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Ocular Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrocortisone

A

Oral steroid
Weak activity
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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2
Q

Prednisone

A

Oral steroid
20-40 mg initial daily dose for mild; 40-80 mg initial daily dose for severe
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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3
Q

Prednisolone

A

Oral steroid

Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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4
Q

Methylprednisolone

A

Oral steroid (dosepak)
Weak activity
Posterior segment, orbital inflammation, severe anterior uveitis, dacryoadenetis

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5
Q

Methylprednisolone acetate

A

Injectable steroid

Sympathetic ophthalmia, temporal arteritis, uveitis

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6
Q

Triamcinolone

A

Injectable steroid

Anterior/posterior segment inflammation, chalazia

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7
Q

Retisert

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers fluocinolone acetonide

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8
Q

Iluvien

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers fluocinolone acetonide

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9
Q

Ozurdex

A

Intravitreal steroid implant: delivers dexamethasone

Biodegradable

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10
Q

Dextenza

A

Punctal steroid implant: delivers dexamethasone

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11
Q

Dexamethasone alcohol 0.1%

A

Topical steroid (suspension)

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12
Q

Dexamethasone phosphate 0.1% or 0.05%

A

Topical steroid (solution or ointment)

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13
Q

Difluprednate

A

Topical steroid (emulsion)
BAK free
Severe inflammatory conditions

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14
Q

Fluorometholone acetate 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Chronic inflammation (less tendency to increase IOP)
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15
Q

Fluorometholone alcohol 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Chronic inflammation (less tendency to increase IOP)
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16
Q

Fluorometholone 0.25% (FML Forte)

A

Topical steroid

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17
Q

Loteprednol 0.2%

A

Topical steroid
Allergic conjunctivitis, mild inflammation
1 gt qid x 1 week; then 1 gt bid x 1 month

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18
Q

Loteprednol 0.5%

A 
Topical steroid (susp, ung, gel)
Post op inflammation
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19
Q

Prednisolone acetate 1% (Pred Forte)

0.12% (Pred Mild)

A

Topical steroid
Generic less effective
Moderate-severe inflammation

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20
Q

Prednisolone phosphate 1%

A

Topical steroid

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21
Q

Rimexolone

A

Topical steroid

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22
Q

Triamcinolone 0.1%

A 
Topical steroid
Used periocularly (cream)
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23
Q

Blephamide

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Prednisolone acetate + Sodium sulfacetamide
Don’t use in patients with sulfa allergies
Rarely used
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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24
Q

Poly-Pred

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Prenisolone acetate + Neomycin + Polymixin B
Broad spectrum + pseudomonas
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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25
Q

Pred-G

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Prednisolone acetate + Gentamycin
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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26
Q

Maxitrol

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Dexamethasone + Neomycin + Polymixin B
Broad spectrum + pseudomonas
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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27
Q

TobraDex

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Dexamethasone 0.1% + Tobramycin
Broad spectrum (less SPK than gentamicin)
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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28
Q

TobraDex ST

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Dexamethasone 0.05% + Tobramycin
Reduced settling of dexamethasone; increased retention time
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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29
Q

Zylet

A

Steroid-antibiotic combo
Loteprednol + Tobramycin
Bacterial conjunctivitis, phylectenular keratoconjunctivitis, pre/post op

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30
Q

Bacitracin

A

Antibiotic
Targets peptidoglycan bonds in the cell wall
Gram +

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31
Q

Vancomycin

A

Antibiotic
Targets peptidoglycan bonds in the cell wall
Gram + and MRSA

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32
Q

PCN G and V

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram +, syphilis, gonorrhea
Rarely used

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33
Q

Ampicillin and amoxicillin

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram + and -
Deep infections

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34
Q

Penicillinase resistant

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Staph

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35
Q

Cephalexin

A 
Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 1
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram +
Preseptal cellulitis, internal hordeolum
250-500 mg BID x 7-10 days
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36
Q

Cefuroxime

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
More gram -, less gram +

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37
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 3
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Most gram -, least gram +
Gonorrhea, meningitis, orbital cellulitis

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38
Q

Sulfacetamide

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits production of folic acid
Gram + and -

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39
Q

Sulfadiazine

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits production of folic acid
Gram + and -
Used for toxoplasmosis

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40
Q

Bactrim

A

Antibiotic: sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim
Inhibits production of folic acid
Gram + and -
MRSA

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41
Q

Ceftazidime

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 3
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Most gram -, least gram +
Corneal ulcers

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42
Q

Cefaclor

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
More gram -, less gram +
Orbital cellulitis in children

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43
Q

Cephamandole

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 2
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
More gram -, less gram +
Corneal ulcers

44
Q

Cephazolin

A

Antibiotic: cephalosporin gen 1
Inhibits transpeptidase to prevent formation of peptidoglycan cell wall
Gram +
Corneal ulcers

45
Q

Trimethoprim

A 
Antibiotic
Prevents production of folic acid
Some gram +, gram -
MRSA
Not effective against pseudomonas
46
Q

Ciprofloxacin

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 2
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, pseudomonas
DOC in Pseudomonas

47
Q

Ocufloxacin

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 2
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, pseudomonas
Bacterial corneal ulcer or bacterial conjunctivitis

48
Q

Levofloxacin 0.3% or 1.5%

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 3 (oral)
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, gram +, pseudomonas
Good for pts with penicillin allergy

49
Q

Gatifloxacin 0.3% or 0.5%

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution)
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas

50
Q

Moxifloxacin 0.5%

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution)
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas
No preservatives

51
Q

Besifloxacin

A

Antibiotic: fluroquinolone gen 4 (solution)
Inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas
Bacterial conjunctivitis

52
Q

Polymixin B

A

Antibiotic
Increases permeability or the cell membrane
Gram -, pseudomonas

53
Q

Tobramycin

A

Antibiotic (sol, ung)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas
MRSA

54
Q

Gentamicin

A

Antibiotic (oral, sol)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Gram -, some gram +, pseudomonas
Can be fortified for corneal ulcer

55
Q

Neomycin

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Broad spectrum, no coverage against pseudomonas or streptococcus

56
Q

Amikacin

A

Antibiotic (injection into anterior/posterior chamber)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Endophthalmitis

57
Q

Tetracycline

A

Antibiotic (oral)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia
Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA…

58
Q

Doxycycline

A 
Antibiotic (oral)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia
Tetracycline DOC
100 mg tab PO BID x 7-10 days
Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA...
59
Q

Minocycline

A

Antibiotic (oral)
Inhibits 30s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, gram -, rickettsia, chlamydia
Acne rosacea, lyme disease, chlamydia, hordeolum, blepharitis, MRSA…

60
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Antibiotic
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, gram -
Not used due to irreversible side effects

61
Q

Clarithromycin

A

Antibiotic (oral): macrolide
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Respiratory infection

62
Q

Erythromycin

A

Antibiotic (oral or ung): macrolide
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Gram + cocci, chlamydia, lyme, rickettsia, gonorrhea, h. flu
Ophthalmic neonatorum, pediatric conjunctivitis, staph blepharitis, chlamydia
DOC for atypical pneumonia

63
Q

Azithyromycin

A 
Antibiotic (oral): macrolide 
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Skin infection, internal hordeolum
DOC for chlamydia: 1 gm dose 1 time
Bacterial conjunctivitis
64
Q

Licdomycin

A

Antibiotic (oral or injection)
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, weak gram -
Severe infections

65
Q

Clindamycin

A

Antibiotic (oral or injection)
Inhibits 50s ribosomal subunit
Gram +, weak gram -
Severe infections

66
Q

Acyclovir

A

Anti-viral
400 mg 5x/day x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV)
400 mg BID x 12 months for suppression of HSV
Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase

67
Q

Valacyclovir

A

Anti-viral
500 mg TID x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV)
500 mg QD x 5 years for suppression of HSV
Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase

68
Q

Famciclovir

A

Anti-viral
250 mg TID x 7-10 days for HSV (double for VZV)
250 mg BID x 12 months for suppression of HSV
Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase

69
Q

Penciclovir

A

Anti-viral
Inhibits viral DNA replication via viral thymidine kinase
Used to treat recurrent orolabial herpes (cold sores)

70
Q

Trifluridine 1%

A

Anti-viral

Inhibits viral and host DNA synthesis via thymidine synthetase

71
Q

Ganciclovir Gel 0.15%

A

Anti-viral
Selectively targets virus infected cells only!
HSV keratitis, stromal HSV, adenovirus, CMV retinitis

72
Q

Betadine

A

Anti-septic
Kills fungi, bacteria, and viruses
Used off label for adenovirus treatment
Used before cataract surgery

73
Q

Zostavax

A

Shingles vaccine

74
Q

Ganciclovir

A

Anti-viral (oral or injection)

Treatment for CMV retinitis

75
Q

Zidovudine

A

Anti-viral (oral or injection)

Treatment for CMV retinitis

76
Q

Fosarnet

A

Anti-viral (oral or injection)

Treatment for CMV retinitis

77
Q

Cidovir

A

Anti-viral (oral or injection)

Treatment for CMV retinitis

78
Q

Natamycin 5%

A

Anti-fungal: polyene
Increases cell membrane permeability
Broad spectrum
Only FDA approved!

79
Q

Nystatin

A

Anti-fungal: polyene

Increases cell membrane permeability

80
Q

Amphotericin B

A

Anti-fungal: polyene

Increases cell membrane permeability

81
Q

Flucytosine

A

Anti-fungal: antimetabolite
Impairs DNA synthesis
Fungistatic

82
Q

Miconazole

A

Antifungal: azole
Blocks ergosterol synthesis
Fungistatic, then fungicidal

83
Q

Ketoconazole

A

Antifungal: azole
Blocks ergosterol synthesis
Fungistatic, then fungicidal

84
Q

Voriconazole

A

Antifungal: azole
Blocks ergosterol synthesis
Fungistatic, then fungicidal

85
Q

Itraconazole

A

Antifungal: azole
Blocks ergosterol synthesis
Fungistatic, then fungicidal

86
Q

Propamidine isethionate 0.1%

A

Antifungal: diamidine

Increases cell membrane permeability

87
Q

Hexamidine 0.1%

A

Antifungal: diamidine

Increases cell membrane permeability

88
Q

Polyhexamethylene biguanide 0.02% (PHMB)

A

Antifungal: biguanide
Increases cell membrane permeability
Most common drug used

89
Q

Chlorhexadine 0.02%

A

Antifungal: biguanide

Increases cell membrane permeability

90
Q

AREDS1

A

Reduces AMD progression rate
Vitamin C, E, beta carotene, zinc, copper
Beta carotene may increase lung cancer rate
Zinc may cause GI upset

91
Q

AREDS2

A

Reduces AMD progression rate

Vit C, E, reduced amount of zinc, copper, lutein, zeaxanthin

92
Q

Pegaptanic

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF: Inhibits VEGF-A165

Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema…

93
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF
Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema…
FDA approved for colorectal cancer

94
Q

Ranibizumab

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF
Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema…
Expensive; works just as well as bevacizumab

95
Q

Aflibercept

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF
Used to treat diabetic macular edema, wet AMD, CRVO/BRVO macular edema…
Longer duration of action

96
Q

Ocriplasmin

A

Treatment of vitreomacular traction

Recombinant form of human plasmin

97
Q

Silver nitrate (0.5-1%)

A

Used for superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis

Chemocautery of conjunctival blood vessels

98
Q 
5-fluorouracil 
Mitomycin C (MMC)
A

Antimetabolites
Used in surgery to prevent scarring
Glaucoma surgery, conjunctival resection
Need to know: MMC is 100x more potent than FU, so it is used more often!

99
Q

Gadolinium

A

Decreases relaxation time of T1 images leading to enhanced scan contrast
Used during MRI

100
Q

Fluorescein angiography

A

Used to view retinal blood vessels

101
Q

Indocyanine green angiography

A

Best for imaging choroid due to longer wavelengths of absorption

102
Q

Rho-kinase inhibitors

A

Reorganization of the Tm to increases aqueous outflow

Lowers IOP, increases ocular blood flow, inhibits post-op scarring, promotes retinal ganglion cell survival

103
Q

Trabodenoson

A

A1 receptor agonist; increases TM outflow
Used to lower IOP
Oral drug

104
Q

Marijuana

A

Cannabinoid receptor agonist in the ciliary body and TM

Lowers IOP for 3-4 hours

105
Q

Riboflavin

A

Photosensitizer for the induction of crosslinks between collagen fibrils

106
Q

ReSure Corneal Sealant Gel

A

Seals corneal incisions like glue

Ocular Pharmacology (2 decks)

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