Exam 1 Flashcards
The trans Saharan trade
Muslims migrate into Africa to trade, gold and slaves, develops with spread of Islam
Berbers
Did not speak one language, Afro-asiatic family, comes from term barbarian
Some lived in cities and farms, most were mobile
Communities were first practitioners of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa
Swahili gateway
Spread down east coast, Portuguese influence spread of Islam, Muslim communities defend themselves from attacks
Swahili did not regain prosperity, allowing Omani Arabs to get more powerful and active
Usman don fodio
Religious teacher and founder of sokoto caliphate
Reformer of Islam
Fulani (minority within Hausa)
Led Fulani jihad to establish sokoto caliphate in present day Nigeria
Sokoto caliphate
Military contest with house of kingdoms
The Bantu migration
Spread from west, down west coast and into central Africa
Over 2.500 years
Poor soil lacked nutrients needed to grow crops and unsteady rainfall
Equatorial tradition
Under population: land compared to amount of people
Acephalous societies: decentralized community structures
Patriarchal structures but maternal inheritance
Polygyny: need to maximize reproduction and productivity
Gendered division of labor, generational tensions between men over women and land
Wealth in people, not land
Monoculture economy
Incentivized to only produce one good
Dahomey empire
conquers near rivals and becomes most powerful kingdom in region, become primary exporters of slaves in trans-Atlantic slave trade
When slave trade declines, shifted to palm oil
Eventually conquered by French
Vodun
Means deity - religious practice in Dahomey (voodoo)
Worship of ancestor, belief all things are divine, spirit and witchcraft
Mawu Lisa: supreme deity
Influenced creation of Dahomey
Luba empire
On reserves of salt and iron, agricultural communities from within
Trade center in present day DCR
Rise of Arab-Swahili traders operated on east coast established trading along edges of empire
Lead by tippu tip
Conquered by Belgians
Industrial revolution
Inikori says it couldn’t have happened without slave trade
Carl Linnaeus
Swedish botanist obsessed with categorization
Responsible for foundation of scientific racism
Scientific racism
Carl Linneaus
Puts people in four groups: Europeans, Asians, Americans, and Africans
Attempts to classify physical differences of Africans through guise of “objectivity” or science
“Legitimate” trade
Trade in products, not slaves
Ivory, palm oil
Used slaves to get goods for trade to coast
VOC
Dutch east India company
Begins onset of European colonialism, leads to gradual land expropriation and loss of political independence
Establishes cape colony
Weren’t originally interested in colonialism*
Boers
Boer economy: capitalist economy,
private property- ownership (own) vs possession (right to use as you please)
Pressure Khoi to trade and drive their economy through Dutch demands
Introduce slaving economy, bring people from Madagascar and west Africa- no Khoi slaves
Khoisan attempt to resist
Trekboers / afrikaners
Trekboers: frontier people want land, VOC passes legislation allowing boers to “trek” inland
Begin calling selves Afrikaners considering selves sons and daughters of Africa, form language, contact with Xhosa society
The great trek
30,000 Boers leaves Cape colony and move north and east (Voortrekkers)
Founded two republics- South African republic (Transvaal) and Ora be free state
Coercive labor control
Conditions for free slaves didn’t improve
Masters and Servants act of 1806, 1841- bound employees to European employers
PASS system- permit allowing one to work and live in certain places
Aim of British to take over land and eliminated African agricultural competition, demand for labor becomes more important that land
Voortrekkers
Boers that left cape colony to move north and east and founded the Tranvaal and the Orange Free State
Mfecane
Movement of indigenous African communities away from coast because of failing harvest, cattle disease and pop growth , moved toward same direction as boers
Zulu Kingdom
Run by Shaka Zulu
Clash of great trek and Mfecane
Zulu succumbs to Afrikaners
Mineral revolution
Diamonds near Kimberly, gold in Johannesburg and South African republic (Transvaal)
**South Africa becomes major producer of precious minerals gaining enormous importance for British empire
De beers and Cecil Rhodes
Led to rapid urbanization, rise of white capitalist class, strengthen imperialist aggression, oppressive control of mine workers
Rene Descartes
“I think, therefore, I am.”
Objective knowledge , science in age of exploration
Quinine
Treatment for malaria
Refined forms developed and eventually used by masses, helps move people beyond the coast
Maxim gun
Self powered machine gun
Symbol of European military superiority
David living stone
Scottish Congregationalist, established missions in South Africa then moved central
Brought Christianity to Africa
Lost contact with outside world, Stanley sent to find him
Henry Morton Stanley
Journalist for New York herald, not a missionary
Looks for livingstone, finds him
Leopold invites to research Africa with him
Travels and traces Congo river, removing last “unknown” territory
Berlin conference
Otto Von Bismark- German chancellor, calls European nations to conference
Established effective occupation- colonies that are functional and “effectively occupying” land
To stop constant fights over land
Five pillars of Islam
Iman: faith in oneness of God and finality of prophethood of Muhammad
Salah: daily prayers
Zakah: giving arms to community- expression of social justice
Sawm: fasting, concentrated in 9th month of year (Ramadan)
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca during 12th month
Scramble for Africa
European countries colonizing Africa
Major countries: Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain
Minor: Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands. Denmark, USA, Russia, turkey
Effective occupation
Establishing colony that is functional and “effectively occupying” land in order to fully claim land – to stop fighting over land
Maji Maji Rebellion
Spontaneous, no leaders or plans
Attack all foreigners, missionaries, administrators, Swahili clerks
Maji Maji: “magic water”
Scorched earth by Europeans
Germans reduce violence to prevent further rebellions-start schools, offer jobs with benefits…
Lunatic express
Uganda railway from Mombasa (coast) to Kismu (by lake Victoria)
Christian missionary expansion
Education, health clinics
Independent African churches- Christian, interpretations of bible leads to anti-colonial national sentiment
Kind Leopold II
Extreme wealth, limited power, power hungry- felt Belgium wasn’t enough-all about European expansion, wants colonies
Followed dispatches from Christian missionaries-livingstone
Connects with Henry Morton Stanley
Colony in Congo, rubber trade, etc
Stanley expedition 1879-1884
Across central Africa, treaties from local chiefs signed over land
International African association, Leopold’s “philanthropic” association
Congo free state
Leopold’s Congo
Free trade with all European countries and US
Force Publique
Army of Congo free state
Staffed by Congolese men forced to join, resulted from village raids
Hands brought back for every bullet missing to prove they were killing people and not just shooting-if they missed a shot, cut hands off live people
George Washington Williams
American journalist and diplomat
Wen to Congo in 1890 and wrote open letter to Leopold II
Disgusted by situation in Congo, accuses Leopold of forcing Africans to give up land and of abuses
Called for new local regime and was ignored
E.D. Morel
Clerk in Liverpool, England who was suspicious about Congo
Noticed goods that were coming and going to Congo(guns and chains to and ivory and rubber from)
Started west African mail (newspaper) charged Leopold to be put on trial
First modern humanitarian campaign
Roger Casement
1903: British House of Commons passed resolution in protest of Congo
Casement sent to investigate and document abuses
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points
Self-determination of nations, peace, freedom of seas Called for general association of nations (to become League of Nations) to guaranteed political independence and protect territorial lines of states Versailles conference (Paris Peace Conference 1919), Ethiopia only African country with seat, split colonies between Britain, France, Belgium with ultimate goals to safeguard and prepare for eventual self government
Impacts of WWI On Africa
Initially Britain and France join to invade German colonies using scorched earth to destroy crops and villages
Cost of imports increased and prices for cash crops decreased
Influenza pandemic 1918-1919
African drafted into war (effected labor and food production)
Leads to strikes and trade unionism
Colonial objectives
Maintain control and develop territory
Extract wealth to Europe, develop Europe at expense of Africa
Transform politically: war and conquest, destroy states, leadership control of trade routes, develop colonial state and destroy tradition structures to make room for new ones
Transform economically: destroy pre-colonial industries, production and labor to create and force colonial economy to global capitalist economy– create money based economy and system of taxation, new systems of production (cash crop, plantations, mining)
Indirect rule
British colonies
Rule through indigenous and traditional leadership and institutions
2 major principles: de-centralization and continuity
Required fewer administrators and minimum investment
Direct rule
French colonies
Assimilation: make Africans as French as possible, replace African culture
Centralized authorities, little use of traditional
**Civilizing mission-one superior culture
Saw French colonies as extension of France
“Evolue”: small # of Africans “successful” in assimilating to French culture
Settler colonies
Kenya, Algeria, South African, Angola
Immigrants from colonizing countries settle in colony and establish rule with intentions of permanent living
Ruled as though part of mainland but indigenous people denied citizen rights
Paternalism
System of colonial rule mostly used by Portuguese
Philosophy: natives incapable and everything needed to be done for them
Few Africans trained to vie colonial admin
Used church as colonizing institution
Military rule
Force and extermination
Germany Italy
Uitlander
Non-Afrikaner immigrant
South African war (1899-1902)
Afrikaners against British imperialism
1899 Afrikaner troops launch strike against British forces
White mans war but more black people harmed
Lasts 2.5 years partly because of Afrikaner guerilla war fare strategies
British lose people, scorched earth policy
British establish concentration camps, Afrikaner resistance defeated
1910: Union of South Africa established to ensure security and continuation of white dominance in South Africa
1913 Native Lands Act
Established areas designated as “native reserves”
Africans can’t buy land outside of specific areas
Gendered division of labor- women stay home while men leave to work
Urban areas act
Further establishes segregated areas
Required Africans living in cities to live in specific townships- needs passes to be there
African national congress (ANC)
Established by Elite African men
Originally called South African native national congress then renamed
Preachers played large part
Created idea of African national
But elites didn’t understand the lives of avg citizen
The South African party
Part off Emergence of nationalism
Predominately British
Same party that won power in 1910
South African Party + nationalist party=unity party
Broederbond
“Brotherhood”
To promote Afrikaner nationalism
Argued Afrikaner people had been planted in the country by the hand of God
The nationalist party
In 1914, in 1903’s –> unity party
JBM Hertzog
Afrikaner nationalist party caused tension when in response to the Great Depression, formed the unity party with leaders of South African
South African party + nationalist party=unity party
JBM Hertzog
Member of nationalist party (unity party)
Purified nationalist party
1930’s
Conservative Africans from Broderbund members
Hut tax
Tax levied against every household
Purpose was to completely change nature of African economic life by forcing self-sufficient farmers to go into wage labor to pay taxes that government imposed on them
Migrant labor
African men forced to move for periods of time to work either in mines or on white owned farms (left for entire duration of contract) live in compounds and cannot leave job site
Detrimental effects on African family units
Corvee labor
Unpaid African labor
To build railroads and other things for the state
Labor activism
Part of resistance movements
African mine workers revolt against low pay and poor treatment
Educated elites and religion
Léopold sédor senghor
Senegalese poet who took lead on négritude movement encouraging Africans to value their heritage and strengthen pan-africanism
Rejected negative view that colonial powers held about African cultures
Haile Selassie
Emperor of Ethiopia
“It is us today, it will be you tomorrow”
Becomes international symbol for freedom
Escapes before Italians capture the capital
Helped raise African awareness of being African
Pied noirs
“Black feet” various Europeans who went to Algeria in search of economic opportunity and a better life
Granted full rights as French citizens
French see algeria as part of France
Muslims had to denounce religion to be citizens
Algerian People’s Party (PPA)
Led by Ahmed Ben messali hadj
Sought to reach political compromise with the French
Setif
Massacre where French celebrated the surrender of nazi Germany, Muslims carried banners attacking French colonial rule
Violence breaks out and 100 French are killed so French troops go after Muslims (6,000-45,000 casualties)
PPA becomes radicalized, splintering the party
National liberation front (FLN)
Combination of PPA splintered groups
Three principles: nationalism, socialism, Islam
FLN launches first wave if attack on French colonial rule in 1954
Initiates battle of Algiers
Algeria gains independence in July 1962
Frantz Fanon
Fought for French, moved to Algeria
Psychiatrist who believed many Algerian Muslims weren’t suffering from treatable mental illness but rather, repercussions of colonialism
“Wretched of the Earth”
The Kikuyu
Kenya’s largest ethnic group
Conflict within: tension about how radical they should be, exposed weaknesses from war
Went to war with colonial government but also other kikuyu
Kikuyu central association (KCA)
Most important group to emerge under colonialism
Garnered widespread popularity
Led by Jomo Kenyatta
Banned during WWII
Jomo Kenyatta
Led the Kikuyu Central Association
Arrested during Mau Mau Rebellion
Head of KANU (Kenyan African national union)
Secured British economic interests, becomes leader of independent Kenya and gives jobs to kikuyu people
Wasn’t as radical as kimathi
Kenyan African Union (KAU)
Established by kikuyu leaders looking to move beyond ethnic divisions
Kenyatta becomes president
Muingi
“The movement” in Swahili
Let Europeans go back to Europe, let Africans get independent
Becomes Mau Mau
Mau Mau
Rebellion - fighters burn white owned businesses and farms, assassinated Chiefs working with the state
Used Panga(farming tool) to kill people up close
White settler and international response
Governed Evelyn Baring declares state of emergency in colony, arrests KAU members including Kenyatta
Kikuyu people killed even if expected to be Mau Mau
Panga
Farming tool the Mau Mau used as a weapon
Killed people by cutting up close, brutal
Seen as very negative- easy to demonized Mau Mau people
Warahiu Itote
One of the leaders of the Mau Mau rebellion
“general China”,launched periodic raids
Dedan Kimathi
Controlled his own area in the forests
Waged long standing guerilla war against British loyalists until 1957
One of the most notorious fighters in forest, British didn’t know what he looked like
Operations Anvil
British launch in 1954
Went to every African section of Nairobi and round men women and kids to Send to detention camps
Classifications: white (no connection to Mau Mau), brown (“slightly infected” by Mau Mau), black (“hardcore Mau Mau”)
Dedan kimathi is captured, ending the rebellion
Prison camps remained three years after end
Jan Smuts
Formed alliance with Herzog after founding of nationalist party
Disagrees about South African position in WWII, thinks they should enter the war and support Britain– parliament votes for them to support Britain
Takes over as prime minister when Herzog resigns
Ossewa Brandwag
Afrikaner paramilitary org for Afrikaner nationalism
Small scale attacks on South African state- to power plants, post offices, police stations, etc
Accomplice of nationalist party when it began to distance from nazi regime, distanced from Nazis because they were losing the war and this would put them in a position of struggle
Goal to continue segregation
Henrik Verwoerd
MOST responsible for Apartheids legislation “good neighborliness”
Studied psychology in Germany, served as minister of native affairs
Apartheid
Afrikaner word “separateness”
Legal expression of nationalists party belief partly founded in religion that races should develop separately
1948**
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949
Illegal for difference races to marry
Helped set foundation for apartheid
Immortality act 1950
Illegal to have sexual relations between races, even flirting
Helped set foundation for apartheid
Group areas act 1950
Native lands act 1913 legally prevented black Africans from owning land but did not remove previously land owning blacks from non African areas
This act closed that loophole
Meant to destroy mixed communities , 3.5 million forced to move
Suppression of communist act 1950
If you caused any trouble for the government you would be declared a communist- jailed or banned
Abolition of passes and coordination of documents act 1952
Required Africans over the age of 16 to carry passes, not just men
Bantu education act 1953
Enforced separation of race in education, government controls ALL public education
Education of nonwhites oriented toward preparing them for work in unskilled labor
White education was free, not free for non whites
Amendment to Industrial Conciliation Act 1956
Made it illegal for unions to form across racial lines
Extension of University Education Act 1959
Nonwhites barred from white universities, black Africans can only go to special universities that admit students of their race or ethnic group (I.e. Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho)
Promotion of Bantu self-government act 1959
Made black populations of South Africans the citizens of homelands instead of South Africa itself
To guarantee “white majority” - aka: Africans split into ethnic groups created by whites to make them “minorities”
Goal was to divide Africans into independent groups
Bantusans
Urban areas where black Africans were forced to lived
Coptic Christianity
In Egypt - split of churches based on views
Monophysite : Christ had only one nature-divine, not a normal human, forms Coptic church
Kingdom of Aksum
East Africa, rose to power, economic growth, Christianity spread, powerful expansion around Red Sea
Persians expelled them, rise of Islam weakened their trading position
Khoisan
Hunter gatherers, first to come in contact with Dutch
Jan van Riebeeck
Lead Dutch colonists to Africa on behalf of the Dutch east India company
The Anglo German treaty of 1890
Process of establishing boundaries of German East Africa , boundaries for British Kenya established
