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Tourism > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Inbound

A

number of people who arrive to or visit a specific country or geographic area

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2
Q

Outbound

A

number of people leaving a specific country or geographic area for another geographic area

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3
Q

Domestic Tourism

A

within a country

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4
Q

International Tourism

A

to and from another country

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5
Q

o Reason for travel in pre-industrial times

A

trade

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6
Q

made travel easier

A

currency system

spread of a common language

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7
Q

5 destination mix elements

A 
attractions
facilities
infrastructure
transportation
hospitality
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8
Q

attractions

A

 Central or key component of tourism
 “Draw” or attract tourists/visitors
 Two key ideas
• Universal attributes (e.g., climate and natural scenery)
• Unique attributes of a destination
 Tendency to be developed first and induce growth

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9
Q

facilities

A 
	Necessary to provide services for visitors
	Typically support, not induce growth
	Balance
•	Lodging
•	Broad range
•	Quantity and quality
•	Consider visitor characteristics and needs
	Food and beverage
•	Typically biggest trip expenditure
•	Indigenous/locally grown products
	Support industries
•	Retail (souvenirs and other goods), laundry, visitor guides, recreation areas
•	Determined by visitor needs, as with lodging, etc.
•	Can increase length of stay
•	Balance in development
o	Zoning (e.g., type and signage)
o	Leasing
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10
Q

4 characteristics of attractions

A

scope
ownership
permanency
drawing power

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11
Q

scope

A

 Primary destination
• Main motivation or reason for traveling
• Longer stays
 Secondary/stopover destination
• Shorter span
• Place of interest on way to primary destination

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12
Q

ownership

A

 Government
• Owns 85% outdoor recreation land in the U.S.
• Tourism may or may not be a primary use….why?
 Nonprofit
• Preservation of attractions/resources/culture/traditions
• Too much commercialization tends to detract from appeal
 Private
• Profit
• Short term profit might not allow long term success

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13
Q

permanency

A

 Site attraction
• Duration is longer term
• Mostly permanent (e.g., Space Center Houston)
 Event attraction
• Duration is shorter
• Location can change (e.g., concerts)
• Less $$ to develop compared to site attractions

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14
Q

drawing power

A 
	Distance
•	Local
•	Statewide
•	Regionally
•	Nationally
•	Internationally
	Knowing the draw has implications for marketing 
	Drawing power is a result of the destination and its characteristics
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15
Q

• Characteristics that attract tourists to a destination

A

natural resources, climate,
culture,
historical resources, ethnicity,
accessibility

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16
Q

natural resources

A

 Landscape and scenery
• Human imprint can degrade or negatively impact the resource
• Differentiation (e.g., national park, heritage/historical site)
• Two important points about natural resources:
o Visitors view there is no cost
o Variety of scenery can be important to visitors

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17
Q

climate

A

 Commonly marketed
 Climate and natural resources are important for recreational/leisure activities
• Variety is important
• Something you do not have at home

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18
Q

culture

A

 A way of life – differentiates places
• Provides excitement
• Reason to see it
• “Today’s way of life is tomorrow’s culture” (p. 20)
 Staged authenticity (MacCannell, 1999)
• Behind the scenes tours
• Replication of events, clothing, etc (e.g., battle re-enactments, Scottish Highland Games)
• Do not experience real life of destination

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19
Q

historical resources

A

 War (e.g., battlefields, monuments)
 Religion (e.g., cathedrals)
 Habitation (e.g., homes and/or birthplaces of significant historical figures)
 Government (e.g., capital cities, city halls, legislative houses)

20
Q

ethnicity

A

 America is a melting pot

• “homeland” can draw people back

21
Q

accessibility

A

 In terms of:
• Large population bases (origin)
• Cost
• Lack of accessibility or difficulty getting to a destination
o Remember “mass follows class”
 Patterns:
• Scenery, climate, price important (general)
• Type of and experience at destination (specific)

22
Q

four reasons events might be developed

A

o Money
o Celebrate holidays, seasons, historic events
o Cultural/educational experiences
o Unity/community pride

23
Q

• Types of infrastructure required for the tourism system

A 
o	Water
o	Power
o	Communication
o	Sewage
o	Roads/parking
o	Health care
o	Security
24
Q

four elements of transportation

A

modes
the way
terminals
technology

25
Q

four modes of transportation

A

road
sea
air
rail

26
Q

five ways to make transportation more interesting

A
  • Close views of scenery
  • Elevation change
  • Viewpoints/overlooks
  • Design roads to fit contour of land
  • Thin vegetation to provide views of scenery
27
Q

elements of competitiveness

A

 Increase number of visitors and spending
 Satisfaction of visitors
 Preserve quality of life for locals

28
Q

o How you might compare yourself to another destination

A

 Destination Attractiveness
 Destination Management
 Destination Organization and Strategic Alliances
 Destination Management Information Systems

29
Q

o Why you would benchmark and what things you might benchmark

A

 Specific destination compared to leaders and/or competitive set
 Internal (year over year)
 External (superior destination’s performance)
 Generic (international standards)

30
Q

• Three “raw materials” that can be used to help a developing destination

A

o Scenery
o History
o Culture

31
Q

• Why tourism is an “invisible export”

A

o Destination is the exporter
o Leisure travel demand dependent on non-economic factors (e.g., natural disasters, politics), as well as elasticity in price and income
o Manipulate exchange rates to attract visitors
o Special packages
o Directly and indirectly affects many sectors
o Non-monetary benefits and costs (social, cultural, environmental)
o Not a “smokestack” like manufacturing

32
Q

• Three economic impacts of tourism

A

o Foreign exchange
o Income
o Employment

33
Q

leakage

A

o when goods and services must be brought into the destination from somewhere else

34
Q

Sources of leakage:

A

 Purchase goods/services from somewhere else
 Import products to build infrastructure (hotels)
 Factors of production (commissions to travel agents)
 Promotion/PR (overseas office)
 Transfer pricing (multinational company)
 Reduced taxes as incentives

35
Q

o Direct impact

A

visitors spend their money at hotels, restaurants, etc

36
Q

o Indirect impact

A

businesses purchase products, pay employees, etc

37
Q

o Induced impact

A

employees pay rent, buy groceries, etc

38
Q

• The tourism multiplier

A

o The multiplier depends on money spent by visitors/tourists being re-spent within the destination

39
Q

• Tourism policy

A

o Guide or framework for tourism development, management, etc

40
Q

• Reasons government is involved in tourism

A

political
enviromental
economic

41
Q

• Areas of government involvement in tourism

A 
o	Coordination
o	Setting Policy and Planning
o	Legislation and Regulation
o	Infrastructure Development
o	Operations
o	Stimulation and Control
o	Marketing and Research
o	Training and Education
42
Q

• Identify types of tourism regulation.

A

o Functional
o Sector
o Horizontal
o Specific

43
Q

• Reasons for tourism planning

A 
o	Impacts
o	Competition
o	Complicated phenomenon
o	Damage to cultural and natural resources
o	Affects all members of a community
44
Q

Butler’s Lifecycle.

A 
o	Exploration
o	Involvement
o	Development
o	Consolidation
o	Stagnation
o	Decline
o	Rejuvenation
45
Q

• Barriers to tourism planning

A

o Already have tourism without a formal plan
o Cost
o Complexity of tourism, including too many organizations being involved
o Diverse businesses involved
o Seasonality
o Turnover

46
Q

• Purposes for tourism planning

A

o Identify alternatives
o Adapt
o Uniqueness
o Desirability

47
Q

tourism planning process

A 
o	Background analysis
o	Research and analysis
vision
set goals
development 
implementation and monitoring
evaluation

Tourism (2 decks)

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