Exam 1 Flashcards
In the areas of national security and personal morality, liberals _________
are likely to oppose military intervention as the main approach to foreign policy
The final analytical stage in the evolution of policies is _____________.
evaluation
What is the incrementalism approach to policy?
New policy should vary only marginally from previous policy.
The idea that policy decisions reflect the interest of the ruling class at the expense of the workers is a tenet of the ________.
Marxism model
Bureaucracies play a central role in the policy process during the __________.
implementation stage
Public policymaking ____________.
has varying consequences for different groups
The decision to deal with the drug abuse problem by opening more treatment centers would be an example of a ____________.
policy strategy
The goal of _____________________ ___________________ is to determine whether the formally adopted, implemented strategy did in fact solve the original problem.
policy evaluation
The translation of policy ideas into action is called __________________ ___________________.
policy implementation
One approach to policymaking is that of _____________________, in which policy decisions vary only marginally from previous policy.
incrementalism
A specific course of action designed to deal with the originally defined problem is called a policy _______________________.
strategy
The ________________ model of policymaking holds that policy is the product of an interlocking relationship between institutions of government and its surrounding social, economic, and political environment.
systems
________________ holds that a small group of individuals actually formulate policy.
elitism
Debates over procedures and rules are really debates over _____________________.
policy
The list of issues that engage the attention of elected officials is called the _________________ _________________.
policy agenda
foreign policy
A nation’s collective decisions about relations with other nations
domestic policy
A category of public policy that is comprised of policy decisions about matters affecting individuals within a political system
policy evaluation
The act of determining whether a formally adopted and implemented policy ameliorated or solved a public problem
policy implementation
The translation of policy ideas into action
policy agenda
The public issues that engage the attention of elected officials
policy strategy
A specific course of action designed to deal with a public problem
incrementalism
A model of decision making that holds that new policies should differ only marginally from existing policies
rational comprehensive model
A model of decision making that holds that policymakers should identify problems, consider various policy alternatives and their costs and benefits, and select and implement the policy strategy with the highest benefits and the lowest costs
free market capitalism model
A model of policymaking that posits a limited role for government so that the natural forces of supply and demand are allowed to prevail in the marketplace
elitism
A model of policymaking that holds that public policy decisions are made by a relatively small group of individuals acting in their own self- interest rather than in the interest of the mass of citizens
Marxism model
A model of policy - making that holds that public policy decisions in non-Marxist regimes reflect the interests of the ruling economic class at the expense of workers
bureaucratic model
A model of policy - making that holds that bureaucracies play a crucial role in making policy because of their commitment and the expertise they can provide
public policy
Whatever governments choose to do or not to do
systems model
A model of policy - making that holds that policy is the product of an interlocking relationship between institutions of government and its social, economic, and political environment
Department of State
Responsible for the routine daily functions of foreign policy, the department that represents the United States abroad, is involved in international negotiations, supervises foreign aid and programs, promotes cultural and educational exchange, and makes policy recommendations to the president
d?tente
A French word meaning “relaxation” that was applied to Soviet-American relations in the early 1970s
Nixon Doctrine
Proclaimed by President Nixon in 1969, a policy stipulating that the United States will support its allies with economic and military aid but that the allies should provide the bulk of the manpower for their own defense
Marshall Plan*
A multibillion-dollar American program begun after World War II for the economic rehabilitation of Western Europe
Truman Doctrine
A policy, proclaimed by President Harry Truman in 1947, in which the United States would oppose the expansion of communism anywhere in the world
isolationism
A belief that America should not involve itself in the quarrels of Europe and Asia and should pursue a policy of military nonintervention
internationalism
A foreign policy perspective that concludes that America’s interests in peace abroad and liberty at home requires its permanent involvement in world affairs
United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
Agency of the State Department that coordinates economic assistance programs
Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP)
An agency of the State Department that directs overseas information programs
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Agency, established by the National Security Act of 1947, responsible for gathering information and coordinating foreign intelligence operations in the federal government
Department of Defense (DOD)
Established by the National Security Act of 1947 and responsible for formulating military policy and maintaining the armed forces
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
Heads of the various armed services and their chair that advise the president and the secretary of defense on important military questions
military industrial complex
The Pentagon, defense contractors, unions in the defense industry, members of Congress whose states or districts receive considerable military funds, and academic strategists whose work is funded by the military
homeland security
The effort of protecting of United States soil, particularly from foreign or terrorist attack
developing nations
Nations whose standard of living lags far behind that of the industrialized states
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
A specialized agency of the United Nations designed to promote international monetary cooperation
The ____________ ____________ is a specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to poorer nations for economic development.
World Bank
General moods are important because they can place limits on the choices available to ____________________.
policymakers
The CIA conducted secret political activities during which war?
the Cold War
The Secretary of State reports directly to the ___________.
The Secretary of State reports directly to the ___________.
The Secretary of State reports directly to the ___________.
President
______________ ______________ are governmental programs directed specifically toward promoting the well-being of individuals and families (for example, social insurance).
social welfare
The set of ideas that applied the theory of biological evolution to society and holding that societal relationships occur within a struggle for survival in which only the fittest survive is known as ___________________ __________________.
Social Darwinism
risk assessment
The process of estimating the potentially dangerous consequences of damage that might be caused by a particular practice, such as smoking, or by the use of a particular product, such as the impact of the burning of fossil fuels on global warming
risk management
Process of making decisions that try to reduce or contain identified risks
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
An independent agency that controls and abates air and water pollution and protects the environment from pollution by solid wastes, pesticides, radiation, and toxic substances
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) (AKA Food Stamps)
A means-tested program (formerly known as the food stamp program) that provides the eligible needy with cards that can be used only to purchase food
Medicaid
A means-tested medical care program providing in-kind medical benefits for the poor
in-kind benefits
Noncash benefits, such as medical care services, that the needy receive from some social welfare programs
Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
Social welfare program administered by the Social Security Administration whereby the national government guarantees a certain level of income for the needy, aged, blind, and disabled
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)
Social welfare program, administered by the states and jointly funded by state and national revenues, that provides cash assistance to needy children and an adult relative and, in participating states, an unemployed parent
Welfare Reform Act
A 1996 law that fundamentally altered the AFDC welfare program by renaming it TANF and placing work and training requirements, as well as time limits, on its use
alleviative strategies
Policy strategies designed to make poverty more bearable for individuals rather than designed to attack poverty by reaching its fundamental causes
A proportion of the poor comprised of individuals isolated from the rest of society and for whom poverty is a continuing way of life
underclass
poverty threshold
Income level differentiated by family size and annually adjusted for inflation, below which government defines individuals as being poor
A social insurance policy that grants temporary financial assistance to the unemployed
unemployment compensation
A public health insurance program in which government pays the providers of health care for medical services given to patients who are aged or disabled
Medicare
A model of decision making that holds that new policies differ only marginally from existing policies
incrementalism
Landmark legislation enacted in 1935 that firmly established for the first time a social welfare role for the national government by providing old age insurance, unemployment compensation, and grants to the states to provide cash assistance to dependent children and to the blind, disabled, and aged
Social Security Act of 1935
Great Society
disadvantaged would create in the 1960s
Welfare programs that provide cash or services to the aged, the disabled, and the unemployed, regardless of income level
social insurance programs
Progressive Era
An urban reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that called for direct primaries, restriction on corporations, and improved public services was influential in the administrations of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
New Deal
The first two terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933?1945), whose revolutionary policy initiatives established a pervasive and active role for the national government
A category of public policy that is comprised of policy decisions on matters affecting individuals within a political system
domestic policy
In the areas of national security and personal morality, liberals _________.
are likely to oppose military intervention as the main approach to foreign policy
New Deal contemporary liberalism __________.
is based on the belief that government should provide basic material guarantees for every individual
To what can the intellectual roots of libertarianism be traced?
classical liberalism
Classical liberals such as Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson believed _________.
that liberty was the absence of government interference with the rights of citizens
According to classical liberal beliefs, populism and progressivism opposed what?
The role of government should be limited.
What did Edmund Burke believe?
Society grew slowly and with purpose.
According to William Graham Sumner, with what two chief things does government have to deal?
the property of men and the honor of women
Who favor policies that call for greater government and business cooperation?
Neoliberals
Libertarianism holds that the essential role of government should be only the protection of __________________________.
human rights
Libertarianism holds that the essential role of government should be only the protection of __________________________.
Neoconservatives
Democratic socialists believe that a genuinely democratic society must produce equality of ________________________.
results
Contemporary conservatism remains at its core a defense of economic individualism against the growth of the ________________ _________________.
welfare state
As America industrialized, conservatives embraced ________________ economics, an economic system free of government control.
laissez-faire
____________________ direct their attention not to the expansion of government services but to their effective delivery.
Neoliberals
Classical liberals believed that the government that governed _________________ governed __________________.
least, best
libertarianism
A belief that the state should regulate neither the economic nor the moral life of its citizens
neoconservatism
A belief associated with many former liberal intellectuals that contemporary liberalism has transformed the modest New Deal welfare state into an intrusive paternalistic state
A set of ideas applying Charles Darwin’s theory of biological evolution to society and holding that social relationships occur within a struggle for survival in which only the fittest survive
social Darwinism
conservatism
A defense of the political and economic status quo against forces of change, holding that established customs, laws, and traditions should guide society
neoliberalism
A pragmatic form of liberalism that emphasizes such beliefs as the promotion of wealth rather than its redistribution and the reform of military practices rather than the simple reduction of military spending
industrial policy
Proposals for partnership in economic decision making among government officials, corporate leaders, union officials, and public interest groups
progressivism
An urban reform movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that called for direct primaries, restrictions on corporations, and improved public services and was influential in the administrations of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
classical liberalism
A view, dating from the nineteenth century, that government should play a minimal role in society and should permit maximum economic freedom for the individual
contract theory
Theory holding that the state gains its legitimacy from the consent of the governed and is formed primarily to protect the rights of individuals to life, liberty, and property
An ideology that regards the individual as a rational being capable of overcoming obstacles to a better world and supports changes in the political and economic status quo
liberalism
