Exam 1 Flashcards
In glucose and other hexoses, the hydroxyl group on carbon 1 can be either above or below the plane of monosaccharide ring. Does this have a significant consequence in the structure of carbohydrates possessing one kind of glucose or the other?
yes
Draw a neutral amine group
draw
Draw the general structure for an aldehyde
draw
Which chemical bond is the weakest?
Ionic or Hydrogen
Functional groups in amino acid side chains play what role in tertiary structure?
3D structure
What organic base does Uracil pair with in the nucleic acids?
Adenine
Draw the portion of the functional group that is common to aldehydes , ketones, carboxilic acids
draw
Name the components of phospholipids
They are amphipathic, has gylcerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate head.
Which chemical bond is the strongest?
Covalent bond
Electrons found closer to the nucleus of an atom have which, a higher or lower energy, than electrons found farther from that nucleus?
lower energy level
Draw the ionized structure of a carboxyl group
draw
What two functional groups are attached the alpha carbon of all amino acids?
amine and carboxyl
What organic base must cytosine pair with in the nucleic acid?
Guanine
What atom is missing from ribose to give to deoxyribose?
oxygen atom
Name four classes of marcomolecules
Lipids carbohydrates nucleic acid protein
Which chemical bond results from partially positive and partially negative parts of a molecule interacting with partially negative or positive, respectively, parts of another molecule?
Hydrogen bond
What organic base must guanine pair with in the nucleic acid?
Cytosine
Given the sequence TTACGTATCGGCC, what nuclei acid does this represent?
DNA
Which nucleic acid is normally double standard?
DNA
What is the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element?
Atom
What is the basic mechanistic doctrine that makes biology the most inter-disciplinary scientific discipline?
Mechanistic Doctrine. Cells cam be studied by chemical and physical methods.
When we write nucleotide sequence from left to right, what end of the molecule is on the left?
5’ (5 prime)
What does an atom lose to become positively charged, and what does it gain to become negatively charged?
Electrons.
When water molecules surround a negatively charged ion (CI-), what portion of the molecules is oriented toward the ion?
hydrogen
When ribose is a nucleotide sequence, how are ribose carbon atoms 1-5 renumbered?
C1 starts at aldehyde and then goes toward c5
phospholipids and amphipathic. which part of the molecule is hydrophllic and which his hydrophobic?
The outer layer of the cell is hydrophillic and the inner layer is hydrophobic.
What are the three statements of cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function. New Cells are produced from exsisting cells.
What is the predicted valence of an atom with 4 electrons in its outermost energy shell?
4
How many protein chains would you expect to find in a quaternary structure?
2 or more protein chains
which chemical bond involves sharing pairs of the electrons between atoms?
Covalent bonds
If the valence of a nitrogen atom is 3, how many covalent bonds can nitrogen typically form?
3 covalent bonds
Given two DNA strands, all the enzymes and deoxyribonucleotides necessary of DNA synthesis, what is lacking to initiate DNA synthesis?
RNA primase
What is the difference in energy between ionic bond and hydrogen bond?
No difference
Given an atom with 16 electrons, how many protons would be found in the nucleus?
16 protons
Two starch molecules are side-by-side. Do any bonds hold them together?
Alpha 1-4 linkages
Two cellulose molecules are side-by-side in a cellulose microfibrill. What kind of bond holds them together?
beta 1-4 linkages
If the latest Mars rover, curiosity, found a mummified organism and demonstrated it was composed of cells, would that increase generality cell theory?
No
What kind of bond between backbone atoms are responsible for a alpha helical and beta strand secondary structure?
hydrogen bond
Write the complementary DNA sequence for that shown in question 57
AATGCATATAGCCGG
Comparison of the properties of H2S and H2Te predict H20 will be liquid over an 11 degree range. What property of H20 molecules is invoked to rationalize the 100 degree range for liquid water?
Its about the h-bond. It has a strong intermolecular
In the atom above, how many neutrons would you predict could be found in that nucleus?
Number of neutons vary on the atomic mass. (Mass-Atomic number= # of neutrons)
What two organic molecules distinguish DNA from RNA?
Pentose sugar deoxyribose and Thymine
Given the sequence: APILQCMGCCFSRAYPTPLRSKKTMLVQ, identify the amino terminus, and carboxyl terminus
?
Draw a charged amine group
draw
Which glycosidic bond can enzymes in our body digest
Alpha 1A Glucose
What four elements account for 96% of living matter?
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen
What organic base does Adenine pair with in the nucleic acid?
Thymine
What are the four classic levels of protein structure?
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
Draw a general for a ketone
draw
Where does a protein a domain fit into the classic hierarchical structure levels for proteins?
Secondary bond
What groups are found in all amino acids?
Carboxyl and amino groups
Which chemical bond results from the opposite charges of positive and negatively charged ions attracting each other?
Ionic bond
An atom is composed of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. which part of the atom contains almost all the mass?
Nucleus
In Cricks Central Dogma information can flow back and forth between two macromolecules but only one way between the second and third. Name the information flow that is uni-directional.
DNA RNA -> Protein
Mendel proposed pairs of inherited factors that we now call genes. What is the current definition of a gene?
units of inheritance that is transmitted from parents to offspring.
What term is to described the outermost electrons of of an atom?
Valence Shell
Draw a general structure for a carboxyl group
draw
What organic base must thymine pair with in the nucleic acids?
Adenine
Given the sequence UUCAGUUACGUCCAG, what nuclei acid does this represent?
RNA
What 3 functions of RNA mediate the “coordinate cellular activity” function of DNA?
Transfer info from DNA to protein synthesis machinary. Directs function for polypeptide. Prime DNA
Name the five biological themes that will be encountered in this course.
1.Mechanistic doctrine 2.Cell theory 3. Gene theory of inheritance. 4. central dogma of biology 5. cellular evolution
There are three isotopes of the element carbon. 12C is the most common, 13C is a stable isotope, while 14C is an unstable. radioisotope. Which atomic mass is closest to the mass for carbon found on the periodic table?
12C
What is the chemical definition of an element?
a substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substances by chemical means.
In this course we will study cells, organelles, macromolecules, monomeric components of macromolecule, and atoms. Can studying organelles help us understand better how cells work or how macromolecules work?
YES
Name the three chemical bonds you have to know for this course
Covalent Hydrogen Ionic
How many protein chains would you expect to find in a tertiary structure?
a single protein chain
What kind of bonds hold amino acids together to form a protein chain?
peptide bond
How many copies of each gene does a sexually reproducing organism generally have?
2
When we talk about the 5’ end of a nucleotide sequence, what organic molecule possesses a 5’ carbon atom?
c5 Phosphate
