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PSY 251: BioPsych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter produced and released by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

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2
Q

arachnoid

A

the middle of the meninges of the brain, between dura mater and pia mater

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3
Q

astrocyte

A

star-shaped glial cell with numerous extensions in all directions; provides structural support for the brain

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4
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

collections of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of peripheral nervous system that supplies neural connections to glands and smooth muscles of internal organs; has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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6
Q

axon

A

single extension from nerve cell that carries nerve impulse from cell body to other neurons

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7
Q

axon hillock

A

cone-shaped area from which axon originates out of the cell body; integration zone of the neuron

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8
Q

axon terminal/synaptic bouton

A

end of an axon, which forms a synapse on a neuron

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9
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

makes movement of substances from blood vessels into brain cells more difficult; protects brain from chemical damage

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10
Q

central nervous system

A

portion of nervous system that contains the brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that fills cerebral ventricles

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12
Q

cranial nerve

A

nerve connected directly to the brain; 12 motor/sensory nerves; part of PNS

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13
Q

dendrite

A

extension of cell body; receptive surface of neuron

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14
Q

dura mater

A

outermost of the meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

glial cells

A

nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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16
Q

innervate

A

to provide neural input

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17
Q

interneuron

A

neither sensory nor motor; receives input from and sends input to other neurons

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18
Q

meninges

A

three protective sheets of tissue around brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

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19
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron in brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages to a muscle

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20
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin

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21
Q

multipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with many dendrites and single axon

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22
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells; improves speed of conduction of nerve impulses

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23
Q

nerve

A

collection of axons bundled together in the PNS

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24
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical released from presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons

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25
Q

nodes of Ranvier

A

gap between successive segments of myelin

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26
Q

norepinephrine

A

hormone secreted by adrenal medulla under control of sympathetic nervous system; prepares body for action

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27
Q

oligodendrodcyte

A

type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS

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28
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that arises from cranial nerves and sacral spinal cord; calms body

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29
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

includes all nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord

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30
Q

pia mater

A

innermost of the three meninges

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31
Q

postganglionic neurons

A

run from autonomic ganglia to innervate parts of body

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32
Q

postsynaptic

A

region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter

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33
Q

postsynaptic membrane

A

specialized membrane on surface of cell that receives info; contains receptor proteins that allow it to respond to neurotransmitter molecules

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34
Q

preganglionic neurons

A

neurons in CNS that innervate autonomic ganglia

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35
Q

presynaptic

A

region of synapse that releases neurotransmitter

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36
Q

presynaptic membrane

A

specialized membrane of axon terminal of the neuron that transmits info; vesicles bearing transmitter can bind to this membrane and release contents

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37
Q

Schwann cell

A

glial cell that forms myelin in the PNS

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38
Q

sensory nerve

A

nerve that conveys info from periphery into the CNS

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39
Q

spinal/somatic nerve

A

nerve that emerges from spinal cord; 31 pairs

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40
Q

sympathetic chain

A

chain of glia that runs along each side of the spinal column; part of the sympathetic nervous system

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41
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that arises from thoracic and lumbar spinal cord; excites body

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42
Q

synapse

A

gap between neurons where info is passed from one to the other

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43
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

structure that contains molecules of a neurotransmitter

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44
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in the CNS

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45
Q

unipolar neuron

A

nerve cell with a single branch that leaves the body and extends in two directions; one end is receptive and the other is the output zone

46
Q

ventricular system

A

system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain

47
Q

dualism

A

promoted by Decartes; the mind is subject only to spiritual interactions, while the body is subject only to material interactions

48
Q

action potential

A

propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

49
Q

agonist

A

molecule (drug) that binds to a receptor molecule and initiates a response similar to a neurotransmitter

50
Q

all-or-none property

A

the fact that the amplitude of an action potential is independent of the magnitude of the stimulus

51
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

52
Q

batrachotoxin

A

selectively interferes with sodium channels

53
Q

bungarotoxin

A

selectively blocks acetylcholine receptors

54
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

55
Q

curare

A

alkaloid neurotoxin that causes paralysis by blocking acetylcholine receptors in a muscle

56
Q

degradation

A

the chemical breakdown of a neurotransmitter into inactive parts

57
Q

depolarization

A

a reduction in membrane potential; interior of neuron becomes less negative; gets closer to action potential

58
Q

down-regulation

A

compensatory reduction in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron

59
Q

electrical synapse

A

presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are so close that the action potential can jump across it without being translated into a chemical message

60
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

charge molecules move via diffusion towards areas with opposite charge

61
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

depolarizing potential in the postsynaptic region that is caused by excitatory connections; increase probability that neuron will fire an action potential

62
Q

exocytosis

A

synaptic vesicle fuses with presynaptic terminal membrane to release transmitter into synaptic cleft

63
Q

G proteins

A

class of proteins that reside next to intracellular portion of receptor and are activated when the receptor binds to an appropriate ligand on the extracellular surface

64
Q

hyperpolarization

A

increase in membrane potential; inside of neuron becomes more negative; further away from action potential

65
Q

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

hyperpolarizing potential in postsynaptic neuron causes by inhibitory connections; decrease probability that neuron will fire action potential

66
Q

ion channel

A

pore in cell membrane that permits passage of certain ion when open

67
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist

68
Q

ligand

A

substance that binds to receptor molecules

69
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

ion channel that opens or closes in response to the presence of a particular chemical; ionotropic receptor

70
Q

local potential

A

electrical potential that is initiated at a specific site; graded response that spreads passively across cell membrane, decreasing in strength with time and distance

71
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

receptor protein that doesn’t contain an ion channel but may when activated use a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel

72
Q

resting membrane potential

A

difference in electrical potential across the membrane of a nerve cell during an inactive period

73
Q

retrograde synapse

A

synapse in which a signal (usually a gas transmitter) flows from the post to presynaptic neuron

74
Q

reuptake

A

process by which released synaptic transmitter molecules are taken up and reused by the presynaptic neuron, thus stopping synaptic activity

75
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential jumps from one node to the next

76
Q

saxitoxin

A

blocks sodium channels

77
Q

second messenger

A

slow-acting substance in postsynaptic cell that amplifies the effects of the synaptic activity

78
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

energetically expensive mechanism that pushes 3 sodium ions out of a cell and pulls 2 potassium ions in

79
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

blocks voltage-gated sodium channel, preventing action potential

80
Q

transporters

A

receptors in the presynaptic membrane that recognize transmitter molecules and return them to the presynaptic neuron for reuse

81
Q

up-regulation

A

compensatory increase in receptor availability at the synapses of a neuron

82
Q

voltage-gated sodium channel

A

sodium-selective channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the voltage of the local membrane potential

83
Q

the most basic excitable element of the neural cell

A

ion channel

84
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

when detached section of a chopped-off axon dies

85
Q

retrograde degeneration

A

when the axon still attached to the soma dies after having a part chopped off

86
Q

chromatolysis

A

soma begins to degenerate after part of axon chopped off and starts to lose Nissl substance

87
Q

can PNS or CNS reverse neural cell damage

A

PNS: Schwann cells stimulate neural growth via nerve growth factor

88
Q

axons in PNS vs CNS

A

axons in PNS: nerves

axons in CNS: tracts

89
Q

cell bodies in PNS vs CNS

A

in PNS: ganglia

in CNS: nuclei

90
Q

bundles of axons and cell bodies in PNS

A

axons: nerves

cell bodies: ganglia

91
Q

bundles of axons and cell bodies in CNS

A

axons: tracts

cell bodies: nuclei

92
Q

two types of acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotinic and muscarinic

93
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic release

A

acetylcholine onto nicotinic (main) and muscarinic (minor)

94
Q

parasympathetic postganglionic releases

A

acetylcholine onto muscarinic

95
Q

sympathetic postganglionic releases

A

norepinephrine

96
Q

what part of brain is not protected by blood-brain barrier

A

area postrema

97
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain

98
Q

alzheimer’s

A

accelerated atrophy (dying of neuron); neurofibrillary tangles; senile plaques; many affected areas supposed to produce acetylcholine

99
Q

what allows for local graded potentials

A

capacitance of cell membrane and conductance of cytoplasm

100
Q

what do we need ATP for

A

sodium-potassium pump

sodium-calcium pump

101
Q

forces on potassium during resting state

A

forced in due to electrical gradient; forced out due to concentration gradient

102
Q

forces on sodium during resting state

A

forced out by electrical and concentration gradients

103
Q

receptor for GABA

A

GABA-A

104
Q

receptor for glycine and acetylcholine

A

nicotinic

105
Q

receptors for glutamate

A

NMDA, kainite, AMPA

106
Q

tricyclics

A

inhibit norepinephrine reuptake

107
Q

fluoxetine and prozac

A

inhibit 5-HT reuptake

108
Q

dorsal root of spinal cord

A

gets sensory info from the PNS

109
Q

transmitter associated with sympathetic

A

produces and uses norepinephrine

110
Q

transmitter associated with parasympathic

A

releases acetylcholine

PSY 251: BioPsych (2 decks)

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