motor root

115
Q

The mandibular division carries sensation to

A

Skin over the mandible, posterior cheek, and posterior temple.

Also mucosa from lower oral cavity and cheeks

116
Q

Mandibular division gives motor innervation to how many muscles

A

8, the muscles of mastication

117
Q

What two branches of the mandibular division of trigeminal are given off in the infratemporal fossa?

A

Recurrent meningeal branch

Medial pterygoid nerve

118
Q

Where does the recurrent meningeal branch enter the cranium

A

Foramen spinosum

119
Q

What sensory info does recurrent meningeal nerve carry

A

Middle cranial fossa, anterior cranial fossa, and calvarium

120
Q

What does the medial pterygoid branch motor nerve supply

A

The medial pterygoid muscle, also passes through the OTIC ganglion and supplies the tensor veil palatine and tensor tympani

121
Q

What division of the mandibular division gives off sensory info anterior or posterior?

A

Posterior

The anterior division is mainly motor

122
Q

What four nerves are given off by the anterior division of mandibular nerve

A

Masseter
Deep Temporal
Lateral pterygoid
Buccal

123
Q

Masseter nerve gives motor info to

A

Masseter and sensory info from the TMJ joint

124
Q

Deep temporal branch supplies

A

Temporalis muscle, splits into anterior and posterior branches but they both supply it

125
Q

Lateral pterygoid nerve supplies

A

Lateral pterygoid muscle

126
Q

What is the major sensory branch of the anterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal

A

Buccal nerve- sensation from the cheek and buccal gingivae of the molars

127
Q

The posterior division of the mandibular division of trigeminal gives rise to

A

Auriculotemporal nerve and lingual nerve

128
Q

What nerve passes through the parotid gland?

A

The auriculotemporal

129
Q

The auriculotemporal nerve carries sensory info from the

A

Skin of the temple and the ear

Also carries, post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the OTIC ganglion

130
Q

The lingual nerve conveys sensory info from

A

The mucosa of the oral cavity and combines with a branch of the facial nerve, the chorda tympani in the infratemporal fossa

131
Q

What are the two branches of the inferior alveolar nerve

A

Incisive branch and the mental nerve

132
Q

The incisive branch supplies

A

Incisors canines and 1st premolars and adjacent gingivae

133
Q

Mental nerve supples the

A

Labial gingivae adjacent to the incisors and the skin of the lower lip and chin

134
Q

What two autonomic ganglia communicate with he mandibular division

A

Submandibular and otic ganglia

135
Q

The submandibular ganglion recieves some preganglionic fibers from

A

CNVII via the lingual nerve after it combines with the chorda tympani

136
Q

The OTIC ganglion sends postganglionic fibers to what

A

Parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve

137
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia

A

Tic doloreaux

138
Q

What is the nerve of facial expression

A

The facial nerve

139
Q

What is the primary nucleus of origin of the facial nerve

A

The motor nucleus, located at the caudal part of the pons

140
Q

What nucleus contributes preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the facial nerve

A

Superior salivary nucleus

141
Q

Sensory fibers carried in the facial nerve terminates in

A

The upper part of the solitary nucleus

142
Q

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the facial nerve is found in

A

The geniculate ganglion

143
Q

General sensation from the external ear and lateral tympanic membrane is carried to

A

The geniculate ganglion, axons carry info to the solitary nucleus

144
Q

Specific fibers that convey taste from the anterior part of the tongue is carried in the

A

Chorda tympani

145
Q

LMN in the motor nucleus of the facial nerve travel through

A

The geniculate ganglion and innervated muscles of facial expression

146
Q

The motor nucleus supplying muscles of the inferior part of the face recieves info ONLY from

A

The contralateral cortex

147
Q

The motor nucleus also receives info from the

A

Reticular formation

148
Q

What two ganglion does the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivary nucleus synapse in

A

Ptergopalatine and submandibular

149
Q

What is the apparent origin of the facial nerve

A

Lateral aspect of the medullopontine sulcus

OR CALLED cerebellopontine recess

150
Q

What are the two roots present at the origin of the facial nerve

A
  1. motor root (facial nerve proper)

2. Intermediate nerve; carries sensory and parasympathetic fibers

151
Q

Exiting the CNS the facial nerve enters the

A

Internal acoustic meatus located in the petrous part of temporal bone

152
Q

Roots of the facial nerve combine and form a single trunk and bends posteriorly and forms the

A

External genu of the facial nerve

153
Q

Where does the greater petrosal nerve enter the temporal bone

A

The foramen lacerum and joins with the ptergopalatine ganglion

154
Q

What nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and stimulates secretions to the lacrimal, nasal, and palatal glands via

A

The greater petrosal nerve

155
Q

What is another name for the greater petrosal nerve

A

Superficial petrosal nerve

156
Q

What nerve gives off motor fibers in the facial canal

A

The nerve to the stapedius

157
Q

The chorda tympani carries what kind of fibers

A

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers and taste fibers

158
Q

The chorda tympani leaves the temporal bone via the

A

Pterygopalatine fissure, where it combines with the lingual nerve a branch of mandibular division of trigeminal

159
Q

What are the three branches of the facial nerve between the stylomastoid foramen and parotid gland

A
  1. Digastric branch,
  2. Stylohyoid branch
  3. Posterior auricular nerve
160
Q

The posterior auricular nerve divides into what two branches

A

Occipital and auricular branch

161
Q

The facial nerve enters the parotid gland and forms the parotid plexus giving off two trunks

A

Temporofacial and cervicofacial

162
Q

Temporofacial and cervicofacial give off 5 more branches of the facial nerve

A
  1. Temporal branches
  2. Zygomatic branches
  3. Buccal branches
  4. Marginal mandibular branch
  5. Cervical branch
163
Q

Temporal branch of the facial nerve supplies the

A

Intrinsic auricular muscles and superior and anterior auricular muscles. In combo with zygomaticofacial and auriculotemporal nerves to supple orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, frontal belly of occipitofrontalis

164
Q

Zygomatic branches help supply

A

Orbicularis oculi

165
Q

Buccal branches supply

A

Buccinator, orbicularis oris, and levator anguli oris

166
Q

Marginal mandibular branch supplies

A

Risorius, muscles of chin and lower lip

167
Q

Cervical branch supplies

A

The platysma muscle

PNS (11 decks)

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