Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

African History > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards World History 101 flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards
1
Q

The trans Saharan trade

A

Muslims migrate into Africa to trade, gold and slaves, develops with spread of Islam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Berbers

A

Did not speak one language, Afro-asiatic family, comes from term barbarian
Some lived in cities and farms, most were mobile
Communities were first practitioners of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Swahili gateway

A

Spread down east coast, Portuguese influence spread of Islam, Muslim communities defend themselves from attacks
Swahili did not regain prosperity, allowing Omani Arabs to get more powerful and active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Usman don fodio

A

Religious teacher and founder of sokoto caliphate
Reformer of Islam
Fulani (minority within Hausa)
Led Fulani jihad to establish sokoto caliphate in present day Nigeria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sokoto caliphate

A

Military contest with house of kingdoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The Bantu migration

A

Spread from west, down west coast and into central Africa
Over 2.500 years
Poor soil lacked nutrients needed to grow crops and unsteady rainfall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Equatorial tradition

A

Under population: land compared to amount of people
Acephalous societies: decentralized community structures
Patriarchal structures but maternal inheritance
Polygyny: need to maximize reproduction and productivity
Gendered division of labor, generational tensions between men over women and land
Wealth in people, not land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Monoculture economy

A

Incentivized to only produce one good

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dahomey empire

A

conquers near rivals and becomes most powerful kingdom in region, become primary exporters of slaves in trans-Atlantic slave trade
When slave trade declines, shifted to palm oil
Eventually conquered by French

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Vodun

A

Means deity - religious practice in Dahomey (voodoo)
Worship of ancestor, belief all things are divine, spirit and witchcraft
Mawu Lisa: supreme deity
Influenced creation of Dahomey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Luba empire

A

On reserves of salt and iron, agricultural communities from within
Trade center in present day DCR
Rise of Arab-Swahili traders operated on east coast established trading along edges of empire
Lead by tippu tip
Conquered by Belgians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Industrial revolution

A

Inikori says it couldn’t have happened without slave trade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Swedish botanist obsessed with categorization

Responsible for foundation of scientific racism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Scientific racism

A

Carl Linneaus
Puts people in four groups: Europeans, Asians, Americans, and Africans
Attempts to classify physical differences of Africans through guise of “objectivity” or science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

“Legitimate” trade

A

Trade in products, not slaves
Ivory, palm oil
Used slaves to get goods for trade to coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

VOC

A

Dutch east India company
Begins onset of European colonialism, leads to gradual land expropriation and loss of political independence
Establishes cape colony
Weren’t originally interested in colonialism*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Boers

A

Boer economy: capitalist economy,
private property- ownership (own) vs possession (right to use as you please)
Pressure Khoi to trade and drive their economy through Dutch demands
Introduce slaving economy, bring people from Madagascar and west Africa- no Khoi slaves
Khoisan attempt to resist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Trekboers / afrikaners

A

Trekboers: frontier people want land, VOC passes legislation allowing boers to “trek” inland
Begin calling selves Afrikaners considering selves sons and daughters of Africa, form language, contact with Xhosa society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The great trek

A

30,000 Boers leaves Cape colony and move north and east (Voortrekkers)
Founded two republics- South African republic (Transvaal) and Ora be free state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coercive labor control

A

Conditions for free slaves didn’t improve
Masters and Servants act of 1806, 1841- bound employees to European employers
PASS system- permit allowing one to work and live in certain places
Aim of British to take over land and eliminated African agricultural competition, demand for labor becomes more important that land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Voortrekkers

A

Boers that left cape colony to move north and east and founded the Tranvaal and the Orange Free State

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mfecane

A

Movement of indigenous African communities away from coast because of failing harvest, cattle disease and pop growth , moved toward same direction as boers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Zulu Kingdom

A

Run by Shaka Zulu
Clash of great trek and Mfecane
Zulu succumbs to Afrikaners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Mineral revolution

A

Diamonds near Kimberly, gold in Johannesburg and South African republic (Transvaal)
**South Africa becomes major producer of precious minerals gaining enormous importance for British empire
De beers and Cecil Rhodes
Led to rapid urbanization, rise of white capitalist class, strengthen imperialist aggression, oppressive control of mine workers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Rene Descartes

A

“I think, therefore, I am.”

Objective knowledge , science in age of exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Quinine

A

Treatment for malaria

Refined forms developed and eventually used by masses, helps move people beyond the coast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Maxim gun

A

Self powered machine gun

Symbol of European military superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

David living stone

A

Scottish Congregationalist, established missions in South Africa then moved central
Brought Christianity to Africa
Lost contact with outside world, Stanley sent to find him

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Henry Morton Stanley

A

Journalist for New York herald, not a missionary
Looks for livingstone, finds him
Leopold invites to research Africa with him
Travels and traces Congo river, removing last “unknown” territory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Berlin conference

A

Otto Von Bismark- German chancellor, calls European nations to conference
Established effective occupation- colonies that are functional and “effectively occupying” land
To stop constant fights over land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Five pillars of Islam

A

Iman: faith in oneness of God and finality of prophethood of Muhammad
Salah: daily prayers
Zakah: giving arms to community- expression of social justice
Sawm: fasting, concentrated in 9th month of year (Ramadan)
Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca during 12th month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

European countries colonizing Africa
Major countries: Britain, France, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain
Minor: Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands. Denmark, USA, Russia, turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Effective occupation

A

Establishing colony that is functional and “effectively occupying” land in order to fully claim land – to stop fighting over land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Maji Maji Rebellion

A

Spontaneous, no leaders or plans
Attack all foreigners, missionaries, administrators, Swahili clerks
Maji Maji: “magic water”
Scorched earth by Europeans
Germans reduce violence to prevent further rebellions-start schools, offer jobs with benefits…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lunatic express

A

Uganda railway from Mombasa (coast) to Kismu (by lake Victoria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Christian missionary expansion

A

Education, health clinics

Independent African churches- Christian, interpretations of bible leads to anti-colonial national sentiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Kind Leopold II

A

Extreme wealth, limited power, power hungry- felt Belgium wasn’t enough-all about European expansion, wants colonies
Followed dispatches from Christian missionaries-livingstone
Connects with Henry Morton Stanley
Colony in Congo, rubber trade, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Stanley expedition 1879-1884

A

Across central Africa, treaties from local chiefs signed over land
International African association, Leopold’s “philanthropic” association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Congo free state

A

Leopold’s Congo

Free trade with all European countries and US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Force Publique

A

Army of Congo free state
Staffed by Congolese men forced to join, resulted from village raids
Hands brought back for every bullet missing to prove they were killing people and not just shooting-if they missed a shot, cut hands off live people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

George Washington Williams

A

American journalist and diplomat
Wen to Congo in 1890 and wrote open letter to Leopold II
Disgusted by situation in Congo, accuses Leopold of forcing Africans to give up land and of abuses
Called for new local regime and was ignored

42
Q

E.D. Morel

A

Clerk in Liverpool, England who was suspicious about Congo
Noticed goods that were coming and going to Congo(guns and chains to and ivory and rubber from)
Started west African mail (newspaper) charged Leopold to be put on trial
First modern humanitarian campaign

43
Q

Roger Casement

A

1903: British House of Commons passed resolution in protest of Congo
Casement sent to investigate and document abuses

44
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

A 
Self-determination of nations, peace, freedom of seas
Called for general association of nations (to become League of Nations) to guaranteed political independence and protect territorial lines of states
Versailles conference (Paris Peace Conference 1919), Ethiopia only African country with seat, split colonies between Britain, France, Belgium with ultimate goals to safeguard and prepare for eventual self government
45
Q

Impacts of WWI On Africa

A

Initially Britain and France join to invade German colonies using scorched earth to destroy crops and villages
Cost of imports increased and prices for cash crops decreased
Influenza pandemic 1918-1919
African drafted into war (effected labor and food production)
Leads to strikes and trade unionism

46
Q

Colonial objectives

A

Maintain control and develop territory
Extract wealth to Europe, develop Europe at expense of Africa
Transform politically: war and conquest, destroy states, leadership control of trade routes, develop colonial state and destroy tradition structures to make room for new ones
Transform economically: destroy pre-colonial industries, production and labor to create and force colonial economy to global capitalist economy– create money based economy and system of taxation, new systems of production (cash crop, plantations, mining)

47
Q

Indirect rule

A

British colonies
Rule through indigenous and traditional leadership and institutions
2 major principles: de-centralization and continuity
Required fewer administrators and minimum investment

48
Q

Direct rule

A

French colonies
Assimilation: make Africans as French as possible, replace African culture
Centralized authorities, little use of traditional
**Civilizing mission-one superior culture
Saw French colonies as extension of France
“Evolue”: small # of Africans “successful” in assimilating to French culture

49
Q

Settler colonies

A

Kenya, Algeria, South African, Angola
Immigrants from colonizing countries settle in colony and establish rule with intentions of permanent living
Ruled as though part of mainland but indigenous people denied citizen rights

50
Q

Paternalism

A

System of colonial rule mostly used by Portuguese
Philosophy: natives incapable and everything needed to be done for them
Few Africans trained to vie colonial admin
Used church as colonizing institution

51
Q

Military rule

A

Force and extermination

Germany Italy

52
Q

Uitlander

A

Non-Afrikaner immigrant

53
Q

South African war (1899-1902)

A

Afrikaners against British imperialism
1899 Afrikaner troops launch strike against British forces
White mans war but more black people harmed
Lasts 2.5 years partly because of Afrikaner guerilla war fare strategies
British lose people, scorched earth policy
British establish concentration camps, Afrikaner resistance defeated
1910: Union of South Africa established to ensure security and continuation of white dominance in South Africa

54
Q

1913 Native Lands Act

A

Established areas designated as “native reserves”
Africans can’t buy land outside of specific areas
Gendered division of labor- women stay home while men leave to work

55
Q

Urban areas act

A

Further establishes segregated areas

Required Africans living in cities to live in specific townships- needs passes to be there

56
Q

African national congress (ANC)

A

Established by Elite African men
Originally called South African native national congress then renamed
Preachers played large part
Created idea of African national
But elites didn’t understand the lives of avg citizen

57
Q

The South African party

A

Part off Emergence of nationalism
Predominately British
Same party that won power in 1910

South African Party + nationalist party=unity party

58
Q

Broederbond

A

“Brotherhood”
To promote Afrikaner nationalism
Argued Afrikaner people had been planted in the country by the hand of God

59
Q

The nationalist party

A

In 1914, in 1903’s –> unity party
JBM Hertzog
Afrikaner nationalist party caused tension when in response to the Great Depression, formed the unity party with leaders of South African

South African party + nationalist party=unity party

60
Q

JBM Hertzog

A

Member of nationalist party (unity party)

61
Q

Purified nationalist party

A

1930’s

Conservative Africans from Broderbund members

62
Q

Hut tax

A

Tax levied against every household
Purpose was to completely change nature of African economic life by forcing self-sufficient farmers to go into wage labor to pay taxes that government imposed on them

63
Q

Migrant labor

A

African men forced to move for periods of time to work either in mines or on white owned farms (left for entire duration of contract) live in compounds and cannot leave job site
Detrimental effects on African family units

64
Q

Corvee labor

A

Unpaid African labor

To build railroads and other things for the state

65
Q

Labor activism

A

Part of resistance movements
African mine workers revolt against low pay and poor treatment
Educated elites and religion

66
Q

Léopold sédor senghor

A

Senegalese poet who took lead on négritude movement encouraging Africans to value their heritage and strengthen pan-africanism
Rejected negative view that colonial powers held about African cultures

67
Q

Haile Selassie

A

Emperor of Ethiopia
“It is us today, it will be you tomorrow”
Becomes international symbol for freedom
Escapes before Italians capture the capital
Helped raise African awareness of being African

68
Q

Pied noirs

A

“Black feet” various Europeans who went to Algeria in search of economic opportunity and a better life
Granted full rights as French citizens
French see algeria as part of France
Muslims had to denounce religion to be citizens

69
Q

Algerian People’s Party (PPA)

A

Led by Ahmed Ben messali hadj

Sought to reach political compromise with the French

70
Q

Setif

A

Massacre where French celebrated the surrender of nazi Germany, Muslims carried banners attacking French colonial rule
Violence breaks out and 100 French are killed so French troops go after Muslims (6,000-45,000 casualties)
PPA becomes radicalized, splintering the party

71
Q

National liberation front (FLN)

A

Combination of PPA splintered groups
Three principles: nationalism, socialism, Islam
FLN launches first wave if attack on French colonial rule in 1954
Initiates battle of Algiers
Algeria gains independence in July 1962

72
Q

Frantz Fanon

A

Fought for French, moved to Algeria
Psychiatrist who believed many Algerian Muslims weren’t suffering from treatable mental illness but rather, repercussions of colonialism
“Wretched of the Earth”

73
Q

The Kikuyu

A

Kenya’s largest ethnic group
Conflict within: tension about how radical they should be, exposed weaknesses from war
Went to war with colonial government but also other kikuyu

74
Q

Kikuyu central association (KCA)

A

Most important group to emerge under colonialism
Garnered widespread popularity
Led by Jomo Kenyatta
Banned during WWII

75
Q

Jomo Kenyatta

A

Led the Kikuyu Central Association
Arrested during Mau Mau Rebellion
Head of KANU (Kenyan African national union)
Secured British economic interests, becomes leader of independent Kenya and gives jobs to kikuyu people
Wasn’t as radical as kimathi

76
Q

Kenyan African Union (KAU)

A

Established by kikuyu leaders looking to move beyond ethnic divisions
Kenyatta becomes president

77
Q

Muingi

A

“The movement” in Swahili
Let Europeans go back to Europe, let Africans get independent
Becomes Mau Mau

78
Q

Mau Mau

A

Rebellion - fighters burn white owned businesses and farms, assassinated Chiefs working with the state
Used Panga(farming tool) to kill people up close
White settler and international response
Governed Evelyn Baring declares state of emergency in colony, arrests KAU members including Kenyatta
Kikuyu people killed even if expected to be Mau Mau

79
Q

Panga

A

Farming tool the Mau Mau used as a weapon
Killed people by cutting up close, brutal
Seen as very negative- easy to demonized Mau Mau people

80
Q

Warahiu Itote

A

One of the leaders of the Mau Mau rebellion

“general China”,launched periodic raids

81
Q

Dedan Kimathi

A

Controlled his own area in the forests
Waged long standing guerilla war against British loyalists until 1957
One of the most notorious fighters in forest, British didn’t know what he looked like

82
Q

Operations Anvil

A

British launch in 1954
Went to every African section of Nairobi and round men women and kids to Send to detention camps
Classifications: white (no connection to Mau Mau), brown (“slightly infected” by Mau Mau), black (“hardcore Mau Mau”)
Dedan kimathi is captured, ending the rebellion
Prison camps remained three years after end

83
Q

Jan Smuts

A

Formed alliance with Herzog after founding of nationalist party
Disagrees about South African position in WWII, thinks they should enter the war and support Britain– parliament votes for them to support Britain
Takes over as prime minister when Herzog resigns

84
Q

Ossewa Brandwag

A

Afrikaner paramilitary org for Afrikaner nationalism
Small scale attacks on South African state- to power plants, post offices, police stations, etc
Accomplice of nationalist party when it began to distance from nazi regime, distanced from Nazis because they were losing the war and this would put them in a position of struggle
Goal to continue segregation

85
Q

Henrik Verwoerd

A

MOST responsible for Apartheids legislation “good neighborliness”
Studied psychology in Germany, served as minister of native affairs

86
Q

Apartheid

A

Afrikaner word “separateness”
Legal expression of nationalists party belief partly founded in religion that races should develop separately
1948**

87
Q

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949

A

Illegal for difference races to marry

Helped set foundation for apartheid

88
Q

Immortality act 1950

A

Illegal to have sexual relations between races, even flirting
Helped set foundation for apartheid

89
Q

Group areas act 1950

A

Native lands act 1913 legally prevented black Africans from owning land but did not remove previously land owning blacks from non African areas
This act closed that loophole
Meant to destroy mixed communities , 3.5 million forced to move

90
Q

Suppression of communist act 1950

A

If you caused any trouble for the government you would be declared a communist- jailed or banned

91
Q

Abolition of passes and coordination of documents act 1952

A

Required Africans over the age of 16 to carry passes, not just men

92
Q

Bantu education act 1953

A

Enforced separation of race in education, government controls ALL public education
Education of nonwhites oriented toward preparing them for work in unskilled labor
White education was free, not free for non whites

93
Q

Amendment to Industrial Conciliation Act 1956

A

Made it illegal for unions to form across racial lines

94
Q

Extension of University Education Act 1959

A

Nonwhites barred from white universities, black Africans can only go to special universities that admit students of their race or ethnic group (I.e. Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho)

95
Q

Promotion of Bantu self-government act 1959

A

Made black populations of South Africans the citizens of homelands instead of South Africa itself
To guarantee “white majority” - aka: Africans split into ethnic groups created by whites to make them “minorities”
Goal was to divide Africans into independent groups

96
Q

Bantusans

A

Urban areas where black Africans were forced to lived

97
Q

Coptic Christianity

A

In Egypt - split of churches based on views

Monophysite : Christ had only one nature-divine, not a normal human, forms Coptic church

98
Q

Kingdom of Aksum

A

East Africa, rose to power, economic growth, Christianity spread, powerful expansion around Red Sea
Persians expelled them, rise of Islam weakened their trading position

99
Q

Khoisan

A

Hunter gatherers, first to come in contact with Dutch

100
Q

Jan van Riebeeck

A

Lead Dutch colonists to Africa on behalf of the Dutch east India company

101
Q

The Anglo German treaty of 1890

A

Process of establishing boundaries of German East Africa , boundaries for British Kenya established

African History (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions