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Psych Stats > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

sample

A

the set of data you have access to in scientific study

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2
Q

random assignment

A

a required procedure in any experiment, in which the value of the independent variable assigned to each subject is determined purely by chance

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3
Q

Outlier

A

a member of a sample that is noticeably far from the rest of the distribution

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4
Q

variance

A

a measure of variability in a distribution, equal to the average swuared deviation from teh mean

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5
Q

mean

A

a measure of central tendency, defined ( when there are finitely many scores) as the sum of scores divided by the number of scores

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6
Q

operational definition

A

the procedure by which a construct is measure for a particular study

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7
Q

tail

A

either end of a distribution, containing the highest or lowest scores

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8
Q

quartile

A

a value of a variable that is greater than 1, 2, or 3 quarters of the scores in a distribution

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9
Q

standardized distribution

A

a distribution of z-scores; a distrubiton that has been transfromed to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

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10
Q

what affects reliability?

A 
sample size (increases reliability)
variability (decreases reliability)
effect size (increases reliability)
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11
Q

X

A

the variable we measure in a scientific study

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12
Q

n

A

the size of the sample

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13
Q

N

A

the size of the population

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14
Q

M

A

mean of the sample

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15
Q

mew greek letter mu

A

the mean of the population

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16
Q

x

A

any possible value of the measurement variable X

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17
Q

f(x)

A

the frequency of x, meaning the number of members of the population of sample for which X=x

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18
Q

P

A

probability; P(event) means the probability that event will occur. When x is a value in a populaiton, P(x) is the fraction of the population for which X=x, or the probability that if we select a member of the population at random, the value of X for that memeber willb e x

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19
Q

sigma

A

standard deviaton of the population

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20
Q

sigma squared

A

variance of population

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21
Q

variable

A

a characteristic or condition that canges or has different value for different individuals

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22
Q

data(plural)

A

measurements or observations

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23
Q

data set

A

a colletion of measurements or observations

24
Q

parameter

A

a value that describes a population

25
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistical procedures used to summarize, organize or simplify data

26
Q

inferential statistics

A

consists of techniques taht allow us to study samples and then make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected

27
Q

sampling error

A

the discrepancy or amount of error, that exists between a smaple statistic and the corresponding population parameter

28
Q

correlational method

A

two different variables are obsered to determine whether there is a relationship between them

29
Q

experimental method

A

onee variable is manipulated while another variable is observed and measured. To establish a cause and effect relationship between the two variables, an experiment attempts to control all other varables to prevent them from influencing the results

30
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated by the researcher

31
Q

dependent variable

A

the one that is observed to assess teh effect of the treatment

32
Q

quasi-independent variable

A

the nonexperimental study, the “independent variable” that is used to create different groups o scores

33
Q

control condiditon

A

do not recieve the experimental treatment

They recieve no treatment or placebo

34
Q

operational definition

A

identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations) for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and a measurement of a hypothetical construct

35
Q

real limits

A

the boundaries of interval for scores that are represented on a continous number line

36
Q

upper real limit

A

the top of the interval

37
Q

lower real limit

A

at the bottom of the interval

38
Q

nominal scale

A

consists of a set of categories that have different names.

39
Q

ordinal scale

A

consists of a set of categories that are organized in and ordered sequence. Measurements on an ordinal scale rank observations in terms of size or magnitude
ex: small, medium, large drinks

40
Q

interval scale

A

consists of ordered categories that are all intervals of exactly the same size. Equal differences between numbers on scale reflect equal differences in magnitude. However, the zero point on an intervl scale is arbitrary and does not indicate a zero amount of the variable being measured

41
Q

ratio scale

A

is an interval scale with the additional feature of an absolute zero point. With a ratio scale, ratios of numbers do not reflect ratios of numbers do reflect ratios of magnitude

42
Q

frequency distribution

A

an organized tabulation of the number of individuals located in each category on the scale of measurement

43
Q

symmetrical distrubiton

A

it is possible to draw a vertical line through the middle so that one side of the distribution is a mirror image of the other

44
Q

skewed distribution

A

the scores tend to pile up toward one end of the scale and taper off gradually at the other end

45
Q

tail

A

the section where the scores taper off toward one end of a distribution

46
Q

percentile

A

a score is identified by its percentile rank

47
Q

positively skewed

A

the tail points toward the positive (above zero) at the end of the x axis

48
Q

negatively skewed

A

the tail points to the left,

49
Q

central tendency

A

a statistical measure to determine a single score that defines the center of a distribution. The goal of central tendency is to fine the single score that is most typical or most representative of the entire group

50
Q

median

A

the score that divides a distrubiton in half so that 50%of the individuals in a distribution have scores at or below the median

51
Q

mode

A

the score or categoy that has the greatest frequency

52
Q

range

A

is the distance from teh largest score to the smallest score in a distrubiton

53
Q

interquartile range

A

the range covered by the middle 50% of the distribution

54
Q

variablity

A

influences how easy it is to see patterns. In general, low variabilityy means that existing patterns can be seen clearly, whereas high variability tends to obsure any patterns that might exist

55
Q

z-score

A

specifies the precise location of each X value within a distribution. the sign of the z-score(+ or =_ signifies whtether the score is above the mean (positive) or below the mean (negative)

56
Q

raw score

A

unchanged scores that are a direct result of measurement

Psych Stats (6 decks)

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