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Parasitology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Predator-Prey

A

A short-term relationship in which one symbiont benefits at the expense of the other.

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2
Q

Phoresis

A

A relationship in which the smaller member of the relationship is mechanically carried about by the larger member.

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

An association between two organisms of different species in which both are benefited.

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4
Q

Commensalism

A

An association between two organisms of different species in which one partner is benefited and the other is neither benefited or harmed.

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

An association between two organisms of different species in which one member (the parasite) lives on or in the other member (the host) and may cause harm. Metabolic dependency is implied.

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6
Q

What are the five types of symbiotic relationships

A 
Predator-prey
Phoresis
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
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7
Q

Parasitiasis

A

An association between two organisms of different species in which one organisms is potentially pathogenic but does not cause outward signs of disease.

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8
Q

Parasitosis

A

An association between two organisms of different species in which one organism injures the other and produces outward signs of disease.

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9
Q

Endoparasite

A

Parasite that lives within the body of the host

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10
Q

Parasitology

A

The study of parasitic relationships

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11
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite that lives on the outside of the body of the host

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12
Q

Erratic (aberrant) parasite

A

A parasite that has wandered into an organ or tissue in which is does not ordinarily live.

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13
Q

Incidental parasite

A

A parasite in a host in which it does not usually live

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14
Q

Facultative parasite

A

An organism that is capable of living either free or as a parasite

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15
Q

Obligatory parasite

A

An organism that must live a parasitic existence

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16
Q

Periodic parasite

A

A parasite that makes short visits to its host to obtain nourishment or some other benefit

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17
Q

Pseudoparasite

A

An object that is mistaken for a parasite

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18
Q

Life Cycle

A

The development of a parasite through its various life stages

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19
Q

Definitive host

A

The host that harbors the adult, sexual, or mature stages of the parasite

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20
Q

Intermediate host

A

The host that harbors the larval, asexual. or immature stages of the parasite

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21
Q

Transport (paratenic host)

A

An intermediate host in which the parasite does not undergo any further development, usually remaining encysted until the definitive host eats the transport host

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22
Q

Reservoir host

A

A vertebrate host in which a parasite occurs naturally and which is a source of infection for human beings and their domestic animals

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23
Q

Infection

A

Parasitism by an internal parasite

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24
Q

Infestation

A

Parasitism by an external parasite

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25
Q

Zoonosis

A

Any disease that is transmissible from lower animals to human beings.

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26
Q

Trematode common name

A

Flukes

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27
Q

Morphological features of flukes

A
  • Dorsoventrally flattened
  • Two organs of attachment: anterior feeding sucker (oral sucker) and ventral attachment sucker (acetabulum)
  • Digestive system present
  • Complex reproductive system
  • Hermaphroditic (exception: Schistosomes and Heterobilharzia species)
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28
Q

Typical fluke life cycle

A

Operculated egg–>Miracidium–>sporocyst–>redia–>cercaria–>metacercaria–>adult fluke

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29
Q

The lancet fluke of ruminants

A

Dicrocoelium dendriticum

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30
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum hosts

A

Ruminants

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31
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum habitat

A

Bile duct of ruminants

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32
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum life cycle

A
  • Operculated egg is pooped out.
  • Land snail, Cionella lubrica, eats the operculated egg and becomes the first intermediate host.
  • Miracidia emerge from operculated egg and go to mesenteric gland of snail and develops into sporocyst.
  • Second generation of sporocyst generated (no redia in this life cycle)
  • Cercaria form from the 2nd generation sporocyst
  • Cercaria migrate to the pulmonary chamber of the snail and form “slime balls”
  • Snail coughs up slime balls that adhere to vegetation
  • Formica ants eat slime balls becoming 2nd intermediate host
  • Metacercaria form in the abdominal cavity of ant
  • Metacercaria migrate to the brain of ant and causes ant to clamp down on vegetation and ant is eaten by ruminant
  • Metacercaria exyst and develop into juvenile flukes that travel to bile duct.
  • Adult flukes release egg into poop.
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33
Q

WIWPHTH Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

Bile duct blockage

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34
Q

Dicrocoelium dendriticum zoonotic

A

No

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35
Q

The lizard poisoning fluke

A

Platynosomum fastosum

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36
Q

Platynosomum fastosum host

A

Cats or dogs

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37
Q

Platynosomum fastosum intermediate host

A

Anolis lizard

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38
Q

Platynosomum fastosum habitat

A

Liver of cat or dog

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39
Q

Platynosomum fastosum fluke difference from Dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

P. fastosum has horizontal testes. D. dedriticum has tandem testes.

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40
Q

Platynosomum fastosum zoonotic

A

No

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41
Q

Digenetic flukes found in ruminants (3)

A
  • Fasciola hepatica
  • Fascioloides magna
  • Paramphistomum species (Cotylophoron species)
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42
Q

THE liver fluke of ruminants and most pathogenic fluke of cattle in US

A

Fasciola hepatica

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43
Q

Fasciola hepatica host

A

Ruminants

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44
Q

Fasciola hepatica habitat

A

Liver/Bile duct of ruminant

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45
Q

WIWPHTH Fasciola hepatica

A

Feed on tissue

Blockage of bile duct

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46
Q

Unique ID of Fasciola hepatica fluke

A

“shoulders”

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47
Q

Intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica

A

1st int host-aquatic snail

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48
Q

How ruminants become infected with Fasciola hepatica

A

Aquatic snails eat poop with operculated egg. Miracidium–>cercaria and swims away from snail to vegetation. Ruminants eat vegetation (NOT 2nd INT HOST) with encysted metacercaria.

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49
Q

Acute fascioliasis

A

Observed in sheep. Overwhelming number of flukes to liver. Sheep dies suddenly

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50
Q

Chronic fasciolisasis

A

Observed in sheep and cattle. Edema under jaw “bottle jaw”.

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51
Q

Calcification of the bile duct results in ____ with Fasciola hepatica

A

Pipestem liver

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52
Q

Fasciola hepatica zoonotic

A

No

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53
Q

The liver fluke of deer

A

Fascioloides magna

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54
Q

Fascioloides magna host

A

1-Deer (normal life cycle)
2-Cow (incidental host…dead end for parasite)
3-Sheep (normal life cycle)

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55
Q

Fascioloides magna habitat

A

Liver of deer

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56
Q

How does Fascioloides magna infect host?

A

Similar to Fasciola hepatica. Snail used as intermediate host.

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57
Q

Fascioloides magna intermediate host

A

Aquatic snail

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58
Q

Fascioloides magna variations of life cycle

A

1-In deer: normal life cycle. Cysts are OPEN to allowed connection to liver.
2-In cows: dead in host. Cysts are CLOSED and don’t connect to bile duct.
3-In sheep:Uninterrupted migration to liver. Normally die. Sheep are incidental host.

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59
Q

Pathogenic disease of Fascioloides magna and its variations

A

Fascioloidiasis
1-Deer: blockage of bile duct
2- Cows:”fluke puke”
3-Sheep:DEATH

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60
Q

Fascioloides magna zoonotic

A

No

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61
Q

The rumen flukes

A

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron species

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62
Q

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron host

A

Ruminants

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63
Q

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron habitat

A

Rumen and reticulum of ruminants

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64
Q

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron unique fluke ID

A

Has two mouths

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65
Q

How ruminants get infected with Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron

A

Similar to F. hepatica.
Aquatic snail eats poop.
Vegetation filled with metacercaria
Ruminants eats plant

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66
Q

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron intermediate host

A

Aquatic snail

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67
Q

WIWPHTH Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron

A

Eat tissue “plug feeders”.

Flukes aren’t really pathogenic.

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68
Q

Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron zoonotic

A

No.

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69
Q

Lung fluke of cats and dogs

A

Paragonimus kellicotti

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70
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti host

A

Cats and dogs

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71
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti habitat

A

Lung of cat or dog

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72
Q

How Paragonimus kellicotti infects the host

A

Aquatic snail eats poop with operculated egg
Asexual repro until cercarica leaves and enters crayfish
Dog/cat eats crayfish
Flukes go to small intestine and break through the diaphragm and enter lungs..
Dog/cat coughs up eggs (rusty sputum) and swallows them and thats how life cycle continues.

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73
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti special habitat

A

Flukes wander (aberrant parasite) and can wind up in the brain.

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74
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti WIWPHTH

A

Produce fluid filled cysts in lungs

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75
Q

Paragonimus kellicotti zoonotic

A

No

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76
Q

The split bodied flukes

A

Schistosome species

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77
Q

How are schistosomes not like your typical digenetic flukes?

A
  • Dieocious :Female fits into gynecophoric canal of male
  • “Round” worms not flat
  • Eggs have spine. NOT operculated
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78
Q

The ruminant schistosome

A

Schistosoma bovis

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79
Q

Schistosoma bovis host

A

Ruminants

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80
Q

Schistosoma bovis habitat

A

Blood vasculature of ruminants

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81
Q

How Schistosoma bovis inhabits host

A

Egg released into water and miracidia released and infects aquatic snail. Cercaria emerges and pentrates ruminant DIRECTLY.

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82
Q

Schistosoma bovis intermediate host

A

Aquatic snail

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83
Q

Schistosoma bovis zoonotic

A

No

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84
Q

Swimmer’s Itch

A

Schistosome cercarial dermatitis

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85
Q

Schistosome cercarial dermatitis hosts

A

Water fowl and humans

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86
Q

Schistosome cercarial dermatitis in humans

A

Cercaria penetrates human skin but the immune system kills cercaria leaving pimple like bumps as a rash.

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87
Q

Schistosome cercarial dermatitis zoonotic

A

Yes

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88
Q

The canine blood fluke

A

Heterobilharzia americanum

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89
Q

Heterobilharzia americanum habitat

A

Blood vasculature of dogs

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90
Q

Heterobilharzia americanum life cycle is just like

A

Schistosomes

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91
Q

Heterobilharzia americanum zoonotic

A

No

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92
Q

Name all flukes discussed (9)

A

1) Dicrocoelium dendriticum
2) Platynosomum fastosum
3) Fasciola hepatica
4) Fascioloides magna
5) Paramphistomum/Cotylophoron species
6) Paragonimus kellicotti
7) Schistosoma bovis
8) Schistosome cercarial dermatitis
9) Heterobilharzia americanum

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93
Q

Cestode common name

A

True tapeworms

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94
Q

Tapeworms found in the horses small intestine

A

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana

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95
Q

Tapeworm morphology

A
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Endoparasites
  • Absorb food LACK digestive system
  • Scolex “head” can be armed or unarmed (rostellum/hooked)
  • Adult body is made of proglottids (immature–>mature–>gravid)
  • Reproductive system is present
  • Larval stages are called metacestodes (different types)
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96
Q

True tapeworms with a cysticercoid metacestode stage

A 
Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
Moniezia species
Thysanosoma actinoides
Dipylidium caninum
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97
Q

Cysticercoid morphology

A
  • Single scolex thats not invaginated
  • Usually found in mites or fleas
  • Oncosphere (egg) innermost membrane is called pyriform apparatus
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98
Q

How to differentiate horse small intestine tapeworms.

A
  • Anoplocephala perfoliata has lappet scolex
  • Anoplocephala magna scolex lacks lappets and GIANT scolex
  • Paranoplocephala mamillana is tiny “dwarf TW”.
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99
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana host

A

Horse

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100
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
habitat

A

Horse small intestine

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101
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
intermediate host

A

Grain mite

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102
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
WIWPHTH

A

Small intestine blockage and absorb nutrients

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103
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
zoonotic

A

No

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104
Q

Anoplocephala perfoliata
Anoplocephala magna
Paranoplocephala mammilana
Metacestode stage

A

Cysticeroid

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105
Q

Ruminant true tapeworm genus

A

Moniezia

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106
Q

Moniezia metacestode stage

A

Cysticercoid

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107
Q

Moniezia host

A

Ruminants

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108
Q

Moniezia intermediate host

A

Grain mites

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109
Q

Moniezia WIWPHTH

A

Blockage of small intestine

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110
Q

Moniezia habitat

A

Small intestine of ruminants

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111
Q

Moniezia scolex

A

Unarmed

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112
Q

Moniezia zoonotic

A

No

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113
Q

How Moniezia species, Anoplocephala perfoliata, Anoplocephala magna, Paranoplocephala mammilana infect the host.

A

Grain mites ingest tapeworm eggs. Cysticeroid forms in mite. Horse or sheep eats mite. Adult TW forms in small intestine.

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114
Q

The fringed tapeworm

A

Thysanosoma actinoides

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115
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides metacestode stage

A

Cysticercoid

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116
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides host

A

Ruminants

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117
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides intermediate host

A

Not really known….has been observed in bark lice

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118
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides habitat

A

Bile duct or small intestine of ruminants

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119
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides zoonotic

A

No

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120
Q

Thysanosoma actinoides WIWPHTH

A

Blockage of the bile duct

121
Q

Double pored tapeworm

A

Dipylidium caninum

122
Q

Dipylidium caninum metacestode stage

A

Cysticercoid

123
Q

Dipylidium caninum host

A

Cats or dogs

124
Q

Dipylidium caninum tapeworm scolex and egg

A

Armed and egg packet

125
Q

Dipylidium caninum habitat

A

Small intestine of cat or dog

126
Q

Dipylidium caninum intermediate host

A

Flea

127
Q

Dipylidium caninum zoonotic

A

Yes

128
Q

Which cysticercoid tapeworm egg lacks a pyriform apparatus?

A

Thysanosoma actinoides

129
Q

Name all true tapeworms with cysticercus metacestode stages.

A

1) Taenia saginata
2) Taenia solium
3) taenia ovis
4) Taenia hydatigena
5) Taenia pisiformis
6) Taenia taeniaformis

130
Q

Decsribe a typical Taeniid type egg (TTT)

A

Brown striated appearance with six tiny hooklets or hexacanth embryo.

131
Q

Cysticercus morphology

A

Single scolex invaginated into itself “inside out scolex”

132
Q

T/F The larval metacestode forms of taenia type tapeworms are less pathogenic in the intermediate host than in the adult tapeworm in the definitive host

A

False.

Larval stages are more pahogenic.

133
Q

Measly beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

134
Q

Taenia saginata host

A

Man only

135
Q

Taenia saginata metacestode name

A

Cysticercus bovis

136
Q

Taenia saginata habitat (larval and tapeworm)

A

Tapeworm-small intestine of humans

Larval- skeletal/cardiac muscle of cows

137
Q

Taenia saginata intermediate host

A

Cow

138
Q

WIWPHTH Taenia saginata

A

Blockage

Absorbs nutriets

139
Q

Taenia saginata scolex and egg

A

Unarmed and TTT

140
Q

How humans get infected with Taenia saginata

A

Cow eats human poop with TTT egg. Cysticercus develops in muscle of cow. Human eats muscle of cow with larval. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of human.

141
Q

Taenia saginata zoonotic

A

Yes

142
Q

Measly pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

143
Q

Taenia solium host

A

Man only

144
Q

Taenia solium metacestode

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

145
Q

Taenia solium habitat

A

Humans-Small intestine (when definitive host)
Muscles, SQ tissue, brain and eye (when intermediate)
Pigs-Skeletal muscle and cardiac

146
Q

Taenia solium intermediate host

A
  • Pigs

- Humans

147
Q

Taenia solium scolex and eggs

A

Armed and TTT

148
Q

How humans get infected with Taenia solium

A

Pig eats poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in muscle of pig. Human eats muscle of pig with larval stage. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of human.
OR
Human eats human poop with TTT. Cysticercus develop in human in muscle, SQ tissue, eye or brain.

149
Q

Taenia solium zoonotic

A

yes

150
Q

Measly mutton tapeworm

A

Taenia ovis

151
Q

Taenia solium host

A

Dog

152
Q

Taenia ovis metacestode

A

Cysticercus ovis)

153
Q

Taenia ovis habitat

A

Small intestine in dogs

Muscle of sheep

154
Q

Taenia ovis intermediate host

A

Sheep

155
Q

Taenia ovis scolex and egg

A

Armed and TTT

156
Q

How dogs become infected with Taenia ovis

A

Sheep eats dog poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in sheep muscle. Dog eats sheep muscle. Tapeworm develops in dog.

157
Q

Taenia ovis zoonotic

A

no

158
Q

The ruminant tapeworm of dogs

A

Taenia hydatigena

159
Q

Taenia hydatigena host

A

dogs

160
Q

Taenia hydatigena metacestode

A

Cysticercus tenuicollis

161
Q

Taenia hydatigena habitat

A

Dog-small intestine

Ruminant-omentum bladder

162
Q

Taenia hydatigena scolex and eggs

A

Armed and TTT

163
Q

Taenia hydatigena metacestode ID

A

Ping pong ball sized fluid filled sac

164
Q

How dog becomes infected with Taenia hydatigena

A

Ruminant eats dog poo with TTT. Cysticercus develops in omentum of ruminant. Dog eats ruminant and tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.

165
Q

The rabbit tapeworm

A

Taenia pisiformis

166
Q

Taenia pisiformis host

A

Dogs

167
Q

Taenia pisiformis metacestode

A

Cysticercus pisiformis

168
Q

Taenia pisiformis intermediate host

A

Rabbits and rodents

169
Q

Taenia pisiformis habitat

A

Dog-small intestine

Rabbits-omentum

170
Q

Taenia pisiformis scolex and TTT

A

Armed and TTT

171
Q

Taenia pisiformis metacestode ID

A

English pea fluid filled cyst

172
Q

How dog becomes infected with Taenia pisiformis

A

Rabbit eats dog poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in omentum. Dog eats rabbit and tapeworm develops in small intestine.

173
Q

The feline taeniid

A

Taenia taeniaformis

174
Q

Taenia taeniaformis hosts

A

Definitive-cats

Intermediate-rats

175
Q

Taenia taeniaformis habitat

A

Cats-small intestine

Rats- liver

176
Q

Taenia taeniaformis metacestode

A

Cysticercus fasciolaris (a strobilocercus…NOT invaginated)

177
Q

Taenia taeniaformis scolex and egg

A

Armed and TTT

178
Q

How cats become infected with Taenia taeniaformis

A

Rat eats cat poop with TTT. Cysticercus develops in liver of rat. Cat eats rat and tapeworm develops in small intestine of cats.

179
Q

Cysticercus type tapeworms that are zoonotic

A

Taenia saginata

Taenia solium

180
Q

Tapeworms with coenurus metacestode stage

A

Multiceps multiceps

Multiceps serialis

181
Q

Coenurus ID traits

A

Large fluid filled cyst with two or more invagniated scolies

182
Q

Multiceps multiceps hosts

A

Def host-dogs

Int host-sheep

183
Q

Multiceps multiceps habitat

A

dogs-small intestine

sheep-brain or spinal cord

184
Q

Multiceps multiceps scolex and egg

A

Armed and TTT

185
Q

How dog becomes infected with Multiceps multiceps

A

Sheep eats dog poop with egg. Coenurus develops in brain and causes “gid’ or “staggers”. Dog eats sheep and tapeworm develops in small intestine.

186
Q

Multiceps multiceps metacestode

A

Coenurus cerebralis

187
Q

Multiceps multiceps zoonotic

A

no

188
Q

Multiceps serialis host

A

Def- dog

Int-rabbits

189
Q

Multiceps serialis habitat

A

Dog-small intestine

Rabbit-SQ and IM connective tissue

190
Q

Multiceps serialis metacestode

A

Coenurus serialis

191
Q

Multiceps serialis scolex and egg

A

Armed and TTT

192
Q

How dog can be infected with Multiceps serialis

A

Rabbit eats dog poop with egg. Coenurus develops in SQ or IM of rabbit. Dog eats rabbit and tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.

193
Q

Multiceps serialis zoonotic

A

No. But humans can be incidental host.

194
Q

Tapeworms with hydatid cyst metacestode

A

Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus multilocularis

195
Q

Hydatid cyst ID traits

A

Large fluid filled cavity holding broodcapsules which contain thousands of protoscolices.

196
Q

Unilocular hydatid cyst

A

Echinococcus granulosus

197
Q

Echinococcus granulosus host

A

Def-dogs

Int-ruminants, pigs, humans

198
Q

Echinococcus granulosus habitat

A

Dog-small intestine

Int host-liver, ling, brain

199
Q

Echinococcus granulosus scolex and egg

A

TINY tapeworm thats armed and TTT

200
Q

How dogs become infected with Echinococcus granulosus

A

Intermediate host eats dog poop with TTT. Hydatid cysts form anywhere. Dog eats hydatid cysts and tapeworm develops in small intestine.

201
Q

Multilocular hydatid cyst

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

202
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis host

A

Def-dogs

Int-Rats and humans

203
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis habitat

A

Dog-small intestine

Int host-liver and lungs

204
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis scolex and egg

A

TINY tapeworm armed and TTT

205
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis vs Echinococcus uniloclularis hydatid cyst

A

E. multilocularis lacks thick cyst wall and is multicompartmentalized while E.unilocularis has thick cyst wall and one compartment.

206
Q

How dog becomes infected with Echinococcus multilocularis

A

Int host eats dog poop with TTT. Hydatid cysts develop in liver or lung and eaten by dog. Tapeworm develops in small intestine of dog.

207
Q

Echinococcus species are zoonotic

A

Yes.

208
Q

The Cotylodans or Pseudeotapeworms

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

Spirometra mansonoides

209
Q

Pseudeotapeworm traits

A
  • Bothria (slits) instead of suckers
  • Operculated eggs (like flukes) that releases ciliated hexacanth embryo
  • Use 2 intermediate hosts
  • Adults have only one set of male and female repro organs
210
Q

The broadfish tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

211
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum host

A

Def-An mammal that eats fish
Int- 1st int copepod (crustacean)
2nd int fish

212
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum habitat

A

Small intestine of fish eating mammal

213
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum ID worm

A

LONNNGGGG(30 ft)

214
Q

How definitive host become infected with Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Definitive host poops operculated egg and copepod eats egg. Coracidium emergesand develops into procercoid. Fish eats copecpod and procercoid goes to pleurocercoid. Fish is eaten by definitive host and tapeworm develops in the small intestine.

215
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum zoonotic

A

yes

216
Q

The zipper tapeworm

A

Spirometra mansonoides

217
Q

Spirometra mansonoides host

A

Def-dogs, cats, raccoons, humans
Int-1st copepod
2nd frog, rat, water snake

218
Q

Spirometra mansonoides habitat

A

Small intestine of definitive host

219
Q

How definitive host becomes infected with Spirometra mansonoides

A

Copepod eats definitive host poop with operculated egg and coracidium develops and then procercoid. Copepod eaten by snake or something. Plerocercoid develops AKA SPARGANUM. Definitive host eats plerocercoid stage and adult tapeworm develops in small intestine.

220
Q

Spirometra mansonoides zoonotic

A

Yes
If human consumes copepod, sparganum can form in muscles of humans
OR
If human eats 2nd int host sparganum will form in muscles’
OR
If flesh of 2nd int host used on humans than sparganum can migrate and go to SQ tissue.

221
Q

Nematode or Roundworm traits

A
  • Cervical alae (wings at anterior end)
  • Copulatory bursa (posterior end)
  • Complete digestive system (esophagus hourglass figure-rhabditiform)
  • Dioecious
  • Life cycle larva has several molting stages
  • Can be free living or parasitic
222
Q

In nematodes, infective stage if egg? If larva?

A

Egg- contains L2

Free living-L3

223
Q

Direct vs indirect lifecycles in nematodes

A

Direct:no intermediate host used
Indirect: uses intermediate host

224
Q

Basic life cycle of nematode

A

Egg–>1st larval –>2nd larval–>3rd larval–>4th larval–>5th larval–>adult

225
Q

The esophageal worm of dogs or “Auburn’s worm”

A

Spirocerca lupi

226
Q

Spirocerca lupi hosts

A

Def-Dogs

Int-dung beetle

227
Q

Spirocerca lupi habitat

A

Esophagus of dogs

228
Q

Spirocerca lupi as abberant parasite

A

Normally produces nodule in esophagus but sometimes makes nodule in stomach or wall of the aorta.

229
Q

ID Spirocerca lupi egg

A

Oval egg looks like paperclip

230
Q

How dog becomes infected with Spirocerca lupi

A

Dung beetle eats dog poop with egg. Dog eats beetle. L3 migrates to esophagus or aorta where roundworm will develop nodules

231
Q

Spirocerca lupi WIWPHTH

A 
Makes nodules (which can block esophagus or turn cancerous...neoplastic transformation)
Aorta may burst
232
Q

Spirocerca lupi zoonotic

A

No

233
Q

The stomach worm of cats and dog

A

Physaloptera species

234
Q

Physaloptera species host

A

Def-Cats and dogs

Int-dung beetles or ROACHES

235
Q

Physaloptera species habitat

A

Stomach of cats and dogs

236
Q

Physaloptera species eggs

A

Larvated eggs. 1 egg=1 larva (ovoviviparous)

237
Q

Physaloptera species life cycle

A

Roaches or dung beetle eats dog poop with egg. Larva develops to L3 and dog eats beetle or roach and roundworm develops in stomach.

SOMETIMES

Mouse can eat roach with L3 and serve as PARATENIC HOST (no progression of lifecycle in mouse) and dog will eat mouse. Mouse not intermediate host.

238
Q

Physaloptera species WIWPHTH

A

Blood feeding

Produces anticoagulants

239
Q

Physaloptera species zoonotic

A

No

240
Q

The canine ascarid or the canine roundworm

A

Toxocara canis

241
Q

Toxocara canis host

A

Dogs

242
Q

Toxocara canis habitat

A

Adult roundworms= small intestine

Larval= liver, lungs, etc

243
Q

Toxocara canis possible ways of infection

A

1) Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)
2) Dog greater than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)
3) Prenatal (transuterine) transmission
4) Colostral (lactogenic) transmission
5) Ingestion of paratenic host

244
Q

Toxocara canis: Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission)

A

Once egg is ingested w/ infective L2, L2 goes to small intestine.
Travels to the liver
Travels to the heart
Travels to the lungs where it molts to L3
L3 goes to trachae where it’s coughed up and swallowed and to stomach and winds up in small intestine where it molts to L4 (2 weeks into life cycle)
L4 molts to L5 (3-4 weeks of life cycle)

245
Q

Toxocara canis: Dog less than 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direct transmission) migration pattern

A

Tracheal migration

246
Q

Toxocara canis: Dog > 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 (direction transmission)

A

Once egg is ingested w/ infective L2, L2 goes to small intestine.
L2 enters systemic circulation
L2 can be found liver, lungs, kidneys, ect but don’t molt because they are in arrested development (hypobiotic or encysted).

247
Q

Toxocara canis: Dog > 3 mo ingests egg w/L2 type of migration

A

Somatic migration

248
Q

Toxocara canis prenatal (transuterine) transmission

A

If bitch already has L2 larva via somatic mutation and becomes pregnant.
L2 mobilize and move into liver of developing fetuses and molt to L3.
At birth, L3 are in lungs and follow trachael migration process. Once swallowed and in stomach molt to L4 and go to small intestine where they’ll molt to L5.(happens by 2 weeks of age).

Trachael migration in puppy
somatic mutation in bitch

249
Q

Toxocara canis: Colostral (lactogenic) transmission

A

L2 larvae reside in mammary tissue of infected adult bitch. L2 are passed to suckling pups via colostrum and develop directly to adult roundowrms in intestine of puppy.

No trachael migration in puppy.
Somatic mutation in bitch.

250
Q

Toxocara canis: Ingestion of paratenic host

A

If rat ingests L2 infected eggs…L2 will migrate to somatic tissue (SOMATIC MIGRATION in paratenic host)) in rat and go into arrested development. Dog eats rat and ingests L2 where they will resume development. (NO SOMATIC MIGRATION in dog)

251
Q

Feline ascarid or feline roundworm

A

Toxocara cati

252
Q

Toxocara cati hosts

A

cats

253
Q

Toxocara cati habitat

A

Small intestine of cats

254
Q

Toxocara cati methods of transmission

A

1-direct transmission(cat ingests egg with L2)
2-Ingestion of a paratenic host
3-Lactogenic (transmammary) transmission

255
Q

Toxocara cati direct transmission

difference between Toxocara canis

A

Cat ingest egg w/L2
L2 penetrates stomach
L2 goes to liver and lungs
L2 coughed and swallowed and goes to stomach and molts to L3
By day 21, L4 and L5 are in stomach and small intestine

In T. canis (if dog is less thatn 3 mo), L3 are swallowed during trachael migration instead of L2 like in T. cati

256
Q

Toxocara cati direct transmission migration

A

TRACHEAL MIGRATION

257
Q

Toxocara cati ingestion of paratenic host

A

Rodent, earthworm, roach, chicken, or sheep ingests cat poop with eggs with L2 and encyst within various organs, especially liver.
Cat ingests paratenic host and L2 is released and goes to stomach and molt to L4 in small intestine.

258
Q

Toxocara cati ingestion of paratenic host migration

A

SOMATIC MIGRATION in paratenic host

NO MIGRATION in cats liver or lungs

259
Q

Toxocara cati lactogenic (transmammary) transmission

A

L2 larvae in mammary tissue and in queen’s milk throughout lactation. L2 go straight to stomach–>small intestine and molt.

260
Q

Toxocara cati lactogenic (transmammary) transmission migration

A

L acquired by kittens do not go through MIGRATION

261
Q

The ascarid of both cats and dogs or the roundworm of both cats and dogs

A

Toxascaris leonina

262
Q

Toxascaris leonina host

A

Cats and dogs

263
Q

Toxascaris leonina habitat

A

Adult ascarids in small intestine of cats and dogs

264
Q

Toxascaris leonina eggs

A

Glass like

265
Q

Toxascaris leonina life cycle

A

Cat or dog ingests egg w/L2 and L2 enters wall of intestine and stays there 2 weeks and molts all the way to L4. L4 renenters lumen of intestine and becomes L5.

OR

Ingestion of paratenic host.

266
Q

Toxascaris leonina migration

A

NO MIGRATION

267
Q

Do you have problems with ascarids in young puppies/kittens or oldies?

A

Youngins

268
Q

Clinical signs of ascarids in small animals?

A

Pot-belled or “tucked up” abdomen”

269
Q

Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxasxaris leonina zoonotic

A

YES

Viseral larva migrans often seen in children. Characterized by chronic granulomatous (due to eosinophils) lesions in inner organs (liver, lungs, brain, eyes (OLM)).

Child acts as a PARATENIC HOST and L travel via somatic manner.

VLM can cause Ocular larva migrans.

Kids get this from probs eating dirt with ascarid eggs

270
Q

Raccoon ascarid

A

Baylisascaris procyonis

271
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis very similar to

A

Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Toxasxaris leonina

272
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis migration

A

CNS MIGRATION

273
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis zoonotic

A

YES.

Can cause VLM, OLM, and neurologic larva migrans

274
Q

Ancylostoma species AKA

A

Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Ancylostoma braziliense

AKA HOOKWORMS

275
Q

Ancylostoma caninum host and habitat

A

Small intestine of dogs

276
Q

Ancylostoma tubaeforme host and habitat

A

Small intestine of cats

277
Q

Ancylostoma braziliense host and habitat

A

Small intestine of cats and dogs

278
Q

Hookworm ID traits

A
  • Anterior end curves dorsally
  • Deep buccal cavity (mouth) present
  • Ventral margin of mouth 3 pairs of teeth (for A. caninum and A tubaeforme)
  • 2 pairs of teeth for A. braziliense
279
Q

Hookworm eggs

A

8 cell morula

280
Q

Lifecycle of Anylostoma species

A

Egg will have L1 and emerge and be free living.
L1 grows in size and molts into a L2
L2 becomes lethargic and instead of molting, part of the L2 old cuticle stays intact and a SHEATHED L3 results AKA ensheathed L3 is the infective stage.

281
Q

Anylostoma species routes of infection

A 
1-Oral infection
2-Skin penetration
3-Prenatal infection
4-Lactogenic infection
5-Paratenic host
282
Q

Anylostoma species Oral infection

A

Doesn’t really happen
-L3 were ingested and develop into hookworms in small intestine.
Some undergo same migration as skin penetration

283
Q

Anylostoma species Skin penetration less than 3 months

A

L3 penetrates skin, reaches blood vessels/lymph vessels and carried to via venous system to heart and lungs. Larvae travel TRACHEAL MIGRATION and swallowed and end up in small intestine.

284
Q

Anylostoma species skin penetration > 3 mo

A

Fewer larvae mature compared to dogs less than 3 months. Follows somatic mutation and larva encsyt and become “pool of infection” for possible prenatal or lactogenic infection.

285
Q

Anylostoma species Prenatal infection (Transplacental infection)

A

RARE

Larvae enter blood stream of pregnant bitches and pass to placenta to enter fetuses.

286
Q

Anylostoma species lactogenic infection

A

Larva from dormant muscle of bitch can infect pups via milk from bitches.

NO MIGRATION in def host

287
Q

Anylostoma species paratenic host

A

Paratenic host (rats) harbors encsyted L3.

No migration in def host.

288
Q

Anylostoma species WIWPHTH

A

Suck blood

Make anticoagulates

289
Q

Flukes, tapeworms, roundworms, and hookworms found in dog and cat small intestine?

A 
Dipylidium caninum
Taenia ovis
Taenia hydatigena
Taenia pisiformis
Taenia taeniaformis (cats)
Toxocara cati (cats)
Ancylostoma  tubaeforme
Toxocara canis
Toxascaris leonina
Ancylostoma caninum
Ancylostoma braziliense
Uncinaria stenocephala
290
Q

The Yankee hookworm

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

291
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala host

A

Def host-dog

292
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala habitat

A

Small intestine of dog

293
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala WIWPHTH

A

Sucks blood

294
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala ID nematode and egg

A

Nematode lacks ventral teeth. Instead has cutting plates

Egg is 8-cell morula

295
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala routes of infection. Comparison with A. caninum?

A 
1-Oral infection
2-Skin penetration
3-Prenatal infection
4-Lactogenic infection
5-Paratenic host`

Unlike A. caninum, oral infection is normal and most successful route. Few L reach intestine after percutaneous infection

296
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala noteworthy pathogenesis

A

Sucks enough blood to cause anemia.

Puppies are most severely affected by HW and can get infected via lactogenic infection.

Poop smells like iron.

297
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala zoonotic

A

YES

L3 can penetrate human skin and cause cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) or creeping eruption or ground itch.

Also, hookworms have been found in human small intestine. Rare.

298
Q

Two hookworms that can cause cutaneous larva migrans

A

Uncinaria stenocephala

Ancyclostoma braziliense

Parasitology (6 decks)

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