Exam 1 Flashcards
Identify
Howell Jolly bodies (Wright Geimsa stain)
Identify
Heinz bodies (NMB reticulocyte stain)
Identify
Basophilic stippling
(HINT FROM JEN - ID WON’T BE ON THIS EXAM)
Identify
Acanthocytes
(uneven spiculization)
Identify
Keratocytes
(has 2 little horns)
Identify
Schistocytes
Identify
Babeisa canis
Rouleaux
“Stack of coins”
Non-specific binding of RBC’s due to high protein content in blood and/or incr. fibrinogen
(micro)Agglutination of RBCs
- Clumping of RBCs due to specific binding of RBCs by antibodies
- Occurs w/ IMHA
- (Animal will present w/ pale MM & lethargy)
Rouleaux vs. Agglutination
(Saline test)
Rouleaux: RBCs disperse
Agglutination: RBCs stay clumped
Note similar-ish presentation before saline test
Howell Jolly Bodies
- Micronuclei
- Small # normal in cats & horses
- Removed by spleen
- Incr. w/ regenerative anemias
Heinz Bodies
- Inclusions of oxidized hemoglobin in RBCs (pushed off to the side)
- Up to 5% in normal cats
Basophilic Stippling
- Aggregates of ribosomes and polyribosomes
- Regenerative anemia (ruminants)
- Lead toxicity
Diseases Associated w/ Fragmentation Morphologies
- Iron deficiency anemia
- DIC
- Hemangiosarcoma
- Liver disease
Reticulocytes
- Precursor to erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Present in dog & cat blood in low numbers
- Cats have puntate & aggregate retics in blood
- Sometimes seen in cattle
- Extremely rare in horses
Punctate vs. Aggregate Reticulocytes
Must use New Methylene Blue Stain (or else puntate retics look like erythrocytes)
Punctate: circulate for 10 days, not helpful in figuring out whats going on now
Aggregate: circulate for 12 hours, tells what bone marrow is doing right now
Reticulocytes (indicate)
Anemia
- Low (1-10,000 cells/mircoL): nonregenerative-very poorly regenerative anemia
- Med (10,000-60,000): nonregenerative-poorly regenerative anemia
- High (60,000-200,000): mild-mod regenerative anemia
- Super high (200,000-500,000): very regenerative response to anemia
Platelet Count in Cats
DON’T TRUST IT
Platelet clumping is very common in cat blood
Need to look at stained slide
What’s going on in each of these samples?
*normal plasma is “straw colored”
Elevated MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)
Artifact - no such thing as hyperchromic anemia
(may be caused by lipemic sample, Heinz bodies, intravascular hemolysis, agglutinated RBC’s)
Average PCV - Dog
45%
Average PCV - Cat
37%
Regenerative Anemia (blood morphology)
- Polychromasia (retics present)
- Likely hypochromic, macrocytic
Anisocytosis
varying RBC sizes
(normal in bovine blood)
Poikilocytosis
Abnormally shaped erythrocytes
(normal in goats, young cattle)
Signs of Oxidative Damage to Blood
- Methemoglobinemia (dark spot test)
- Heinz bodies
- Eccentrocytes
Eccentrocyte
Hemoglobin all moves to one side of RBC
Sign of oxidant injury
Lead Toxicity
- Aberrant metarubricytes (nucleated RBCs)
- NO ANEMIA or polychromasia
- +/- basophilic stippling
Intravascular vs. Extravascular Hemolysis
Intravascular
- Hemoglobinemia/uria
- Pink/red plasma (incr. MCHC - artifact)
- RBCs destroyed in vasculature
Extravascular
- Spleen is destroying RBCs at faster rate than normal
Bloodwork of cat w/ renal failure
- Decr. PCV (“Cat looks like raisin”)
- Normocytic
- Normochromic
- Nonregenerative anemia
- Kidney responsible for 90% erythropoietin production
IMHA appearance
- Spherocytes (dogs)
- Agglutination
- +/- leukocytosis (attracted to Ab & complement on RBCs)
- Macrocytic, hypochromic (immature RBCs have less Hb & more RNA)
- Howell-Jolly bodies (spleen isn’t cleaning up)
(IMHA typical in middle-aged, female cocker spaniels)
Prussian Blue
Stains Iron
Echinocytes
- AKA crenation
- Usually artifact (esp. w/ pig blood)
- Snakebites
- Uremic toxicity due to renal failure
White/Pale Mucous Membranes
POOR PERIPHERAL PERFUSION
Not always indicative of anemia (ex. dexdomitor side effect)
Methemoglobinemia
- Cyanotic appearing skin
- < ability to bind O2 (not necessarily hypoxemic, animal still cyanotic despite O2 supplementation)
- Spot test (dark brown)
- “Hershey’s syrup” blood
Hypochromasia
- Pale RBCs
- No/little hemoglobin
- Iron deficiency anemia (often via chronic external blood loss)
Most common nonregenerative anemia in domestic animals?
Chronic inflammatory disease anemia
Bilirubin accumulation
- Urine, then blood, then tissues
- Occurs in both extravascular & intravascular hemolysis
Hemoglobin accumulation
Blood, then urine (animal does not survive long enough for it to accumulated in tissues)
Reference Intervals (bell curve distribution)
- 95% of healthy population falls within reference intervals
- 2.5% of healthy population has values below or above the reference interval
Erythron
All RBC results, including retic counts & morphology
(also will include total protein, an indicator of anemia)
Leukon
All WBC results, includes total & differential leukocyte count, morphologies
Thrombon
Platelet number & size (via blood smear)
Oxidative Damage (diseases)
- Incr. Heinz bodies and keratocytes
- Lymphoma (cats)
- Hyperthyroidism (cats)
- Diabetes (cats)
- Acetaminophen toxicity (cats)
- Onion & garlic ingestion (cats & dogs)
- Skunk musk (dogs)
- Red Maple Leaf toxicity (horses & alpacas)
- Copper toxicity (sheep & goats)
- Lush winter rye (cattle)
- …
Major Types of RBC Fragmentation Morphologies (3)
- Acanthocytes
- Keratocytes
- Schistocytes
Microcytosis
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Portosystemic shunts
- JAPANESE DOG BREEDS
Low MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)
- Hypochromic
- Regenerative anemias (w/ macrocytic cells & high retics.)
- Chronic iron deficiency anemias (w/ microcytic cells)
Bloodwork w/ External Hemorrhage
Low PCV
Low TP (total protein)
Bloodwork w/ Internal Hemorrhage
Low PCV
Normal-High TP (total protein)
Vitamin K
Helps w/ clotting
Identify
Mycoplasm (haemofelis)
- no cell wall
- attach to RBC and get wrapped up like taco
- Cat: M. haemofelis
- Dog: M. haemocanis
Polychromatophils vs. Reticulocytes
- They are same, named depending on stain used
- Reticulocytes: new methylene blue (RNA clumping, can visualize blue clumps)
- Polychromatophils: Wright’s Geimsa or Dif Quick (RNA is finely distributed, cell is purple)
Lifespan of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs
- Neutrophils: 10 hours
- Platelets: 10 days
- RBCs: 100 days
Neutropenia → Thrombocytopenia → Anemia
Bloodwork of Dehydrated Animal
- Incr. TP
- Artificially incr. PCV (less water in blood)
Chronic Inflammatory Disease Anemia
- Normochromic
- Normocytic
- Non-regenerative (body is hiding iron from bone marrow to keep it away from bacteria that metabolize iron)
- Bacteria may or may not actually be present
- MCHC & MCV within normal limits
- PCV in 30%’s
RDW (red cell distribution width)
How much variation in RBC size
Identify
Spherocyte
(solid red ball, no central pallor)
Spherocyte
- Solid red ball of RBC, no central pallor
- Term w/ dog blood only
- Typically indicates IMHA (among other things)
Left over broccoli stem
Polychromatophil
- Big purple, thin RBC
- Sign bone marrow is regenerating
Two most regenerative anemias
- due to External Hemorrhage
- IMHA
Takes 3-4 days before regeneration begins
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Hypochromic
- Microcytic
- 50% of time has reactive thrombocytosis (cross talk between RBC growth factors, EPO, platelet growth factors, and thrombopoietin)
