Exam 1 Flashcards
Why do we communicate?
- Relational Needs: Our need to be liked, and belong
- Physical Needs
- Spiritual Needs: What is life about? What’s bigger than us?
- Instrumental Needs: A practical tool to get things done.
What are the Characteristics of Communication?
- You cannot NOT communicate
- Meanings are in people (People interpret things differently), and not in words or behaviors.
- Communication is “Filtered”
- Communication is governed by words
- Communication = Relationship
- Communication relies on multiple channels (Verbal & Nonverbal)
- Communication is a tool
- Communication is irreversible
- Communication is not common sense
- Communication is learned
- Communication has both content and relational (nonverbal) meaning
- Communication is both intentional and unintentional
What is Interpersonal Communication?
Communication that occurs between two people within the context of their relationship and that, as it evolves, helps them to negotiate and define that relationship.
What brings us to an interaction?
- Involvement
- Proximity
- Utility
- Reinforcement
Communication is based on predictions at which 3 levels?
- Cultural/Societal
- Sociological/Groups
- Interpersonal
What is “Competent Communication”?
- Appropriateness: Follows Rules
- Effectiveness: Achieves Goals
What makes us Competent Communicators?
- Self-Awareness/Self-Monitoring
- Adaptability
- Empathy
- Cognitive Complexity
What is “Communication as Action”?
When a source encodes a message and attempts to send it through a channel. Despite any internal or external noise, the receiver then decodes the message.
What is “Communication as Interaction”?
When the situation that we’re in plays a role, and affects the way we are able to send and receive messages.
What is “Communication as Transaction”?
When we create meaning in an interaction. In a conversation, we come to an understanding together. Our communication shapes the overall message.
How can we Organize in order to Ensure Message Quality?
- Know your purpose
- Drop what’s unimportant
- “Chunk” What is important
- Use Redundancy (Give @ least 2 examples for any concept)
- Beware of Seductive Details
- Follow the “Tell-Show-Do-Respond” Method
- Repetition
- Focus on Schemas
- Ask Questions
What is Schema?
A Category System for storing information (Can be defined by hobbies, interests, studies, thoughts, etc.)
What is Culture?
A system of learned and shared symbols, language, values, and norms that distinguish one group of people from another.
What is a Symbol?
Something that represents an idea.
Note: Not all symbols are positive
What is Language?
A system of symbols.
What are Values?
Standards for judging how good, desirable and beautiful something is.
What are Norms?
Rules or expectations that guide people’s behavior in culture.
-Values are the goals, and norms are how we get there.
Individualism - Collectivism
Responsibility to oneself Vs. Responsibility to others
Low Context - High Context
Explicit Vs. Implicit - Stated Vs. Assumed
Low - High Power Distance
Who holds the power? How is the society structured? More hierarchical or more flat?
Masculine - Feminine
Masculine: Ambition, Achievement, Earning “Things”
Feminine: Quality of Life, Nurturance, Service.
Uncertainty Avoidance
How comfortable are people with the unknown, unclear and unstructured?
Monochronic - Polychronic
How do people treat me? Flexibility, Goals & Promptness.
What are the Communication Codes?
Idioms, Jargon & Gestures.
What is Idiom?
Phrases that have meaning particular to culture.
What is Jargon?
“Lingo” or Sub-Language
What are Gestures?
Body Movements
What is Gender?
Shifting Roles, Generally considering masculine and feminine attitudes and behaviors.
What is the Face Negotiation Theory?
The theory that we are very self-concerned when it comes to our personal attributes.
What is the Genderlect Styles Theory?
Says men and women live in different cultures, and because they’re different, they need to communicate in different ways.
What is the Muted Group Theory?
The theory that power is embedded in everything. Language is controlled by the majority group (men). Women’s speech is regulated to private space. There is no public space for them to be heard/have power.
What is Social Comparison?
Upward: Comparing yourself to people that you believe have better things and traits than you have.
Downward: Comparing yourself to people that you believe are below you in some way.
What is Self-Monitoring?
People that are self-aware of how their communication affects other people. These types of people tend to be more competent.
What is the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?
Our expectations lead us to behave in certain ways that confirm those expectations.
What is the Michelangelo Phenomenon?
We have a tendency to “mold or shape” people into their ideal selves; we help them uncover their best potential.
“Everything is wonderful and beautiful, I just need to show other people that”.
What is the Self-Expansion Model?
People have a desire to self-expand and people achieve this through relationships.
“I seek relationships with people who help me grow”
What is Sandbagging?
Stored or Built-Up characteristics found in other people that we point out and hold onto in an attempt to obtain control.
What is Over-Helping?
Support that could potentially have strings-attached.
What is Affection?
The Need/Want to love & be loved.
What is Inclusion?
The Need/Want to be included within a group.
What is Efficacy?
The awareness that you can do something on your own.
What is Autonomy?
The desire to have self-direction
What is Mastery?
The urge to get better at things
What are our 3 face needs?
- Fellowship
- Autonomy
- Competence
What is Perception?
The process of making meaning from the things we experience in our environment.
What is Interpersonal Perception?
When we apply this process to people in relationships.
What is Locus?
Is this because of something within or outside of a person?
What is Stability?
Will this person or behavior change?
What is Controllability?
Can this person do anything about this?
What is the Attribution Theory?
An explanation, the answer to a “why” question.
What is the Primacy/Recency Effect?
We tend to emphasize first (primacy) and/or last (recency) impressions over other impressions when forming a perception.
“First thing’s first, then last, but never in the middle”.
What is the Positivity & Negativity Bias?
We tend to focus heavily on a person’s positive and/or negative attributes when forming a perception.
What are Expectancy Violations?
When people fail to meet our expectations, we perceive them more negatively.
What is Self-Disclosure?
The deliberate act of giving others info about ourselves that we believe to be true and think that they don’t already know.
What is the Dyadic Effect?
When one person says something, the other person usually meets them in depth within the topic.
What is CPM (Communication Privacy Management)?
Anytime we are deciding to tell people about ourselves, there is a tension as to how we should disclose, what the positives and negatives are, etc. before we even tell someone.
What are the 5 Principles to CPM?
- Individuals or collectives believe they own their private information.
- People feel they have a right to control the flow of private information to others.
- People use privacy rules to determine whether to open the boundaries or close them.
- If individuals reveal, they make others shareholders of info and presume these co-owners will follow existing privacy rules or negotiate new ones.
- Managing the info and/or boundaries can become turbulent.
What is the “Semantic Triangle”?
There are 3 meanings to every word: Symbol, Referent, & Reference.
What is the Last-Name Effect?
People with last names that start with a letter towards the end of the alphabet are more likely to spend more.
What is the Name-Letter Effect?
Because of implicit egoism, we are often attracted to things that share the same letter as our name.
What is Ethos?
Ethics (Credibility)
What is Pathos?
Emotion
What is Logos?
Logic/Reasoning
What are Cliches?
Phrases that have been repeated so many times that they lose their meaning.
What are Dialects?
Ways of speaking that denote which country or region you’re from.
What is Equivocation?
Another way that we use language that affects our credibility.
What is the Expectancy Violations Theory?
When we are trying to create and manage impressions on people, nonverbal behavior plays a large role, and that our expectations for this can be easily violated.
What are Kinesics?
Movements of the body, and facial displays.
What is Mimicry?
When you’re attracted to someone, you tend to mimic their facial behaviors.
What are Emblems?
Have a literal translation
What are Illustrators?
Drawing a picture to emulate what you’re saying
What are Regulators?
Facilitating with boundaries and restrictions within communication
What are Affect Displays?
Ways of communicating emotions
What are Adaptors?
Changing or adapting to our environment by satisfying a personal need.
What is a Paralinguistic?
Nonverbal communication associated with language use, other than words themselves.
-How you say something
What are Chronemics?
How you use your time communicates Non-Verbally.
What is Proxemics?
The use of space
What is Intimate Space?
No space at all. Reserved for those that we intimate with.
What is Personal Space?
Most space between friends and family that is around 1.5 feet.
What is Social Space?
Most space between people is around 4 feet.
What is Public Space?
Most space between people is around 12 feet.
What is Haptics?
The Use of Touch
What is Olfactics?
The Use of Smell
