EXAM 1 Flashcards
How do we determine if therapy has been successful? SOCIETY
SOCIETY
Clients assume RESPONSIBILITY for their assigned role and conform to prevailing NORMS to meet situational requirements
- Success can be measured MEASURED by observing a client’s behavior
- sometimes SOCIETAL norms can hurt the client
How do we determine if therapy has been successful? CLIENT
CLIENT
- Success can be measured by the client SELF-REPORTING happiness and gratification of needs being MET
-
How do we determine if therapy has been successful? THERAPIST
- Success measured by observations, PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT
- Therapists look for a sound PERSONALITY structure characterized by client GROWTH, self-actualization, autonomy, reality orientation, orientation and ability to COPE with stress
For TX to be successful, the therapist has to take into account_________________
- PROGRESS
- How society feels about the client FITTING in.
- How the therapist views the client GROWTH (Based on Therapist TRAINING)
- A COMBINATION of the above will determine successful tx
MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)
MEDICAL MODEL
Clients are NOT responsible for creating their problem and ARE NOT capable of solving problems.
(Ex: BIOLOGICAL Explanation of Schizophrenia)
MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)
MORAL MODEL
Clients ARE responsible for creating their problem and ARE capable of solving problems.
(EX: Church, Justice System)
MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)
COMPENSATORY MODEL
Clients NOT responsible for creating their problem but ARE capable of solving problems.
(Ex: Cog BX Therapy, PTSD, DBT)
*Most Tx fit in this model
MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)
ENLIGHTENMENT MODEL
Clients ARE responsible for creating their problem and NOT capable of solving problems.
(EX: AA, Substance Abuse)
Burnout be a result of ______ the wrong model to help others
SELECTING
Individuals go through __________ when attempting to change their behavior
STAGES
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- Individuals who are not willing to CHANGE high risk behaviors in the foreseeable future.
- They are UNIFORMED about the long term consequences of their bx
- They may be demoralized about thier ABILITY to change bx.
- They may be defensive regarding changing because of social pressures to change
- They evaluate the PROS of their risk bx as greater than the CONS of their risk bx (Rationalization)
PRECONTEMPLATION
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- Individuals who seriously intend to CHANGE their bx within the next SIX months
- They substitute THINKING for actions
- The pros and cons of bx are EQUALLY weighted
- Individuals may stay in this stage for TWO years
CONTEMPLATION
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- They intend to take ACTION within the next 30 DAYS
- Usually have a PLAN of action
- They have taken some action towards CHANGING the risk bx within the past YEAR
PREPARATION
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- Overt bx changes have OCCURRED
- Most processes involving change take place in this stage
ACTION STAGE
The ACTION stage is the ______ of all stages
BUSIEST
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
-It is the LEAST stable stage of all stages and offers the best chance for RELAPSE
ACTION STAGE
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- Individuals learn NEW ways to MAINTAIN termination of Bx
- It begins SIX months after changes have been maintained
- Last for FIVE YEARS
MAINTENANCE STAGE
WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)
- Individuals have 100% efficacy across all TEMPTING situations
- There is no temptation to ENGAGE in the old BX
- Only 17% of ALCOHOL abuser reach this stage
TERMINATION
What are the three parts of the TRIPARTITE MODEL?
- SOCIETY
- CLIENT
- THERAPIST
Clients typically come to ________ in demoralized state
THERAPY
All therapeutic change orientations involve an ___________ relationship. That in itself can provide the vehicle for change e
INTERPERSONAL
There exists a rationale or myth which includes an _______ of the clients difficulty and _____for relieving it.
EXPLANATION; METHOD
The therapist provides the client with_________ ways of looking at themselves, their bx, and the ______ around them
ALTERNATIVE ; WORLD
COMMONALITIES (Frank)
The therapist strengthen the clients expectation of ______
HELP
COMMONALITIES (Frank)
The clients involvement in new _________ emotional experiences
CORRECTIVE
COMMONALITIES (Frank)
The process of having clients behave in ways that they have __________ in the past.
AVOIDED
COMMONALITIES (Frank)
The accompanying realization that the consequences they feared did not _________.
Occur
COMMONALITIES (Frank)
The facilitation of ________ arousal
EMOTIONAL
Ideas, methods, and people from diverse theoretical backgrounds mix and intermingle but each person adheres PRIMARILY ti one THEORY
ECLECTICISM
Discovering viable integrative principles for assimilating and accommodating the best that DIFFERENT systems have to offer
INTEGRATIONISM
*Research shows most clinicians are Integrationalist
A HEALTHY INTEGRATIONALIST APPROACH INCLUDES
- Sound knowledge and understanding of VARIOUS counseling theories
- An integrative PHILOSOPHY of human bx (Using different theories)
- Being FLEXIBLE to fit the tx approach to the client
15 - 20% of major _____ disorders may be due to genetics.
MOOD
2-8% of people living in the U.S have a lifelong form of personality ______ that is genetically produced.
DISORDER
What is the UNNAMED QUARTET?
- ALCOHOLISM
- ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
- HYPERACTIVITY in children
- HYSTERIA IN WOMEN (Briquets syndrome)
Adopted children are typically compared to their ___ parents
BIOLOGICAL
What was found when biological and adopted children were compared?
- Some for of Alcoholism
- Hyperactivity
- Antisocial PD
- Vital Depression
- Schizophrenia
Name some NON-BIOLOGICAL causes of unhappiness
- Catastrophe (Death, Accident, Abandonment)
- Interpersonal and preferential reality
- Developmental Reality (inability to develop normally mentally and physically)
- Social Reality (Loneliness and social deprivation)
- Personal limitations
If a patient has a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only drug tx, they receive ___ tx.
OPTIMAL
If a patient has a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only psychotherapy, the patient ______ considerable time and money
WASTE
If a patient does not have a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only drug tx, they receive inappropriate tx but it wil be _____ and end fairly ___.
CHEAP; RAPIDLY
If a patient does not have a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only psychotherapy, they receive ______ tx.
APPROPRIATE
DRUG tx should always be the first ___ of Tx.
CHOICE
Middle and upper class people see psychotherapy as a tx choice and drug therapy as inferior tx. WHY?
- Freud discovered that humans are controlled by unconscious
- Biological theory found that humans don’t control their moods and bx, but that neurotransmitters did.
Humans want to believe that they can control their moods and bx, consequently they tend to believe that _____ conceal or suppress the ____ rather than attack the impairment.
DRUGS; Sx
DRUGS FIRST then, ______
PSYCHOTHERAPY
BRAIN D DOMINANCE
BRAINSTORMING, FREE FLOW, VISUALS, ILLUSTRATIONS, METAPHORS, SYNTHESIS, PLAYFULNESS, EXERCISES, DISCUSSIONS, HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS, SELF-ASSESSMENTS, HOLISTIC EXERCISES, CONCEPTS AND MODELING.
THEY LIKE TO EXPERIMENT, BE INVOLVED, DEVELOP GOALS, ARTISTIC, IMAGINATIVE, CREATIVE, AND INTUITIVE
BRAIN C DOMINANCE
THEY LIKE INTERACTIONS, GROUP DISCUSSIONS, ROLE PLAYS, VIDEOS, PEOPLE ORIENTED CASES, SHARING PERSONAL EXPERIENCES, LISTENING AND SHARING IDEAS, DISCUSSIONS OF FEELINGS, STORIES, MUSIC INTERVIEWS, KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY.
TALKERS, SPIRITUAL, EMOTIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL
BRAIN B DOMINANCE
THEY LIKE EXAMPLES, PLANS, STRUCTURES, LECTURES, CASE STUDIES, CHECKLISTS, WORKSHEETS, PROGRAMMED LEARNING, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, SUMMARIES AND EXERCISE THAT DEVELOP DETAILS, STEPS AND PLANS
CONSERVATIVE, CONTROLLED AND ORGANIZED.
EVALUATE TESTS, WORK AS ADMIN, BUILD SKILLS WITH PRACTICE,
BRAIN DOMINANCE A
THEY LIKE LECTURES, FACTS, DETAILS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, HANDOUTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TEXTBOOKS, READINGS, CASE STUDIES, USE OF EXPERTS, MATHEMATICS, AND THEORIES.
PROBLEM SOLVING, APPLY ANALYSIS, AND LOGIC, AND USE OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
A physical object as it actually exist in the real world
DISTAL STIMULUS
The image we have in our mind pertaining to the distal stimulus
PROXIMAL STIMULUS
-Ex: A Table doesn’t have to be in our sight to know what a table looks like. We can picture the table in our mind without it physically being in our presence.
We learn to understand the world beginning with our conception.
What are the FIVE senses?
- Tactile: Touch
- Gustatory: Taste
- Visual: See
- Auditory: Hear
- Olfactory: Smell
We are bombarded with hundreds of pieces of ______ information
SENSORY
How do we avoid sensory OVERLOAD?
We focus on which pieces of sensory information we are going to FOCUS. This information enters our SENSORY MEMORY
In your SENSORY MEMORY, Information only stays here for _________
a few seconds
What are the types of sensory information?
Echoic: Hearing Sensory Information
Iconic: Seeing Sensory Information
Which sensory memory lasts longer?
Iconic or Echoic?
Echoic, Hearing last longer in our memory.
Ex: Humming a song you remember hearing in the morning
Information we decide to ____ enters out short term memory and is called our _______ memory,
KEEP; WORKING
Information remains in our short term memory for ______ seconds
20
How many pieces of information are stored in the short term memory?
7 pieces (give or take a few)
In order to hold more information, we group or _______ items. This is called CHUNKING
CLUSTER
The more we rehearse information in short term memory, the more likely we are to ______ the information
RECALL
We examine information in STM by looking at it ____ by _______
piece, piece
We scan all of the information in STM in order to _____ on one item
FOCUS
To ______ keep information STM sends information to our long term memory
PERMANENTLY
The long term memory is like an extensive ____ cabinet
FILING
Long term memory is known as our ____ memory
DEEP
We pull information from our LTM into our STM in order to ______ information.
RECALL
How many types of LTM are there?
Three: PROCEDURAL, SEMANTIC, and EPISODIC
Procedural LTM
Memory involved in operations or procedures we perform on environment
*We need this memory so that we do not need to RELEARN everyday how to operate the world.
Ex: Learning how to Swim, Drive, Walk are all learned once and do not require relearning no matter how long ago the task has been performed
Two types of declarative memory
SEMANTIC and EPISODIC
Abstract memory, contains rules of Grammar, Historical figures, Geographical Information, technical terminology and math function
SEMANTIC
With Semantic memory, _____ is not attached.
EMOTIONS
Which declarative memory is easiest to recall?
Episodic, It contains Emotions
The Episodic memory contains
- Lifetime experiences
- Good and Bad emotions attached to the experiences
Sometimes episodic memories make us feel____ and ____ without thinking.
BAD ; ACT
What are schemas?
Stored information about the way we percieve the world to be.
Where are schemas stored?
Long Term Memory
Type of schemas:
Types of people, roles of people, situations and conflicts
When REALITY challenges our schema, we experience_____.
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
- the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.
Cognitive Dissonance can also be described as___
feeling uncomfortable because the way we have learned to interpret the world is being challenged.
Since we don’t like to feel uncomfortable, we have to resolve our cognitive dissonance.
Being RIGID in our schema and not be willing to alter it is called __________
EGOCENTRISM
Nonverbal communication is ____ of our communication
70-70%
Paralanguage
Vocal elements that accompany the verbal word.
- It’s not what you say, It’s HOW you say it)
What are the intrinsic characteristics in Non-verbal communications?
- Quality
- Rate
- Volume
How fast or slow you speak
RATE
Excited: Fast
Relaxed: Slow
General pleasantness of a person’s voice
QUALITY
Ex: Low Voice, High Pitched, Nasal, Deep Voice
How loud you speak
VOLUME
- Too loud may seem overbearing, domineering or brash
- Too Soft may appear timid or submissive
What are deliberate variable characteristics
Elements that we often intentionally add to our message.
EMPHASIS and TONE
Amount of FORCE placed on word, syllable or entire sentence.
EMPHASIS
This suggests the overall MOOD of the speaker
TONE
A person’s tone of voice and message should be _____
CONGRUENT
Space relationships maintained by interacting individuals
PROXEMICS
Communicators adjust the distance between themselves based on________
- Relationship of communicator
- Nature of subject being discussed
What are Edward T Hall’s Four Zones of Distance
- Intimate
- Personal
- Social
- Public
This Zone is 0-18 inches of space, used for the most intimate transfers of informations, lovemaking, touching, comforting.
Intimate
Sensory awareness of the other person is highest in this zone.
This space is 18inches to 4 feet of space, Used for slightly less intimate communication, but has implications of PRIVACY, Used for semi-private to semi-open communication based on being closer or FARTHER from listener.
PERSONAL
- You feel most comfortable with Co-Worker, Friends or Classmates at this distance.
Distance from others at which we generally feel comfortable with friends
2 1/2 to 3 1/2 Feet
Also called the PROTECTIVE BUBBLE
This zone is 4-12 feet of distance, used for business communications, Used for people who are not friends, Subjects that are not personal
SOCIAL ZONE
- Job Conversations 4 and 6 feet
- Meetings 8 and 10 feet
- Formal business conversations 10 and 12 ft across table.
Zone consist of 12 feet or more, Totally NON-PERSONAL and meant for many to hear and understand
PUBLIC ZONE
What are factors affecting proxemic behaviors ?
- Social Class
- Race
- Sex
- Ethnicity
- Geographic location
We need to improve on our non-verbal skills because _____________.
- They are the basis for first IMPRESSIONS which can be long lasting.
- They can override the verbal message
- They are often more honest and reflective of how a person really feels
- They are non-sufficiently studied.
Regulates when you should and should not communicate
REGULATORY Eye Contact
Ex: A person diverting eyes in the hallway means they see you but do not want to engage in conversation.
This eye contact regulates INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION
Let’s you know if you can APPROACH a person or if you are being REPROACHED for attempting to enter a conversation
APPROACH/REPROACH System
Two people speaking and don’t acknowledge that you walked in indicates you are not welcome to join the conversation
The _____the distance between communicators, the less eye contact is needed.
SHORTER
The ______ the distance between communicators, the more eye contact become necessary.
GREATER
Our eyes can send a ______
MESSAGE
When we fail to use effective eye contact. others may assume things about our attitude, motivation or ____
INTEGRITY
When people lie, they usually maintain ____ eye contact than when telling the truth
LESS
When people are uncomforable around others, they sometimes_____ eye contact. Others might see this as a sign of fear
AVOID
How wee use our body to send, support, or amplify messages. Includes facial expressions
KINESICS
Assumption made about a person by looking at their body
SOMATYPING
*Problem is that it is not a reliable way of perceiving others.
Short, Fat
Endomorphic
Muscular, Athletic
Mesomorphic
Tall, Thin
Ectomorphic
Disguised Body movement
COVERT
Obvious Body Movement
OVERT
OVERT gestures or movements that can be translated into words.
EMBLEMS
- Need to be understood by all who see them
- Take place of words
EX: Thumbs Up means “GOOD JOB”
Types of movements used to help explain or illustrate what our words are saying.
ILLUSTRATORS
-*Accompany and clarify verbal language.
Ex: Man giving a speech that uses hands in presentation.
Movements of the face that show how we are being affected by a person’s message
AFFECT DISPLAYS
- Made by receiver
- Most expressive part of the body
Mark Knapp: “We use facial language to:”
- Open and close communication
- Compliment and qualify verbal and non-verbal
- Replace Speech
Movements that encourage or discourage further communication
REGULATORS
A smile serves to ENCOURAGE further communication
POSITIVE REGULATOR
A frown or looking away serves as DISCOURAGING communication
NEGATIVE REGULATOR
Movements which help us to get COMFORTABLE or better oriented in regard to a situation
ADAPTORS
- Often subliminal
- Way we sit, hold our head, stand, walk can be adaptive
*Things we do to make ourselves FEEL better like rub our head if we have a headache, fidgeting if nervous, tapping pen on desk if bored, running fingers through hair etc
