Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pathology (VEM 5221) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify

A

Howell Jolly bodies (Wright Geimsa stain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify

A

Heinz bodies (NMB reticulocyte stain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify

A

Basophilic stippling

(HINT FROM JEN - ID WON’T BE ON THIS EXAM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify

A

Acanthocytes

(uneven spiculization)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify

A

Keratocytes

(has 2 little horns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify

A

Schistocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify

A

Babeisa canis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Rouleaux

A

“Stack of coins”

Non-specific binding of RBC’s due to high protein content in blood and/or incr. fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

(micro)Agglutination of RBCs

A
  • Clumping of RBCs due to specific binding of RBCs by antibodies
  • Occurs w/ IMHA
  • (Animal will present w/ pale MM & lethargy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rouleaux vs. Agglutination

(Saline test)

A

Rouleaux: RBCs disperse

Agglutination: RBCs stay clumped

Note similar-ish presentation before saline test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Howell Jolly Bodies

A
  • Micronuclei
  • Small # normal in cats & horses
  • Removed by spleen
  • Incr. w/ regenerative anemias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Heinz Bodies

A
  • Inclusions of oxidized hemoglobin in RBCs (pushed off to the side)
  • Up to 5% in normal cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basophilic Stippling

A
  • Aggregates of ribosomes and polyribosomes
  • Regenerative anemia (ruminants)
  • Lead toxicity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diseases Associated w/ Fragmentation Morphologies

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • DIC
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Liver disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reticulocytes

A
  • Precursor to erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • Present in dog & cat blood in low numbers
  • Cats have puntate & aggregate retics in blood
  • Sometimes seen in cattle
  • Extremely rare in horses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Punctate vs. Aggregate Reticulocytes

A

Must use New Methylene Blue Stain (or else puntate retics look like erythrocytes)

Punctate: circulate for 10 days, not helpful in figuring out whats going on now

Aggregate: circulate for 12 hours, tells what bone marrow is doing right now

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reticulocytes (indicate)

A

Anemia

  • Low (1-10,000 cells/mircoL): nonregenerative-very poorly regenerative anemia
  • Med (10,000-60,000): nonregenerative-poorly regenerative anemia
  • High (60,000-200,000): mild-mod regenerative anemia
  • Super high (200,000-500,000): very regenerative response to anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Platelet Count in Cats

A

DON’T TRUST IT

Platelet clumping is very common in cat blood

Need to look at stained slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s going on in each of these samples?

A

*normal plasma is “straw colored”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Elevated MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)

A

Artifact - no such thing as hyperchromic anemia

(may be caused by lipemic sample, Heinz bodies, intravascular hemolysis, agglutinated RBC’s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Average PCV - Dog

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Average PCV - Cat

A

37%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Regenerative Anemia (blood morphology)

A
  • Polychromasia (retics present)
  • Likely hypochromic, macrocytic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Anisocytosis

A

varying RBC sizes

(normal in bovine blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Abnormally shaped erythrocytes

(normal in goats, young cattle)

26
Q

Signs of Oxidative Damage to Blood

A
  • Methemoglobinemia (dark spot test)
  • Heinz bodies
  • Eccentrocytes
27
Q

Eccentrocyte

A

Hemoglobin all moves to one side of RBC

Sign of oxidant injury

28
Q

Lead Toxicity

A
  • Aberrant metarubricytes (nucleated RBCs)
  • NO ANEMIA or polychromasia
  • +/- basophilic stippling
29
Q

Intravascular vs. Extravascular Hemolysis

A

Intravascular

  • Hemoglobinemia/uria
  • Pink/red plasma (incr. MCHC - artifact)
  • RBCs destroyed in vasculature

Extravascular

  • Spleen is destroying RBCs at faster rate than normal
30
Q

Bloodwork of cat w/ renal failure

A
  • Decr. PCV (“Cat looks like raisin”)
  • Normocytic
  • Normochromic
  • Nonregenerative anemia
    • Kidney responsible for 90% erythropoietin production
31
Q

IMHA appearance

A
  • Spherocytes (dogs)
  • Agglutination
  • +/- leukocytosis (attracted to Ab & complement on RBCs)
  • Macrocytic, hypochromic (immature RBCs have less Hb & more RNA)
  • Howell-Jolly bodies (spleen isn’t cleaning up)

(IMHA typical in middle-aged, female cocker spaniels)

32
Q

Prussian Blue

A

Stains Iron

33
Q

Echinocytes

A
  • AKA crenation
  • Usually artifact (esp. w/ pig blood)
  • Snakebites
  • Uremic toxicity due to renal failure
34
Q

White/Pale Mucous Membranes

A

POOR PERIPHERAL PERFUSION

Not always indicative of anemia (ex. dexdomitor side effect)

35
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A
  • Cyanotic appearing skin
  • < ability to bind O2 (not necessarily hypoxemic, animal still cyanotic despite O2 supplementation)
  • Spot test (dark brown)
  • “Hershey’s syrup” blood
36
Q

Hypochromasia

A
  • Pale RBCs
  • No/little hemoglobin
  • Iron deficiency anemia (often via chronic external blood loss)
37
Q

Most common nonregenerative anemia in domestic animals?

A

Chronic inflammatory disease anemia

38
Q

Bilirubin accumulation

A
  • Urine, then blood, then tissues
  • Occurs in both extravascular & intravascular hemolysis
39
Q

Hemoglobin accumulation

A

Blood, then urine (animal does not survive long enough for it to accumulated in tissues)

40
Q

Reference Intervals (bell curve distribution)

A
  • 95% of healthy population falls within reference intervals
  • 2.5% of healthy population has values below or above the reference interval
41
Q

Erythron

A

All RBC results, including retic counts & morphology

(also will include total protein, an indicator of anemia)

42
Q

Leukon

A

All WBC results, includes total & differential leukocyte count, morphologies

43
Q

Thrombon

A

Platelet number & size (via blood smear)

44
Q

Oxidative Damage (diseases)

A
  • Incr. Heinz bodies and keratocytes
  • Lymphoma (cats)
  • Hyperthyroidism (cats)
  • Diabetes (cats)
  • Acetaminophen toxicity (cats)
  • Onion & garlic ingestion (cats & dogs)
  • Skunk musk (dogs)
  • Red Maple Leaf toxicity (horses & alpacas)
  • Copper toxicity (sheep & goats)
  • Lush winter rye (cattle)
  • …
45
Q

Major Types of RBC Fragmentation Morphologies (3)

A
  • Acanthocytes
  • Keratocytes
  • Schistocytes
46
Q

Microcytosis

A
  • Iron deficiency anemia
  • Portosystemic shunts
  • JAPANESE DOG BREEDS
47
Q

Low MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin count)

A
  • Hypochromic
  • Regenerative anemias (w/ macrocytic cells & high retics.)
  • Chronic iron deficiency anemias (w/ microcytic cells)
48
Q

Bloodwork w/ External Hemorrhage

A

Low PCV

Low TP (total protein)

49
Q

Bloodwork w/ Internal Hemorrhage

A

Low PCV

Normal-High TP (total protein)

50
Q

Vitamin K

A

Helps w/ clotting

51
Q

Identify

A

Mycoplasm (haemofelis)

  • no cell wall
  • attach to RBC and get wrapped up like taco
  • Cat: M. haemofelis
  • Dog: M. haemocanis
52
Q

Polychromatophils vs. Reticulocytes

A
  • They are same, named depending on stain used
  • Reticulocytes: new methylene blue (RNA clumping, can visualize blue clumps)
  • Polychromatophils: Wright’s Geimsa or Dif Quick (RNA is finely distributed, cell is purple)
53
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils, platelets, RBCs

A
  • Neutrophils: 10 hours
  • Platelets: 10 days
  • RBCs: 100 days

Neutropenia → Thrombocytopenia → Anemia

54
Q

Bloodwork of Dehydrated Animal

A
  • Incr. TP
  • Artificially incr. PCV (less water in blood)
55
Q

Chronic Inflammatory Disease Anemia

A
  • Normochromic
  • Normocytic
  • Non-regenerative (body is hiding iron from bone marrow to keep it away from bacteria that metabolize iron)
  • Bacteria may or may not actually be present
  • MCHC & MCV within normal limits
  • PCV in 30%’s
56
Q

RDW (red cell distribution width)

A

How much variation in RBC size

57
Q

Identify

A

Spherocyte

(solid red ball, no central pallor)

58
Q

Spherocyte

A
  • Solid red ball of RBC, no central pallor
  • Term w/ dog blood only
  • Typically indicates IMHA (among other things)

Left over broccoli stem

59
Q

Polychromatophil

A
  • Big purple, thin RBC
  • Sign bone marrow is regenerating
60
Q

Two most regenerative anemias

A
  1. due to External Hemorrhage
  2. IMHA

Takes 3-4 days before regeneration begins

61
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Hypochromic
  • Microcytic
  • 50% of time has reactive thrombocytosis (cross talk between RBC growth factors, EPO, platelet growth factors, and thrombopoietin)

Clinical Pathology (VEM 5221) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions