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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Adverse drug events

A

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

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2
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to the medication given at a therapeutic dose. Not an overdose

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3
Q

Adverse effects

A

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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4
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that binds to an stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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5
Q

Allergic reaction

A

And immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication. A type of adverse drug event

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6
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Antagonists are also called inhibitors

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7
Q

Antagonistic effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. One plus one equals less than two. It is usually caused by an antagonizing, blocking or reducing, effect of one drug on another

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8
Q

Bioavailability

A

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route. From 0% to 100%

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9
Q

Biotransformation

A

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either in active or active. Also known as metabolism

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10
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen

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11
Q

Chemical name

A

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

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12
Q

Contraindication

A

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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13
Q

Cytochrome P450

A

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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14
Q

Dependence

A

A state in which there is compulsive or chronic need for a drug

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15
Q

Dissolution

A

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

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16
Q

Drug

A

Any chemical that affects the psychological or physiological processes of a living organism

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17
Q

Drug actions

A

The processes involved in the interaction between a drunken body cells. For example the action of a drunk on a receptor protein. Also called mechanism of action

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18
Q

Drug classification

A

A method of grouping drugs. Maybe based on structure or therapeutic use

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19
Q

Drug effects

A

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic were toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug affects

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20
Q

Drug induced teratogenesis

A

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs

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21
Q

Drug interaction

A

Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs. It is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

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22
Q

Duration of action

A

The length of time the concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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23
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiological processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

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24
Q

First pass effect

A

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation throughout the bloodstream

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25
Q

Generic name

A

The name given to a drug by the United States adopted names counsel. Also called the non-propriety name. The generic name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark

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26
Q

Glucose six phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

A

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells breakdown when the body is exposed to certain drugs

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27
Q

Half-life

A

The time required for half of been administered to be illuminated by the body, or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

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28
Q

Idiosyncratic reaction

A

The not normal and unexpected response to medication other than an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual patient

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29
Q

Incompatibility

A

The characteristic that causes to parenteral drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixture given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

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30
Q

Intra-arterial

A

Within an artery

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31
Q

Intra-articular

A

Within a joint

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32
Q

Intrathecal

A

Within a sheep for example the theca of the spinal cord, as an interathecal injection into the sub arachnoid space

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33
Q

Medication error

A

Any preventable adverse drug events involving inappropriate medication used by a patient or healthcare professional, it may or may not cause patient harm

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34
Q

Medication use process

A

The prescribing, dispensing, and administering medications, and the monitoring of their effects

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35
Q

Metabolite

A

The chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug.

Active metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive.

In active metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and or simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

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36
Q

Onset of action

A

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

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37
Q

Parent drug

A

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the bodies biochemical reactions into its active or in active metabolites. The parents rug that is not pharmacologically active is called a prodrug. A prodrug is then metabolized to pharmacologically active metabolites

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38
Q

Peak affect

A

The time required for a drug to reach it’s maximum therapeutic response in the body

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39
Q

Peak level

A

The maximum concentration of the drug in the body after administration, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

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40
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including dosage form design

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41
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The study of the biochemical and physiological interactions of drugs at their site of activity. It examines the physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with body receptors

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42
Q

Pharmacoeconomics

A

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

43
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response, including the nature of genetic aberrations that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes

44
Q

PharmaCognosy

A

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

45
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body. Represents the drug absorption into, distribution and metabolism within, and excretion from the body.

46
Q

Pharmacology

A

The broadest terms for the study or science of drugs

47
Q

PharmaCotherapeutics

A

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

48
Q

Pro drug

A

And in active drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

49
Q

Receptor

A

A molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell. Receptors bind to specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular affects occurs as a result of this drug receptor interaction

50
Q

Steady-state

A

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

51
Q

Substrates

A

Substances on which an enzyme acts

52
Q

Synergistic effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example one plus one is greater then two. Compare with additive effects

53
Q

Therapeutic drug monitoring

A

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient’s drug exposure and to allow adjustment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

54
Q

Therapeutic effect

A

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

55
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

56
Q

Tolerance

A

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

57
Q

Toxic

A

The quality of being poisonous

58
Q

Toxicity

A

The condition of producing adverse bodily affects due to poisonous qualities

59
Q

Toxicology

A

The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable treatments

60
Q

Trade name

A

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer

61
Q

Trough level

A

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

62
Q

Additive effects

A

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example one plus one equals two. Compare with synergistic effects

63
Q

(Ch 3) Active Transport

A

The active (energy-requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes.

64
Q

(Ch 3) Diffusion

A

The passive movement of substances (e.g., a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration. (Compare with active transport.)

65
Q

(Ch 3) Elderly

A

A person age 65+

66
Q

(Ch 3) Neonate

A

A person younger than 1 month of age; newborn infant.

67
Q

(Ch 3) Nomogram

A

A graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements.

68
Q

(Ch 3) Pediatric

A

A person age 12 or younger.

69
Q

(Ch 3) Polypharmacy

A

The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems.

70
Q

What items must be written to have a complete medication order from a prescriber?

A
  1. Patient’s name
  2. Date order was written
  3. Name of medication
  4. Dosage (size, frequency, number of doses)
  5. Route of delivery
  6. Signature of the prescriber
71
Q

6 rights of medication administration

A

Right:

  • drug
  • dose
  • time
  • route
  • documentation
  • patient
72
Q

Additional rights of medication administration

A

Right to:

  • double check
  • proper storage and documentation
  • accurate calculation and preparation of dosage
  • careful checking of transcription of orders
  • patient safety with correct procedures and techniques
  • right to accurate routes of administration
  • close consideration of special situations
  • having all meanures taken with regard to the prevention and reporting of med errors
  • individualized and complete patient teaching
  • accurate and cautious pt monitoring for therapeutic effects and side effects
  • safe use of the nursing process
  • refusal of medication
73
Q

CR

A

controlled release

74
Q

CRT

A

Controlled release tablet

75
Q

LA

A

long acting

76
Q

SR

A

sustained release

77
Q

TR

A

time release

78
Q

RD

A

time delay

79
Q

SA

A

sustained action

80
Q

XL

A

extended release

81
Q

XR

A

extended release

82
Q

Types of drug reactions

A
  • additive effects (1+1=2)
  • synergistic effects (1+1= greater than 2)
  • antagonistic effects (1+1=less than 2)
  • incompatibility
83
Q

drug effects in the first trimester

A

greatest danger for drug-induced developmental defects. Drug exposure is most detrimental here.

84
Q

Drug effects in the third trimester

A

Drug transfer is more likely. Transfer of drugs occurs through diffusion across the placenta

85
Q

General effects of pharmacokinetics in the elderly

A

-absorption is slowed
-distribution is decreased
-metabolism is decreased
excretion is decreased

86
Q

1906: Pure food and drug act

A
  • drugs should be free of impure products

- standardized med strength, quality, purity, packaging, safety, labeling, dose form

87
Q

chamomile risk

A

increased risk for bleeding with anticoagulants

88
Q

Cranberry risk

A

decreased elimination of many drugs that are renally excreted

89
Q

Echinacea risk

A

possible interference with or counteraction to immunosuppressant drugs and antivirals

90
Q

Evening primrose risk

A

possible interaction with antipsychotic drugs

91
Q

garlic risk

A

possible interference with hypoglycemic therapy and the anticoagulant warfarin (coumadin)

92
Q

Gingko risk

A

may increase risk of bleeding with anticoagulants (warfarin, heparin) and antiplatelets (aspirin, clopidogrel)

93
Q

Ginger root risk

A

at high dosages, possible interferences with cardiac, antidiabetic, or anticoagulant drugs

94
Q

grapefruit risks

A
  • decreased metabolism of drugs used to erectile disfunction
  • decreases metabolism of estrogens and some psychotherapeutic drugs (benzodiazepines, sertraline)
  • increases risk of toxicity of immunosuppressants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and some psychotherapeutic drugs (pimozide, escitalipram)
  • increases intensity and duration of effects of caffeine
95
Q

Hawthorn risk

A

may lead to toxic levels of cardiac glycosides

96
Q

kava risk

A

may increase the effect of barbituates and alcohol

97
Q

Saw palmetto risk

A

may change the effects of hormones in oral contraceptive drugs, patches, or hormonal replacement therapies

98
Q

St. John’s Wort risk

A

may lead to serotonin syndrome if used with other sertonergic drugs (SSRIs)

99
Q

Valerian risk

A

increases central nervous system depression if used with sedatives

100
Q

Adrenergic Agonists

A
  • Fight or Flight
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increase HR
  • Bronchodilate
  • Pupil dilation
  • Decreased GI Motility
101
Q

Adrenergic antagonists

A

Adrenergic Antagonists / Blockers

  • Rest and Digest: See, Shit, Spit
  • Vasodilatation
  • Decrease HR
  • Bronchial Constriction
  • Pupil Constrict
  • Increased GI Motility/ urination
102
Q

Cholinergic Agonists

A
  • Rest and Digest: See, Shit, Spit
  • Vasodilatation
  • Decrease HR
  • Bronchial Constriction
  • Pupil Constrict
  • Increased GI Motility/urination
103
Q

Cholinergic Antagonists

A
  • Fight or Flight
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increase HR
  • Bronchodilate
  • Pupil dilation
  • Decreased GI motility

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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