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HELPING SKILLS > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we determine if therapy has been successful? SOCIETY

A

SOCIETY
Clients assume RESPONSIBILITY for their assigned role and conform to prevailing NORMS to meet situational requirements

  • Success can be measured MEASURED by observing a client’s behavior
  • sometimes SOCIETAL norms can hurt the client
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2
Q

How do we determine if therapy has been successful? CLIENT

A

CLIENT
- Success can be measured by the client SELF-REPORTING happiness and gratification of needs being MET

-

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3
Q

How do we determine if therapy has been successful? THERAPIST

A
  • Success measured by observations, PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS and CLINICAL JUDGEMENT
  • Therapists look for a sound PERSONALITY structure characterized by client GROWTH, self-actualization, autonomy, reality orientation, orientation and ability to COPE with stress
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4
Q

For TX to be successful, the therapist has to take into account_________________

A
  • PROGRESS
  • How society feels about the client FITTING in.
  • How the therapist views the client GROWTH (Based on Therapist TRAINING)
  • A COMBINATION of the above will determine successful tx
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5
Q

MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)

MEDICAL MODEL

A

Clients are NOT responsible for creating their problem and ARE NOT capable of solving problems.

(Ex: BIOLOGICAL Explanation of Schizophrenia)

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6
Q

MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)

MORAL MODEL

A

Clients ARE responsible for creating their problem and ARE capable of solving problems.
(EX: Church, Justice System)

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7
Q

MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)

COMPENSATORY MODEL

A

Clients NOT responsible for creating their problem but ARE capable of solving problems.

(Ex: Cog BX Therapy, PTSD, DBT)
*Most Tx fit in this model

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8
Q

MODELS of HELPING (BRICKMAN)

ENLIGHTENMENT MODEL

A

Clients ARE responsible for creating their problem and NOT capable of solving problems.

(EX: AA, Substance Abuse)

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9
Q

Burnout be a result of ______ the wrong model to help others

A

SELECTING

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10
Q

Individuals go through __________ when attempting to change their behavior

A

STAGES

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11
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • Individuals who are not willing to CHANGE high risk behaviors in the foreseeable future.
  • They are UNIFORMED about the long term consequences of their bx
  • They may be demoralized about thier ABILITY to change bx.
  • They may be defensive regarding changing because of social pressures to change
  • They evaluate the PROS of their risk bx as greater than the CONS of their risk bx (Rationalization)
A

PRECONTEMPLATION

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12
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • Individuals who seriously intend to CHANGE their bx within the next SIX months
  • They substitute THINKING for actions
  • The pros and cons of bx are EQUALLY weighted
  • Individuals may stay in this stage for TWO years
A

CONTEMPLATION

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13
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • They intend to take ACTION within the next 30 DAYS
  • Usually have a PLAN of action
  • They have taken some action towards CHANGING the risk bx within the past YEAR
A

PREPARATION

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14
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • Overt bx changes have OCCURRED
  • Most processes involving change take place in this stage
A

ACTION STAGE

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15
Q

The ACTION stage is the ______ of all stages

A

BUSIEST

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16
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

-It is the LEAST stable stage of all stages and offers the best chance for RELAPSE

A

ACTION STAGE

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17
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • Individuals learn NEW ways to MAINTAIN termination of Bx
  • It begins SIX months after changes have been maintained
  • Last for FIVE YEARS
A

MAINTENANCE STAGE

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18
Q

WHAT STAGE OF CHANGE? (PROSCHKA)

  • Individuals have 100% efficacy across all TEMPTING situations
  • There is no temptation to ENGAGE in the old BX
  • Only 17% of ALCOHOL abuser reach this stage
A

TERMINATION

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19
Q

What are the three parts of the TRIPARTITE MODEL?

A
  • SOCIETY
  • CLIENT
  • THERAPIST
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20
Q

Clients typically come to ________ in demoralized state

A

THERAPY

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21
Q

All therapeutic change orientations involve an ___________ relationship. That in itself can provide the vehicle for change e

A

INTERPERSONAL

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22
Q

There exists a rationale or myth which includes an _______ of the clients difficulty and _____for relieving it.

A

EXPLANATION; METHOD

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23
Q

The therapist provides the client with_________ ways of looking at themselves, their bx, and the ______ around them

A

ALTERNATIVE ; WORLD

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24
Q

COMMONALITIES (Frank)

The therapist strengthen the clients expectation of ______

A

HELP

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25
Q

COMMONALITIES (Frank)

The clients involvement in new _________ emotional experiences

A

CORRECTIVE

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26
Q

COMMONALITIES (Frank)

The process of having clients behave in ways that they have __________ in the past.

A

AVOIDED

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27
Q

COMMONALITIES (Frank)

The accompanying realization that the consequences they feared did not _________.

A

Occur

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28
Q

COMMONALITIES (Frank)

The facilitation of ________ arousal

A

EMOTIONAL

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29
Q

Ideas, methods, and people from diverse theoretical backgrounds mix and intermingle but each person adheres PRIMARILY ti one THEORY

A

ECLECTICISM

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30
Q

Discovering viable integrative principles for assimilating and accommodating the best that DIFFERENT systems have to offer

A

INTEGRATIONISM

*Research shows most clinicians are Integrationalist

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31
Q

A HEALTHY INTEGRATIONALIST APPROACH INCLUDES

A
  • Sound knowledge and understanding of VARIOUS counseling theories
  • An integrative PHILOSOPHY of human bx (Using different theories)
  • Being FLEXIBLE to fit the tx approach to the client
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32
Q

15 - 20% of major _____ disorders may be due to genetics.

A

MOOD

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33
Q

2-8% of people living in the U.S have a lifelong form of personality ______ that is genetically produced.

A

DISORDER

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34
Q

What is the UNNAMED QUARTET?

A
  • ALCOHOLISM
  • ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER
  • HYPERACTIVITY in children
  • HYSTERIA IN WOMEN (Briquets syndrome)
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35
Q

Adopted children are typically compared to their ___ parents

A

BIOLOGICAL

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36
Q

What was found when biological and adopted children were compared?

A
  • Some for of Alcoholism
  • Hyperactivity
  • Antisocial PD
  • Vital Depression
  • Schizophrenia
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37
Q

Name some NON-BIOLOGICAL causes of unhappiness

A
  • Catastrophe (Death, Accident, Abandonment)
  • Interpersonal and preferential reality
  • Developmental Reality (inability to develop normally mentally and physically)
  • Social Reality (Loneliness and social deprivation)
  • Personal limitations
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38
Q

If a patient has a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only drug tx, they receive ___ tx.

A

OPTIMAL

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39
Q

If a patient has a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only psychotherapy, the patient ______ considerable time and money

A

WASTE

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40
Q

If a patient does not have a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only drug tx, they receive inappropriate tx but it wil be _____ and end fairly ___.

A

CHEAP; RAPIDLY

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41
Q

If a patient does not have a BIOLOGICAL illness and receives only psychotherapy, they receive ______ tx.

A

APPROPRIATE

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42
Q

DRUG tx should always be the first ___ of Tx.

A

CHOICE

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43
Q

Middle and upper class people see psychotherapy as a tx choice and drug therapy as inferior tx. WHY?

A
  • Freud discovered that humans are controlled by unconscious
  • Biological theory found that humans don’t control their moods and bx, but that neurotransmitters did.
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44
Q

Humans want to believe that they can control their moods and bx, consequently they tend to believe that _____ conceal or suppress the ____ rather than attack the impairment.

A

DRUGS; Sx

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45
Q

DRUGS FIRST then, ______

A

PSYCHOTHERAPY

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46
Q

BRAIN D DOMINANCE

A

BRAINSTORMING, FREE FLOW, VISUALS, ILLUSTRATIONS, METAPHORS, SYNTHESIS, PLAYFULNESS, EXERCISES, DISCUSSIONS, HYPOTHETICAL QUESTIONS, SELF-ASSESSMENTS, HOLISTIC EXERCISES, CONCEPTS AND MODELING.

THEY LIKE TO EXPERIMENT, BE INVOLVED, DEVELOP GOALS, ARTISTIC, IMAGINATIVE, CREATIVE, AND INTUITIVE

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47
Q

BRAIN C DOMINANCE

A

THEY LIKE INTERACTIONS, GROUP DISCUSSIONS, ROLE PLAYS, VIDEOS, PEOPLE ORIENTED CASES, SHARING PERSONAL EXPERIENCES, LISTENING AND SHARING IDEAS, DISCUSSIONS OF FEELINGS, STORIES, MUSIC INTERVIEWS, KINESTHETIC ACTIVITY.

TALKERS, SPIRITUAL, EMOTIONAL, AND INTERPERSONAL

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48
Q

BRAIN B DOMINANCE

A

THEY LIKE EXAMPLES, PLANS, STRUCTURES, LECTURES, CASE STUDIES, CHECKLISTS, WORKSHEETS, PROGRAMMED LEARNING, POLICIES AND PROCEDURES, SUMMARIES AND EXERCISE THAT DEVELOP DETAILS, STEPS AND PLANS

CONSERVATIVE, CONTROLLED AND ORGANIZED.

EVALUATE TESTS, WORK AS ADMIN, BUILD SKILLS WITH PRACTICE,

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49
Q

BRAIN DOMINANCE A

A

THEY LIKE LECTURES, FACTS, DETAILS, RESEARCH FINDINGS, HANDOUTS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, TEXTBOOKS, READINGS, CASE STUDIES, USE OF EXPERTS, MATHEMATICS, AND THEORIES.

PROBLEM SOLVING, APPLY ANALYSIS, AND LOGIC, AND USE OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

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50
Q

A physical object as it actually exist in the real world

A

DISTAL STIMULUS

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51
Q

The image we have in our mind pertaining to the distal stimulus

A

PROXIMAL STIMULUS

-Ex: A Table doesn’t have to be in our sight to know what a table looks like. We can picture the table in our mind without it physically being in our presence.

52
Q

We learn to understand the world beginning with our conception.

What are the FIVE senses?

A
  • Tactile: Touch
  • Gustatory: Taste
  • Visual: See
  • Auditory: Hear
  • Olfactory: Smell
53
Q

We are bombarded with hundreds of pieces of ______ information

A

SENSORY

54
Q

How do we avoid sensory OVERLOAD?

A

We focus on which pieces of sensory information we are going to FOCUS. This information enters our SENSORY MEMORY

55
Q

In your SENSORY MEMORY, Information only stays here for _________

A

a few seconds

56
Q

What are the types of sensory information?

A

Echoic: Hearing Sensory Information
Iconic: Seeing Sensory Information

57
Q

Which sensory memory lasts longer?

Iconic or Echoic?

A

Echoic, Hearing last longer in our memory.

Ex: Humming a song you remember hearing in the morning

58
Q

Information we decide to ____ enters out short term memory and is called our _______ memory,

A

KEEP; WORKING

59
Q

Information remains in our short term memory for ______ seconds

A

20

60
Q

How many pieces of information are stored in the short term memory?

A

7 pieces (give or take a few)

61
Q

In order to hold more information, we group or _______ items. This is called CHUNKING

A

CLUSTER

62
Q

The more we rehearse information in short term memory, the more likely we are to ______ the information

A

RECALL

63
Q

We examine information in STM by looking at it ____ by _______

A

piece, piece

64
Q

We scan all of the information in STM in order to _____ on one item

A

FOCUS

65
Q

To ______ keep information STM sends information to our long term memory

A

PERMANENTLY

66
Q

The long term memory is like an extensive ____ cabinet

A

FILING

67
Q

Long term memory is known as our ____ memory

A

DEEP

68
Q

We pull information from our LTM into our STM in order to ______ information.

A

RECALL

69
Q

How many types of LTM are there?

A

Three: PROCEDURAL, SEMANTIC, and EPISODIC

70
Q

Procedural LTM

A

Memory involved in operations or procedures we perform on environment

*We need this memory so that we do not need to RELEARN everyday how to operate the world.

Ex: Learning how to Swim, Drive, Walk are all learned once and do not require relearning no matter how long ago the task has been performed

71
Q

Two types of declarative memory

A

SEMANTIC and EPISODIC

72
Q

Abstract memory, contains rules of Grammar, Historical figures, Geographical Information, technical terminology and math function

A

SEMANTIC

73
Q

With Semantic memory, _____ is not attached.

A

EMOTIONS

74
Q

Which declarative memory is easiest to recall?

A

Episodic, It contains Emotions

75
Q

The Episodic memory contains

A
  • Lifetime experiences

- Good and Bad emotions attached to the experiences

76
Q

Sometimes episodic memories make us feel____ and ____ without thinking.

A

BAD ; ACT

77
Q

What are schemas?

A

Stored information about the way we percieve the world to be.

78
Q

Where are schemas stored?

A

Long Term Memory

79
Q

Type of schemas:

A

Types of people, roles of people, situations and conflicts

80
Q

When REALITY challenges our schema, we experience_____.

A

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
- the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change.

81
Q

Cognitive Dissonance can also be described as___

A

feeling uncomfortable because the way we have learned to interpret the world is being challenged.

Since we don’t like to feel uncomfortable, we have to resolve our cognitive dissonance.

82
Q

Being RIGID in our schema and not be willing to alter it is called __________

A

EGOCENTRISM

83
Q

Nonverbal communication is ____ of our communication

A

70-70%

84
Q

Paralanguage

A

Vocal elements that accompany the verbal word.

- It’s not what you say, It’s HOW you say it)

85
Q

What are the intrinsic characteristics in Non-verbal communications?

A
  • Quality
  • Rate
  • Volume
86
Q

How fast or slow you speak

A

RATE
Excited: Fast
Relaxed: Slow

87
Q

General pleasantness of a person’s voice

A

QUALITY

Ex: Low Voice, High Pitched, Nasal, Deep Voice

88
Q

How loud you speak

A

VOLUME

  • Too loud may seem overbearing, domineering or brash
  • Too Soft may appear timid or submissive
89
Q

What are deliberate variable characteristics

A

Elements that we often intentionally add to our message.

EMPHASIS and TONE

90
Q

Amount of FORCE placed on word, syllable or entire sentence.

A

EMPHASIS

91
Q

This suggests the overall MOOD of the speaker

A

TONE

92
Q

A person’s tone of voice and message should be _____

A

CONGRUENT

93
Q

Space relationships maintained by interacting individuals

A

PROXEMICS

94
Q

Communicators adjust the distance between themselves based on________

A
  • Relationship of communicator

- Nature of subject being discussed

95
Q

What are Edward T Hall’s Four Zones of Distance

A
  1. Intimate
  2. Personal
  3. Social
  4. Public
96
Q

This Zone is 0-18 inches of space, used for the most intimate transfers of informations, lovemaking, touching, comforting.

A

Intimate

Sensory awareness of the other person is highest in this zone.

97
Q

This space is 18inches to 4 feet of space, Used for slightly less intimate communication, but has implications of PRIVACY, Used for semi-private to semi-open communication based on being closer or FARTHER from listener.

A

PERSONAL

- You feel most comfortable with Co-Worker, Friends or Classmates at this distance.

98
Q

Distance from others at which we generally feel comfortable with friends

A

2 1/2 to 3 1/2 Feet

Also called the PROTECTIVE BUBBLE

99
Q

This zone is 4-12 feet of distance, used for business communications, Used for people who are not friends, Subjects that are not personal

A

SOCIAL ZONE

  • Job Conversations 4 and 6 feet
  • Meetings 8 and 10 feet
  • Formal business conversations 10 and 12 ft across table.
100
Q

Zone consist of 12 feet or more, Totally NON-PERSONAL and meant for many to hear and understand

A

PUBLIC ZONE

101
Q

What are factors affecting proxemic behaviors ?

A
  • Social Class
  • Race
  • Sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Geographic location
102
Q

We need to improve on our non-verbal skills because _____________.

A
  • They are the basis for first IMPRESSIONS which can be long lasting.
  • They can override the verbal message
  • They are often more honest and reflective of how a person really feels
  • They are non-sufficiently studied.
103
Q

Regulates when you should and should not communicate

A

REGULATORY Eye Contact

Ex: A person diverting eyes in the hallway means they see you but do not want to engage in conversation.

This eye contact regulates INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION

104
Q

Let’s you know if you can APPROACH a person or if you are being REPROACHED for attempting to enter a conversation

A

APPROACH/REPROACH System

Two people speaking and don’t acknowledge that you walked in indicates you are not welcome to join the conversation

105
Q

The _____the distance between communicators, the less eye contact is needed.

A

SHORTER

106
Q

The ______ the distance between communicators, the more eye contact become necessary.

A

GREATER

107
Q

Our eyes can send a ______

A

MESSAGE

108
Q

When we fail to use effective eye contact. others may assume things about our attitude, motivation or ____

A

INTEGRITY

109
Q

When people lie, they usually maintain ____ eye contact than when telling the truth

A

LESS

110
Q

When people are uncomforable around others, they sometimes_____ eye contact. Others might see this as a sign of fear

A

AVOID

111
Q

How wee use our body to send, support, or amplify messages. Includes facial expressions

A

KINESICS

112
Q

Assumption made about a person by looking at their body

A

SOMATYPING

*Problem is that it is not a reliable way of perceiving others.

113
Q

Short, Fat

A

Endomorphic

114
Q

Muscular, Athletic

A

Mesomorphic

115
Q

Tall, Thin

A

Ectomorphic

116
Q

Disguised Body movement

A

COVERT

117
Q

Obvious Body Movement

A

OVERT

118
Q

OVERT gestures or movements that can be translated into words.

A

EMBLEMS

  • Need to be understood by all who see them
  • Take place of words

EX: Thumbs Up means “GOOD JOB”

119
Q

Types of movements used to help explain or illustrate what our words are saying.

A

ILLUSTRATORS

-*Accompany and clarify verbal language.
Ex: Man giving a speech that uses hands in presentation.

120
Q

Movements of the face that show how we are being affected by a person’s message

A

AFFECT DISPLAYS

  • Made by receiver
  • Most expressive part of the body
121
Q

Mark Knapp: “We use facial language to:”

A
  • Open and close communication
  • Compliment and qualify verbal and non-verbal
  • Replace Speech
122
Q

Movements that encourage or discourage further communication

A

REGULATORS

123
Q

A smile serves to ENCOURAGE further communication

A

POSITIVE REGULATOR

124
Q

A frown or looking away serves as DISCOURAGING communication

A

NEGATIVE REGULATOR

125
Q

Movements which help us to get COMFORTABLE or better oriented in regard to a situation

A

ADAPTORS

  • Often subliminal
  • Way we sit, hold our head, stand, walk can be adaptive

*Things we do to make ourselves FEEL better like rub our head if we have a headache, fidgeting if nervous, tapping pen on desk if bored, running fingers through hair etc

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