Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Predator-Prey
A
A short-term relationship in which one symbiont benefits at the expense of the other.
2
Q
Phoresis
A
A relationship in which the smaller member of the relationship is mechanically carried about by the larger member.
3
Q
Mutualism
A
An association between two organisms of different species in which both are benefited.
4
Q
Commensalism
A
An association between two organisms of different species in which one partner is benefited and the other is neither benefited or harmed.
5
Q
Parasitism
A
An association between two organisms of different species in which one member (the parasite) lives on or in the other member (the host) and may cause harm. Metabolic dependency is implied.
6
Q
What are the five types of symbiotic relationships
A
Predator-prey Phoresis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
7
Q
Parasitiasis
A
An association between two organisms of different species in which one organisms is potentially pathogenic but does not cause outward signs of disease.
8
Q
Parasitosis
A
An association between two organisms of different species in which one organism injures the other and produces outward signs of disease.
9
Q
Endoparasite
A
Parasite that lives within the body of the host
10
Q
Parasitology
A
The study of parasitic relationships
11
Q
Ectoparasite
A
A parasite that lives on the outside of the body of the host
12
Q
Erratic (aberrant) parasite
A
A parasite that has wandered into an organ or tissue in which is does not ordinarily live.
13
Q
Incidental parasite
A
A parasite in a host in which it does not usually live
14
Q
Facultative parasite
A
An organism that is capable of living either free or as a parasite
15
Q
Obligatory parasite
A
An organism that must live a parasitic existence
16
Q
Periodic parasite
A
A parasite that makes short visits to its host to obtain nourishment or some other benefit
17
Q
Pseudoparasite
A
An object that is mistaken for a parasite
18
Q
Life Cycle
A
The development of a parasite through its various life stages
19
Q
Definitive host
A
The host that harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite
20
Q
Intermediate host
A
The host that harbors the larval, asexual. or immature stages of the parasite
21
Q
Transport (paratenic host)
A
An intermediate host in which the parasite does not undergo any further development, usually remaining encysted until the definitive host eats the transport host
22
Q
Reservoir host
A
A vertebrate host in which a parasite occurs naturally and which is a source of infection for human beings and their domestic animals
23
Q
Infection
A
Parasitism by an internal parasite
24
Q
Infestation
A
Parasitism by an external parasite
25
Zoonosis
Any disease that is transmissible from lower animals to human beings.
26
Trematode common name
Flukes
27
Morphological features of flukes
- Dorsoventrally flattened
- Two organs of attachment: anterior feeding sucker (oral sucker) and ventral attachment sucker (acetabulum)
- Digestive system present
- Complex reproductive system
- Hermaphroditic (exception: Schistosomes and Heterobilharzia species)
28
Typical fluke life cycle
Operculated egg-->Miracidium-->sporocyst-->redia-->cercaria-->metacercaria-->adult fluke
29
The lancet fluke of ruminants
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
30
Dicrocoelium dendriticum hosts
Ruminants
31
Dicrocoelium dendriticum habitat
Bile duct of ruminants
32
Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle
- Operculated egg is pooped out.
- Land snail, Cionella lubrica, eats the operculated egg and becomes the first intermediate host.
- Miracidia emerge from operculated egg and go to mesenteric gland of snail and develops into sporocyst.
- Second generation of sporocyst generated (no redia in this life cycle)
- Cercaria form from the 2nd generation sporocyst
- Cercaria migrate to the pulmonary chamber of the snail and form "slime balls"
- Snail coughs up slime balls that adhere to vegetation
- Formica ants eat slime balls becoming 2nd intermediate host
- Metacercaria form in the abdominal cavity of ant
- Metacercaria migrate to the brain of ant and causes ant to clamp down on vegetation and ant is eaten by ruminant
- Metacercaria exyst and develop into juvenile flukes that travel to bile duct.
- Adult flukes release egg into poop.
33
WIWPHTH Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Bile duct blockage
34
Dicrocoelium dendriticum zoonotic
No
35
The lizard poisoning fluke
Platynosomum fastosum
36
Platynosomum fastosum host
Cats or dogs
37
Platynosomum fastosum intermediate host
Anolis lizard
38
Platynosomum fastosum habitat
Liver of cat or dog
39
Platynosomum fastosum fluke difference from Dicrocoelium dendriticum
P. fastosum has horizontal testes. D. dedriticum has tandem testes.
40
Platynosomum fastosum zoonotic
No
41
Digenetic flukes found in ruminants (3)
- Fasciola hepatica
- Fascioloides magna
- Paramphistomum species (Cotylophoron species)
42
THE liver fluke of ruminants and most pathogenic fluke of cattle in US
Fasciola hepatica
43
Fasciola hepatica host
Ruminants
44
Fasciola hepatica habitat
Liver/Bile duct of ruminant
45
WIWPHTH Fasciola hepatica
Feed on tissue
| Blockage of bile duct
46
Unique ID of Fasciola hepatica fluke
"shoulders"
47
Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica
1st int host-aquatic snail
48
How ruminants become infected with Fasciola hepatica
Aquatic snails eat poop with operculated egg. Miracidium-->cercaria and swims away from snail to vegetation. Ruminants eat vegetation (NOT 2nd INT HOST) with encysted metacercaria.
49
Acute fascioliasis
Observed in sheep. Overwhelming number of flukes to liver. Sheep dies suddenly
50
Chronic fasciolisasis
Observed in sheep and cattle. Edema under jaw "bottle jaw".
51
Calcification of the bile duct results in ____ with Fasciola hepatica
Pipestem liver
52
Fasciola hepatica zoonotic
No
53
The liver fluke of deer
Fascioloides magna
54
Fascioloides magna host
1-Deer (normal life cycle)
2-Cow (incidental host...dead end for parasite)
3-Sheep (normal life cycle)
55
Fascioloides magna habitat
Liver of deer
56
How does Fascioloides magna infect host?
Similar to Fasciola hepatica. Snail used as intermediate host.
57
Fascioloides magna intermediate host
Aquatic snail
58
Fascioloides magna variations of life cycle
1-In deer: normal life cycle. Cysts are OPEN to allowed connection to liver.
2-In cows: dead in host. Cysts are CLOSED and don't connect to bile duct.
3-In sheep:Uninterrupted migration to liver. Normally die. Sheep are incidental host.
59
Pathogenic disease of Fascioloides magna and its variations
Fascioloidiasis
1-Deer: blockage of bile duct
2- Cows:"fluke puke"
3-Sheep:DEATH
60
Fascioloides magna zoonotic
No
61
The rumen flukes
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron species
62
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron host
Ruminants
63
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron habitat
Rumen and reticulum of ruminants
64
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron unique fluke ID
Has two mouths
65
How ruminants get infected with Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron
Similar to F. hepatica.
Aquatic snail eats poop.
Vegetation filled with metacercaria
Ruminants eats plant
66
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron intermediate host
Aquatic snail
67
WIWPHTH Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron
Eat tissue "plug feeders".
| Flukes aren't really pathogenic.
68
Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron zoonotic
No.
69
Lung fluke of cats and dogs
Paragonimus kellicotti
70
Paragonimus kellicotti host
Cats and dogs
71
Paragonimus kellicotti habitat
Lung of cat or dog
72
How Paragonimus kellicotti infects the host
Aquatic snail eats poop with operculated egg
Asexual repro until cercarica leaves and enters crayfish
Dog/cat eats crayfish
Flukes go to small intestine and break through the diaphragm and enter lungs..
Dog/cat coughs up eggs (rusty sputum) and swallows them and thats how life cycle continues.
73
Paragonimus kellicotti special habitat
Flukes wander (aberrant parasite) and can wind up in the brain.
74
Paragonimus kellicotti WIWPHTH
Produce fluid filled cysts in lungs
75
Paragonimus kellicotti zoonotic
No
76
The split bodied flukes
Schistosome species
77
How are schistosomes not like your typical digenetic flukes?
- Dieocious :Female fits into gynecophoric canal of male
- "Round" worms not flat
- Eggs have spine. NOT operculated
78
The ruminant schistosome
Schistosoma bovis
79
Schistosoma bovis host
Ruminants
80
Schistosoma bovis habitat
Blood vasculature of ruminants
81
How Schistosoma bovis inhabits host
Egg released into water and miracidia released and infects aquatic snail. Cercaria emerges and pentrates ruminant DIRECTLY.
82
Schistosoma bovis intermediate host
Aquatic snail
83
Schistosoma bovis zoonotic
No
84
Swimmer's Itch
Schistosome cercarial dermatitis
85
Schistosome cercarial dermatitis hosts
Water fowl and humans
86
Schistosome cercarial dermatitis in humans
Cercaria penetrates human skin but the immune system kills cercaria leaving pimple like bumps as a rash.
87
Schistosome cercarial dermatitis zoonotic
Yes
88
The canine blood fluke
Heterobilharzia americanum
89
Heterobilharzia americanum habitat
Blood vasculature of dogs
90
Heterobilharzia americanum life cycle is just like
Schistosomes
91
Heterobilharzia americanum zoonotic
No
92
Name all flukes discussed (9)
1) Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2) Platynosomum fastosum
3) Fasciola hepatica
4) Fascioloides magna
5) Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron species
6) Paragonimus kellicotti
7) Schistosoma bovis
8) Schistosome cercarial dermatitis
9) Heterobilharzia americanum
93
Cestode common name
True tapeworms
94
Tapeworms found in the horses small intestine
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
95
Tapeworm morphology
- Hermaphroditic
- Endoparasites
- Absorb food LACK digestive system
- Scolex "head" can be armed or unarmed (rostellum/hooked)
- Adult body is made of proglottids (immature-->mature-->gravid)
- Reproductive system is present
- Larval stages are called metacestodes (different types)
96
True tapeworms with a cysticercoid metacestode stage
```
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
Moniezia species
Thysanosoma actinoides
Dipylidium caninum
```
97
Cysticercoid morphology
- Single scolex thats not invaginated
- Usually found in mites or fleas
- Oncosphere (egg) innermost membrane is called pyriform apparatus
98
How to differentiate horse small intestine tapeworms.
- Anoplocephala perfoliata has lappet scolex
- Anoplocephala magna scolex lacks lappets and GIANT scolex
- Paranoplocephala mamillana is tiny "dwarf TW".
99
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana host
Horse
100
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
habitat
Horse small intestine
101
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
intermediate host
Grain mite
102
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
WIWPHTH
Small intestine blockage and absorb nutrients
103
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
zoonotic
No
104
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
Metacestode stage
Cysticeroid
105
Ruminant true tapeworm genus
Moniezia
106
Moniezia metacestode stage
Cysticercoid
107
Moniezia host
Ruminants
108
Moniezia intermediate host
Grain mites
109
Moniezia WIWPHTH
Blockage of small intestine
110
Moniezia habitat
Small intestine of ruminants
111
Moniezia scolex
Unarmed
112
Moniezia zoonotic
No
113
How Moniezia species, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna, Paranoplocephala mammilana infect the host.
Grain mites ingest tapeworm eggs. Cysticeroid forms in mite. Horse or sheep eats mite. Adult TW forms in small intestine.
114
The fringed tapeworm
Thysanosoma actinoides
115
Thysanosoma actinoides metacestode stage
Cysticercoid
116
Thysanosoma actinoides host
Ruminants
117
Thysanosoma actinoides intermediate host
Not really known....has been observed in bark lice
118
Thysanosoma actinoides habitat
Bile duct or small intestine of ruminants
119
Thysanosoma actinoides zoonotic
No
120
Thysanosoma actinoides WIWPHTH
Blockage of the bile duct
121
Double pored tapeworm
Dipylidium caninum
122
Dipylidium caninum metacestode stage
Cysticercoid
123
Dipylidium caninum host
Cats or dogs
124
Dipylidium caninum tapeworm scolex and egg
Armed and egg packet
125
Dipylidium caninum habitat
Small intestine of cat or dog
126
Dipylidium caninum intermediate host
Flea
127
Dipylidium caninum zoonotic
Yes
128
Which cysticercoid tapeworm egg lacks a pyriform apparatus?
Thysanosoma actinoides
129
Name all true tapeworms with cysticercus metacestode stages.
1) Taenia saginata
2) Taenia solium
3) taenia ovis
4) Taenia hydatigena
5) Taenia pisiformis
6) Taenia taeniaformis
130
Decsribe a typical Taeniid type egg (TTT)
Brown striated appearance with six tiny hooklets or hexacanth embryo.
131
Cysticercus morphology
Single scolex invaginated into itself "inside out scolex"
132
T/F The larval metacestode forms of taenia type tapeworms are less pathogenic in the intermediate host than in the adult tapeworm in the definitive host
False.
| Larval stages are more pahogenic.
133
Measly beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata
134
Taenia saginata host
Man only
135
Taenia saginata metacestode name
Cysticercus bovis
136
Taenia saginata habitat (larval and tapeworm)
Tapeworm-small intestine of humans
| Larval- skeletal/cardiac muscle of cows
137
Taenia saginata intermediate host
Cow
138
WIWPHTH Taenia saginata
Blockage
| Absorbs nutriets
139
Taenia saginata scolex and egg
Unarmed and TTT
140
How humans get infected with Taenia saginata
Cow eats human poop with TTT egg. Cysticercus develops in muscle of cow. Human eats muscle of cow with larval. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of human.
141
Taenia saginata zoonotic
Yes
142
Measly pork tapeworm
Taenia solium
143
Taenia solium host
Man only
144
Taenia solium metacestode
Cysticercus cellulosae
145
Taenia solium habitat
Humans-Small intestine (when definitive host)
Muscles, SQ tissue, brain and eye (when intermediate)
Pigs-Skeletal muscle and cardiac
146
Taenia solium intermediate host
- Pigs
| - Humans
147
Taenia solium scolex and eggs
Armed and TTT
148
How humans get infected with Taenia solium
Pig eats poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in muscle of pig. Human eats muscle of pig with larval stage. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of human.
OR
Human eats human poop with TTT. Cysticercus develop in human in muscle, SQ tissue, eye or brain.
149
Taenia solium zoonotic
yes
150
Measly mutton tapeworm
Taenia ovis
151
Taenia solium host
Dog
152
Taenia ovis metacestode
Cysticercus ovis)
153
Taenia ovis habitat
Small intestine in dogs
| Muscle of sheep
154
Taenia ovis intermediate host
Sheep
155
Taenia ovis scolex and egg
Armed and TTT
156
How dogs become infected with Taenia ovis
Sheep eats dog poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in sheep muscle. Dog eats sheep muscle. Tapeworm develops in dog.
157
Taenia ovis zoonotic
no
158
The ruminant tapeworm of dogs
Taenia hydatigena
159
Taenia hydatigena host
dogs
160
Taenia hydatigena metacestode
Cysticercus tenuicollis
161
Taenia hydatigena habitat
Dog-small intestine
| Ruminant-omentum bladder
162
Taenia hydatigena scolex and eggs
Armed and TTT
163
Taenia hydatigena metacestode ID
Ping pong ball sized fluid filled sac
164
How dog becomes infected with Taenia hydatigena
Ruminant eats dog poo with TTT. Cysticercus develops in omentum of ruminant. Dog eats ruminant and tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.
165
The rabbit tapeworm
Taenia pisiformis
166
Taenia pisiformis host
Dogs
167
Taenia pisiformis metacestode
Cysticercus pisiformis
168
Taenia pisiformis intermediate host
Rabbits and rodents
169
Taenia pisiformis habitat
Dog-small intestine
| Rabbits-omentum
170
Taenia pisiformis scolex and TTT
Armed and TTT
171
Taenia pisiformis metacestode ID
English pea fluid filled cyst
172
How dog becomes infected with Taenia pisiformis
Rabbit eats dog poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in omentum. Dog eats rabbit and tapeworm develops in small intestine.
173
The feline taeniid
Taenia taeniaformis
174
Taenia taeniaformis hosts
Definitive-cats
| Intermediate-rats
175
Taenia taeniaformis habitat
Cats-small intestine
| Rats- liver
176
Taenia taeniaformis metacestode
Cysticercus fasciolaris (a strobilocercus...NOT invaginated)
177
Taenia taeniaformis scolex and egg
Armed and TTT
178
How cats become infected with Taenia taeniaformis
Rat eats cat poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in liver of rat. Cat eats rat and tapeworm develops in small intestine of cats.
179
Cysticercus type tapeworms that are zoonotic
Taenia saginata
| Taenia solium
180
Tapeworms with coenurus metacestode stage
Multiceps multiceps
| Multiceps serialis
181
Coenurus ID traits
Large fluid filled cyst with two or more invagniated scolies
182
Multiceps multiceps hosts
Def host-dogs
| Int host-sheep
183
Multiceps multiceps habitat
dogs-small intestine
| sheep-brain or spinal cord
184
Multiceps multiceps scolex and egg
Armed and TTT
185
How dog becomes infected with Multiceps multiceps
Sheep eats dog poop with egg. Coenurus develops in brain and causes "gid' or "staggers". Dog eats sheep and tapeworm develops in small intestine.
186
Multiceps multiceps metacestode
Coenurus cerebralis
187
Multiceps multiceps zoonotic
no
188
Multiceps serialis host
Def- dog
| Int-rabbits
189
Multiceps serialis habitat
Dog-small intestine
| Rabbit-SQ and IM connective tissue
190
Multiceps serialis metacestode
Coenurus serialis
191
Multiceps serialis scolex and egg
Armed and TTT
192
How dog can be infected with Multiceps serialis
Rabbit eats dog poop with egg. Coenurus develops in SQ or IM of rabbit. Dog eats rabbit and tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.
193
Multiceps serialis zoonotic
No. But humans can be incidental host.
194
Tapeworms with hydatid cyst metacestode
Echinococcus granulosus
| Echinococcus multilocularis
195
Hydatid cyst ID traits
Large fluid filled cavity holding broodcapsules which contain thousands of protoscolices.
196
Unilocular hydatid cyst
Echinococcus granulosus
197
Echinococcus granulosus host
Def-dogs
| Int-ruminants, pigs, humans
198
Echinococcus granulosus habitat
Dog-small intestine
| Int host-liver, ling, brain
199
Echinococcus granulosus scolex and egg
TINY tapeworm thats armed and TTT
200
How dogs become infected with Echinococcus granulosus
Intermediate host eats dog poop with TTT. Hydatid cysts form anywhere. Dog eats hydatid cysts and tapeworm develops in small intestine.
201
Multilocular hydatid cyst
Echinococcus multilocularis
202
Echinococcus multilocularis host
Def-dogs
| Int-Rats and humans
203
Echinococcus multilocularis habitat
Dog-small intestine
| Int host-liver and lungs
204
Echinococcus multilocularis scolex and egg
TINY tapeworm armed and TTT
205
Echinococcus multilocularis vs Echinococcus uniloclularis hydatid cyst
E. multilocularis lacks thick cyst wall and is multicompartmentalized while E.unilocularis has thick cyst wall and one compartment.
206
How dog becomes infected with Echinococcus multilocularis
Int host eats dog poop with TTT. Hydatid cysts develop in liver or lung and eaten by dog. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.
207
Echinococcus species are zoonotic
Yes.
208
The Cotylodans or Pseudeotapeworms
Diphyllobothrium latum
| Spirometra mansonoides
209
Pseudeotapeworm traits
- Bothria (slits) instead of suckers
- Operculated eggs (like flukes) that releases ciliated hexacanth embryo
- Use 2 intermediate hosts
- Adults have only one set of male and female repro organs
210
The broadfish tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium latum
211
Diphyllobothrium latum host
Def-An mammal that eats fish
Int- 1st int copepod (crustacean)
2nd int fish
212
Diphyllobothrium latum habitat
Small intestine of fish eating mammal
213
Diphyllobothrium latum ID worm
LONNNGGGG(30 ft)
214
How definitive host become infected with Diphyllobothrium latum
Definitive host poops operculated egg and copepod eats egg. Coracidium emergesand develops into procercoid. Fish eats copecpod and procercoid goes to pleurocercoid. Fish is eaten by definitive host and tapeworm develops in the small intestine.
215
Diphyllobothrium latum zoonotic
yes
216
The zipper tapeworm
Spirometra mansonoides
217
Spirometra mansonoides host
Def-dogs, cats, raccoons, humans
Int-1st copepod
2nd frog, rat, water snake
218
Spirometra mansonoides habitat
Small intestine of definitive host
219
How definitive host becomes infected with Spirometra mansonoides
Copepod eats definitive host poop with operculated egg and coracidium develops and then procercoid. Copepod eaten by snake or something. Plerocercoid develops AKA SPARGANUM. Definitive host eats plerocercoid stage and adult tapeworm develops in small intestine.
220
Spirometra mansonoides zoonotic
Yes
If human consumes copepod, sparganum can form in muscles of humans
OR
If human eats 2nd int host sparganum will form in muscles'
OR
If flesh of 2nd int host used on humans than sparganum can migrate and go to SQ tissue.
221
Nematode or Roundworm traits
- Cervical alae (wings at anterior end)
- Copulatory bursa (posterior end)
- Complete digestive system (esophagus hourglass figure-rhabditiform)
- Dioecious
- Life cycle larva has several molting stages
- Can be free living or parasitic
222
In nematodes, infective stage if egg? If larva?
Egg- contains L2
| Free living-L3
223
Direct vs indirect lifecycles in nematodes
Direct:no intermediate host used
Indirect: uses intermediate host
224
Basic life cycle of nematode
Egg-->1st larval -->2nd larval-->3rd larval-->4th larval-->5th larval-->adult
225
The esophageal worm of dogs or "Auburn's worm"
Spirocerca lupi
226
Spirocerca lupi hosts
Def-Dogs
| Int-dung beetle
227
Spirocerca lupi habitat
Esophagus of dogs
228
Spirocerca lupi as abberant parasite
Normally produces nodule in esophagus but sometimes makes nodule in stomach or wall of the aorta.
229
ID Spirocerca lupi egg
Oval egg looks like paperclip
230
How dog becomes infected with Spirocerca lupi
Dung beetle eats dog poop with egg. Dog eats beetle. L3 migrates to esophagus or aorta where roundworm will develop nodules
231
Spirocerca lupi WIWPHTH
```
Makes nodules (which can block esophagus or turn cancerous...neoplastic transformation)
Aorta may burst
```
232
Spirocerca lupi zoonotic
No
233
The stomach worm of cats and dog
Physaloptera species
234
Physaloptera species host
Def-Cats and dogs
| Int-dung beetles or ROACHES
235
Physaloptera species habitat
Stomach of cats and dogs
236
Physaloptera species eggs
Larvated eggs. 1 egg=1 larva (ovoviviparous)
237
Physaloptera species life cycle
Roaches or dung beetle eats dog poop with egg. Larva develops to L3 and dog eats beetle or roach and roundworm develops in stomach.
SOMETIMES
Mouse can eat roach with L3 and serve as PARATENIC HOST (no progression of lifecycle in mouse) and dog will eat mouse. Mouse not intermediate host.
238
Physaloptera species WIWPHTH
Blood feeding
| Produces anticoagulants
239
Physaloptera species zoonotic
No
240
The canine ascarid or the canine roundworm
Toxocara canis
241
Toxocara canis host
Dogs
242
Toxocara canis habitat
Adult roundworms= small intestine
| Larval= liver, lungs, etc
243
Toxocara canis possible ways of infection
1) Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)
2) Dog greater than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)
3) Prenatal (transuterine) transmission
4) Colostral (lactogenic) transmission
5) Ingestion of paratenic host
244
Toxocara canis: Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)
Once egg is ingested w/ infective L2, L2 goes to small intestine.
Travels to the liver
Travels to the heart
Travels to the lungs where it molts to L3
L3 goes to trachae where it's coughed up and swallowed and to stomach and winds up in small intestine where it molts to L4 (2 weeks into life cycle)
L4 molts to L5 (3-4 weeks of life cycle)
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Toxocara canis: Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission) migration pattern
Tracheal migration
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Toxocara canis: Dog > 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direction transmission)
Once egg is ingested w/ infective L2, L2 goes to small intestine.
L2 enters systemic circulation
L2 can be found liver, lungs, kidneys, ect but don't molt because they are in arrested development (hypobiotic or encysted).
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Toxocara canis: Dog > 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 type of migration
Somatic migration
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Toxocara canis prenatal (transuterine) transmission
If bitch already has L2 larva via somatic mutation and becomes pregnant.
L2 mobilize and move into liver of developing fetuses and molt to L3.
At birth, L3 are in lungs and follow trachael migration process. Once swallowed and in stomach molt to L4 and go to small intestine where they'll molt to L5.(happens by 2 weeks of age).
Trachael migration in puppy
somatic mutation in bitch
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Toxocara canis: Colostral (lactogenic) transmission
L2 larvae reside in mammary tissue of infected adult bitch. L2 are passed to suckling pups via colostrum and develop directly to adult roundowrms in intestine of puppy.
No trachael migration in puppy.
Somatic mutation in bitch.
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Toxocara canis: Ingestion of paratenic host
If rat ingests L2 infected eggs...L2 will migrate to somatic tissue (SOMATIC MIGRATION in paratenic host)) in rat and go into arrested development. Dog eats rat and ingests L2 where they will resume development. (NO SOMATIC MIGRATION in dog)
251
Feline ascarid or feline roundworm
Toxocara cati
252
Toxocara cati hosts
cats
253
Toxocara cati habitat
Small intestine of cats
254
Toxocara cati methods of transmission
1-direct transmission(cat ingests egg with L2)
2-Ingestion of a paratenic host
3-Lactogenic (transmammary) transmission
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Toxocara cati direct transmission
| difference between Toxocara canis
Cat ingest egg w/L2
L2 penetrates stomach
L2 goes to liver and lungs
L2 coughed and swallowed and goes to stomach and molts to L3
By day 21, L4 and L5 are in stomach and small intestine
In T. canis (if dog is less thatn 3 mo), L3 are swallowed during trachael migration instead of L2 like in T. cati
256
Toxocara cati direct transmission migration
TRACHEAL MIGRATION
257
Toxocara cati ingestion of paratenic host
Rodent, earthworm, roach, chicken, or sheep ingests cat poop with eggs with L2 and encyst within various organs, especially liver.
Cat ingests paratenic host and L2 is released and goes to stomach and molt to L4 in small intestine.
258
Toxocara cati ingestion of paratenic host migration
SOMATIC MIGRATION in paratenic host
NO MIGRATION in cats liver or lungs
259
Toxocara cati lactogenic (transmammary) transmission
L2 larvae in mammary tissue and in queen's milk throughout lactation. L2 go straight to stomach-->small intestine and molt.
260
Toxocara cati lactogenic (transmammary) transmission migration
L acquired by kittens do not go through MIGRATION
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The ascarid of both cats and dogs or the roundworm of both cats and dogs
Toxascaris leonina
262
Toxascaris leonina host
Cats and dogs
263
Toxascaris leonina habitat
Adult ascarids in small intestine of cats and dogs
264
Toxascaris leonina eggs
Glass like
265
Toxascaris leonina life cycle
Cat or dog ingests egg w/L2 and L2 enters wall of intestine and stays there 2 weeks and molts all the way to L4. L4 renenters lumen of intestine and becomes L5.
OR
Ingestion of paratenic host.
266
Toxascaris leonina migration
NO MIGRATION
267
Do you have problems with ascarids in young puppies/kittens or oldies?
Youngins
268
Clinical signs of ascarids in small animals?
Pot-belled or "tucked up" abdomen"
269
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxasxaris leonina zoonotic
YES
Viseral larva migrans often seen in children. Characterized by chronic granulomatous (due to eosinophils) lesions in inner organs (liver, lungs, brain, eyes (OLM)).
Child acts as a PARATENIC HOST and L travel via somatic manner.
VLM can cause Ocular larva migrans.
Kids get this from probs eating dirt with ascarid eggs
270
Raccoon ascarid
Baylisascaris procyonis
271
Baylisascaris procyonis very similar to
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxasxaris leonina
272
Baylisascaris procyonis migration
CNS MIGRATION
273
Baylisascaris procyonis zoonotic
YES.
Can cause VLM, OLM, and neurologic larva migrans
274
Ancylostoma species AKA
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Ancylostoma braziliense
AKA HOOKWORMS
275
Ancylostoma caninum host and habitat
Small intestine of dogs
276
Ancylostoma tubaeforme host and habitat
Small intestine of cats
277
Ancylostoma braziliense host and habitat
Small intestine of cats and dogs
278
Hookworm ID traits
- Anterior end curves dorsally
- Deep buccal cavity (mouth) present
- Ventral margin of mouth 3 pairs of teeth (for A. caninum and A tubaeforme)
- 2 pairs of teeth for A. braziliense
279
Hookworm eggs
8 cell morula
280
Lifecycle of Anylostoma species
Egg will have L1 and emerge and be free living.
L1 grows in size and molts into a L2
L2 becomes lethargic and instead of molting, part of the L2 old cuticle stays intact and a SHEATHED L3 results AKA ensheathed L3 is the infective stage.
281
Anylostoma species routes of infection
```
1-Oral infection
2-Skin penetration
3-Prenatal infection
4-Lactogenic infection
5-Paratenic host
```
282
Anylostoma species Oral infection
Doesn't really happen
-L3 were ingested and develop into hookworms in small intestine.
Some undergo same migration as skin penetration
283
Anylostoma species Skin penetration less than 3 months
L3 penetrates skin, reaches blood vessels/lymph vessels and carried to via venous system to heart and lungs. Larvae travel TRACHEAL MIGRATION and swallowed and end up in small intestine.
284
Anylostoma species skin penetration > 3 mo
Fewer larvae mature compared to dogs less than 3 months. Follows somatic mutation and larva encsyt and become "pool of infection" for possible prenatal or lactogenic infection.
285
Anylostoma species Prenatal infection (Transplacental infection)
RARE
| Larvae enter blood stream of pregnant bitches and pass to placenta to enter fetuses.
286
Anylostoma species lactogenic infection
Larva from dormant muscle of bitch can infect pups via milk from bitches.
NO MIGRATION in def host
287
Anylostoma species paratenic host
Paratenic host (rats) harbors encsyted L3.
No migration in def host.
288
Anylostoma species WIWPHTH
Suck blood
| Make anticoagulates
289
Flukes, tapeworms, roundworms, and hookworms found in dog and cat small intestine?
```
Dipylidium caninum
Taenia ovis
Taenia hydatigena
Taenia pisiformis
Taenia taeniaformis (cats)
Toxocara cati (cats)
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Toxocara canis
Toxascaris leonina
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense
Uncinaria stenocephala
```
290
The Yankee hookworm
Uncinaria stenocephala
291
Uncinaria stenocephala host
Def host-dog
292
Uncinaria stenocephala habitat
Small intestine of dog
293
Uncinaria stenocephala WIWPHTH
Sucks blood
294
Uncinaria stenocephala ID nematode and egg
Nematode lacks ventral teeth. Instead has cutting plates
| Egg is 8-cell morula
295
Uncinaria stenocephala routes of infection. Comparison with A. caninum?
```
1-Oral infection
2-Skin penetration
3-Prenatal infection
4-Lactogenic infection
5-Paratenic host`
```
Unlike A. caninum, oral infection is normal and most successful route. Few L reach intestine after percutaneous infection
296
Uncinaria stenocephala noteworthy pathogenesis
Sucks enough blood to cause anemia.
Puppies are most severely affected by HW and can get infected via lactogenic infection.
Poop smells like iron.
297
Uncinaria stenocephala zoonotic
YES
L3 can penetrate human skin and cause cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) or creeping eruption or ground itch.
Also, hookworms have been found in human small intestine. Rare.
298
Two hookworms that can cause cutaneous larva migrans
Uncinaria stenocephala
| Ancyclostoma braziliense
