Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSY341K > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Zeitgeist

A

Intellectual climate of the times (also the existing social, economic, and political factors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Personalistic theory

A

View that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Naturalistic theory

A

Times make the person or makes possible the recognition for their ideas (Ex: Simultaneous discoveries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Mechanism (& its time period)

A

Doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry (17th –>19thc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mechanism methods (3)

A

Observation, experimentation, and measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The clockwork universe

A

clock: “Mother of machines”/ Clocks made punctuality and orderliness very important, thus life became more predictable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Determinism

A

Belief that every act is determined or caused by past events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reductionism

A

Doctrines that explains phenomena on one level (Ex: complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (Ex: simple ideas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Automata (& its pop century)

A

Popularized the notion that beings were just another kind of machine/ Pop. in EU during the 17th c.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

People as machines (inspired by what 2 ideas/explain)

A

Clocks & automata/ Idea that human functioning and behavior were gov. by mechanical laws and thus could be measured experimentally & quantitatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Empiricism

A

Pursuit of knowledge through obersvation and experimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___ (person) symbolized the transition the era of mod. psy

A

Descarte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Descarte on the mind and body problem

A

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

D: Mind and body are ___ entities, mind ____ body and ___ ___

A

different, influences, vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

D: bc the ___ is composed of matter, it must possess those characteristics common to all matter

A

body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reflex action theory and its theorist

A

Descarte: Idea that an external object (stimulus) can bring about an involuntary resp. (reflexes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Innate ideas & its theorist

A

Descarte: Arise from the mind or consciousness/ independent of sensory experiences of external stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Note worthy contributions from Descarte (5)

A

Mechanistic conception of the body/ theory of reflexes/ mind-body interaction/ localization of mental functions in the brain/ doctrine of innate ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who’s essay marked the beginning of British empiricism?

A

John Locke’s understanding human behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Locke’s key ideas (7)

A

mind blank slate, sensation ideas, reflection,simple ideas, theory of association, primary and secondary qualities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Locke’s mind as blank slate

A

no innate ideas, instead, in terms of learning and habit experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sensation ideas

A

Derived from direct sensory input from physical objects (operate on the mind and the mind operates on the sensations, reflecting on them to form ideas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Reflection

A

Based on impressions already experienced through the senses/ sensations are the forerunner/ in reflecting, we combine sensations and combine them to form abstractions and other high level ideas AKA reductionism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Simple ideas

A

Arise from both sensation and reflection and are received passively by the mind/ cannot be analyzed or reduced/ can be combined to form complex ideas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Complex ideas

A

can be analyzed or resolved into their simpler component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Theory of association & its theorist (& its significance)

A

Locke: Notion that human knowledge results from linking simple ideas to complex (significant in thinking of mind as machine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary qualities

A

Exist in an object whether or not we perceive them (Ex: size, shape of building)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Secondary qualities

A

Depend on the experiencing person (Ex: color, odor, sound, and taste) (If we don’t bite into the apple, its taste does not exist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mentalism and its theorist

A

Berkley;empiricist: All known is a function of a mental phenomena and person (all experience is subjective) God is the perceiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Berkley: ___ perception not a simple sensory experience, but an ___ of ideas that must be ___

A

depth, association, learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When did physiology become an experimentally oriented discipline and under who’m?

A

1830’s/ Muller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Research on brain function: Mapping from the inside (3 methods)

A

Extirpation, clinical method, and electrical stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Extirpation and practitioner

A

Flourens: Researcher attempts to determine the function of a given part of the brain by removing or destroying it and observing the changes in behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Clinical method and its practitioner

A

Broca: post humous examination of brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be resp. for behavioral conditions that existed before person died

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Electrical stimulation & its practitioners

A

Fristsch and Hitzig: technique for exploring cerebral cortex with weak electric current to observe motor response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Research on brain functions, mapping from outside: (practitioner?) confirmed existence of __ and ___ matter in the brain, nerve fibers connecting each side of the brain to the ___ side of the spinal cord, and the fibers connecting both ___ of the brain

A

Gall: white, gray, opposite, halves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

spirit of __ dominant in 19th c. physiology and 19th c phl

A

mechanismse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The beginnings of experimental psy (4 individuals)

A

Helmholtz, Weber, Fechner, and Wundt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Q: Why experimental psy in Germany? (Ax2)

A

The German approach to sci (inductive approach/ science defined broadly)/ reform movement in GR universities (academic freedom/ well equipped labs/well paid researchers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Helmholtz emphasized which two approaches?

A

mechanism/determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Helmholtz contributions to psy(4)

A

Yielded conduction speed of neural impulse, demonstrated thought and action don’t occur at same time, one of earliest experimentation and measurement for psychophysical processes, young-helmholtz theory of color vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Weber and his contributions (2)

A

Two point thresholds, just noticeable difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Two-point threshold

A

distance between 2 points that must be spanned before subjects report feeling 2 diff. sensations (1st systematic, experimental demonstration of the concept of threshold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Just noticeable difference (JND)

A

Smallest difference that can be detected between 2 physical stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fechner and subject of interest

A

mind and body quantitative relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How did Fechner propose one measure the relat. bw mind and body?

A

measure the change in stimulation to measure changes in sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Fechner’s two proposed ways to measure sensatons

A

Determine whether a stimulus is present or absent/ sensed or NOT sensed & measure the stimulus in intensity at which subjects report the sensation to first occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Absolute threshold (definition and theorist)

A

Fechner: measure the stimulus intensity at which subjects report feeling the sensation first occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Differential threshold (Theorist and definition

A

Fechner: point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in sensation *s=KlogR

50
Q

Psychophysics (definition and experimenter)

A

Fechner: Relationship between mental and physical processes

51
Q

William Wundt: 3 notable first

A

lab, academic journal, and began experimental psy as a science

52
Q

Wundt investiaged 6 concepts

A

perception, sensation, attention, feeling, reaction, and association

53
Q

Q: Why was Wundt considered psy. founder?

A

BC he integrated prior knowledge and both published and promoted the newly org. material

54
Q

Wund proposed consciousess be studied by which two methods?

A

analysis and reduction (introspection)

55
Q

Wundt believed the mind was ___ in organizing its own ___

A

active/content

56
Q

Voluntarism (founder and definition)

A

Wundt: Idea that the mind has the capacity to org. mental contents into higher-level thought processes

57
Q

How did Wundt’s ideas differ from British empiricist?

A

He believed mind was active in syntheiszing elements rather than associating them (passively)

58
Q

Mediate experiences (definition and theorists)

A

Wundt: provide info, about something other than the elements of the experience “The rose is red” (primary interest is rose, not red)

59
Q

Immediate experiences (definition and theorists)

A

Wundt: unbiased by interpretation (Concerned with flower itself)

60
Q

Wundt’s method of introspection defined

A

Examining one’s own mind to inspect and report on personal thoughts and feelings

61
Q

Wundt’s innovation

A

Application of precise experimental control over the conditions which introspection was performed

62
Q

Wundt’s 3 goals

A

(analyze) conscious processes into their basic elements, (discover) how these elements are synthesized/organized, (determine) the laws of connection governing the organization of the elements

63
Q

Wundt on sensations

A

Are aroused whenever a sense organ is sitmulated and the resulting impulses reach the brain

64
Q

Wundt: Sensation may be classified by which 3 characteristics?

A

intensity, duration, and sense modality

65
Q

Wundt on feelings

A

Subjective complements of sensations but don’t arise directly from sense organs

66
Q

Wundt: ___ + ___= immediate experience

A

sensations, feelings

67
Q

Tridimensional theory of feelings and its theorist

A

Wundt: Explanation for feelings states based on three dimensions: pleasure/displeasure, excitement/depression, tension/relaxation

68
Q

Apperception and its theorist

A

Wundt: Process by which mental elements are organized (processes of creative synthesis)

69
Q

Ebbinghaus experimented on ___ mental processes

A

higher

70
Q

Ebbinghaus focused on __ and __ through which method?

A

learning and memory, nonsense syllabus

71
Q

Nonesense syllabus and its theorist

A

Ebbinghaus: syllabus presented in a meaningless series to study memory processes

72
Q

Franz Brentano performed more ___ than experimentation

A

empirical observational

73
Q

Brentano proposed the study of mental ___

A

acts

74
Q

Act psychology and its theorist

A

Brentano; system of psychology focused on mental activities (seeing) rather than what is seen content

75
Q

Brentano advanced what two ways to study mental acts?

A

memory and imagination

76
Q

Systematic experimental introspection and its theorists

A

Kulpe: Used introspective reports of subjects’ cognitive processes AFTER they had completed an experimental task

77
Q

How was Kulpe method of introspection different from Wundt’s?

A

measured post-hoc and detailed

78
Q

Titchener’s goal

A

Analyze consciousness into its component part and thus determine its structure

79
Q

Stimulus error and its proponet

A

Titchener: confusing the mental process under study with the stimulus or object being observed

80
Q

Was Titchener into applied psychology?`

A

NO

81
Q

Titchener on introspection

A

DURING act of, not after

82
Q

Titchener defined 3 elementary states of consciousness

A

affective states, sensations, images

83
Q

Titchener added which two characteristics to Wundt’s pre-existing sensation conditions?`

A

duration and clearness

84
Q

What are functionalist concerned with?

A

How the mind functions and how it helps the organism adapt to its environment

85
Q

Why were scientist just now starting to seek an alternative answer other than creation for the universe?

A

-A: Scientist were learning more about other the other species and questioning how they all fit
in Noah’s ark
8. To scientist, the growing accumulation of these artifacts meant that living forms could no longer be seen as constant, as unchanged since the beginning of time, but father must be viewed as subject to modification and change
9. Industrial revolution was the social zeitgeist
10. Change was the order of the day (intellectual climate)
Scholars had thought about evo. but Darwin’s book supplied well-organized data that evo. theory couldn’t ignore

86
Q

Summary of on the origin of species by Darwin?

A

Summary: If species cannot adapt, they cannot survive

87
Q

4 influences Darwin had on psychology?

A

Focus on animal psych., which formed basis of comparative psychology
Emphasis on the functions rather than the structure of consciousness
Acceptance of methodology and data from many fields
focus on the description and measurement of individual differences

88
Q

What was Francis Galton concerned with and how did it effect psychology?

A

Francis Galton’s work on mental inheritance and the individual diff. in humans effectively brought evo. to psych’s forefront

89
Q

Conclusion of Galton’s Hereditary genius publication?

A

Eminent men have eminent sons –> Eugenics movement

90
Q

Galton’s 3 stat. contributions/inventions

A
  1. Invented the mean and standard deviation concepts
    - Inspired by Quetelet’s normal curve
    1. 1888: Invented the correlation concept (+ tech. used for determining test validity/reliability
    2. Karl Pearson developed the correlation coefficient, “r”
91
Q

Mental tests definition and its pioneer

A

Galton: Tests of motor skills, sensory capacities; intelligence tests use more complex measures of mental abilities
-pioneered by Galton, coined by James Cattell

92
Q

Association of ideas and its pioneer

A 
Galton: Diversity of associations of ideas
Reaction time (time required to produce associations)
93
Q

Galton’s investigation of mental images marks the first extensive use of the psychological ___

A

questionnaire

94
Q

Herbet Spencer coined which term? definition

A

Social darwinism: Human character and social institutions are subject to evo as well

95
Q

Spencer: IF the principle of survival of the fittest were allowed to operate __, then only the __ would survive. Human perfection was __ as long as no action was taken to interfere with the natural order of things

A

freely,best,inevitable

96
Q

Synthethic philosophy

A

Herbert Spencer’s idea that knowledge and experience can be explained in terms of evo principles

97
Q

Spencer: The mind exists in its present form because of past and continuing efforts to __ to various environments

A

adapt

98
Q

The work of William James was a major precursor to __ psychology

A

functional

99
Q

James is considered by so many scholars to be the greatest American psychologist bc of 3 reasons:

A
  • Wrote with extreme clarity (rare in science)
  • Opposed the analysis of consciousness into elements
  • Offered view of mind compatible with Functionalism
100
Q

William James emphasized the ___ aspect of consciousness

A

biological (brain)

101
Q

stream of consciousness

A

William James’s idea that consciousness if a continuous flowing process and that any attempt to reduce it to elements will distort it
-bc of consciousness’s everchanging nature, we can never exp. the same thought or sensation more than once (differ bc the effect of intervening exp./ consciousness can be described as cumulative and not recurrent)

102
Q

James-Lange theory of emotions

A

Role biology plays in emo: “Our feeling of the [bodily] changes as they occur is the emotion”

103
Q

Variability hypothesis

A

Variability hypothesis: Notion that men show a wider range and variation of physical and mental development than women; women are seen as more average. (Based on Darwin’s theories)
Functionalism supported the variability hypothesis

104
Q

Hall’s notable firsts

A

First: American Ph.D in Psy., First psy. lab in the U.S., American journal of psy., president of Clark University, organizer and president of the APA, one of first applied psy.

105
Q

Angell’s contributions to psy

A

Molded Functionalist movement into a working school of thought/ Made psy. dept at University of Chicago the most influential of its day/trained many functionalist psychologist

106
Q

3 Major themes of functionalism according to Angell

A

Functional psy is the psy of mental operations; task: discover how a mental process operates, what it accomplishes, and under what conditions it occurs
The psy. of the fundamental utilities of consciousness (and mental processes such as willing and judging)
The psy. of psychophysical relations (mind-body relations) and is concerned with the total relat. of the organism to its environment. Mind AND body, no distinctions.

107
Q

Carr and functionalism in its final form

A

Presented functionalism when it no longer needed to crusade against structuralism (as in Angell’s time)

108
Q

Carr’s psychology textbook presented functionalism in what two forms?

A

Carr defined subject matter of psy. as mental activity: processes such as memory, perception, feeling, imagination, judgement and will
Function of mental activity is to acquire. fixtate. retain, organize, and evaluate experiences and to use these to determine one’s actions. (“adaptive” or “adjustive” behavior)

109
Q

criticisms of functionalism

A

Went against structuralism

Strayed from academia to real-world solutions

110
Q

contributions of functionalism

A

Introduced animal behavior as a study
Introduced children developmental psy.
Supplemented the introspective method with data obtained from other methods
Left its imprint on mod. American psy. through its emphasis on the application of the methods and findings in psy. to the solution of practical problems

111
Q

why did experimental psychology loose ground to applied psy in u.s. initially?

A

economic reasons;lack of university research joba

112
Q

Cattell and mental tests

A

Tests of motor skills and sensory capacities; intelligence tests use more complex measures of mental abilities

113
Q

description of cattell’s mental test (3)

A

Cattell’s test examined individual differences & dealt primarily with elementary sensorimotor measurements; including dynamometer pressure (rate of movement), 2-point skin sensitivity threshold, reaction time for sound etc.

 3. Conclusion: test of this type not valid predictors of college achievement or by assumption, intellectual ability
 4. Cattell’s order-of-merit ranking method
114
Q

What did Binet intiate?

A

Binet initiated the era of modern intelligence testing

115
Q

How did Binet measure intelligence?

A
  • Believed it was best to measure imagination, memory , attention, and comprehension instead
    1. Test focused on judgement, comprehension, and reasoning
116
Q

2 factors Terman used to measure intelligence

A

Mental age: The age at which children of average ability can perform certain task
4. Intelligence quotient (IQ): Number denoting a person’s intelligence, determined by the following

117
Q

Witmer pioneered ___ psychology

A

clinical/ Interested in assessing and treating learning and behavioral problems in schoolchildren (now called school psychology, not clinical psy.)

118
Q

scott’s contributions to psychology

A

First person to apply psychology to personnel selection, management, and advertising
First to hold title of applied psy. professor
Founder of the first psychological consulting co. and first psychologist to receive Distinguished Service Medal from U.S. Army

119
Q

scott advertised human suggestibility by citing?

A

Scott cited emotion, sympathy, and sentimentality as factors that heighten consumer suggestibility

120
Q

scott and employee selection

A

Scott devised rating scales and group tests to measure the characteristics of people who were already successful in occupations such as salespeople, business executives, and military personnel
Assessed groups, not individuals
Interested in determining how a person used his or her intelligence; how people processed info. and how intelligence operated in the everyday world
Scott defined intelligence as: judgement, quickness, and accuracy

121
Q

Munsterberg and forensic psy

A

Particularly interested in eyewitness testimony (The fallibility of human perception in viewing a criminal event and subsequently describing it)

122
Q

factors that led to applied psy (5)

A
  • Darwin’s notion of adaptation and function
  • Galton’s measurement of individual diff
  • American intellectual focus on the practical and useful
  • shift in academic research to functionalism (thanks to James, ANgell, and Woodsworth)
  • Economic and Social factors and the forces of war

PSY341K (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions