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General Biology 210 > Chapter 6. Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 6. Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we study Cells?

A

Microscopy

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2
Q

Light Microscope

A

Visible light translated through specimen and then through glass lenses.

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3
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Focuses a beam of electrons through specimen onto the surface.

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4
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Used to study internal structure cells.

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5
Q

Cell Fractionzation

A
  1. Homogenization= Break cells apart.

2. Differential centrifugation= sorts by size.

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6
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

No nucleus
DNA in cytoplasm
DNA->RNA->Protein can take simultaneously.
Cell process diffusion is dependent.

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7
Q

Fimbriae

A

Attachment of things. Found on the outside on a prokaryotic cell. (Little hair)

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8
Q

Nucleotide

A

The smallest unit of a nucleic acid,contains 5 carbon sugars and nitrogen is the base. Has one or more phosphate groups. Found in the DNA.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where protein synthesis takes place. Used by both mRNA and DNA. Found in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Located in cytoplasm.

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10
Q

Plasma membrane (Prokaryote)

A

Phospholipid bilayer has proteins that control energy exchange for prokaryotic cells. They don’t have mitochondria so they need a different energy source.

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11
Q

Flagella

A

Controls movement

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

Protects the cell from environment. Associated w/ plant cells. Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have a cell wall. Cell wall is thicker than the plasma membrane. Has three walls (Primary cell wall, middle lamella, and secondary cell wall)

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13
Q

Capsule

A

Carbohydrates. Rich outer coating of prokaryotes.

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14
Q

Cell theory

A

All organisms are composed of cells because of the surface volume ratio. necessary because many molecules of diffusion restrict cell size in order to maintain appropriate surface to volume ratio.

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15
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

Processes nucleus where DNA resides. Extensive membrane system.

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16
Q

Microvilli

A

Projection that increases the cells surface area.

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17
Q

Peroxisome

A

Organelle with various specialized metabolic functions. Produces hydrogen peroxide as by product then coverts to water. A single membrane bound vesicle. Found in the Eukaryotic cell.

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18
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Two membrane, outer membrane is smooth and the inner is in folds (cristae) Matrix= cytoplasm of mitchondria (enclosed by inner membrane) matrix contains DNA and ribosomes.
Where cellular respiration is occurred and most ATP is generated.

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19
Q

Lysome

A

Membrane bound vesicles.
Digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed.
Fuse with vesicles containing invaginated cell membrane.
Low pH activates enzymes, contents are digested.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

After leaving the ER transport, vesicles are sent here.
Organelle active in the synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products.
cis face = receiving side of Golgi apparatus
trans face = shipping side.

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21
Q

Ribosome

A

Complexes that make proteins free in the cytosol or other organelles

22
Q

Flagellum

A

Motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules w/n an extension of plasma membrane.

23
Q

Centrosome

A

Found in both plant and animals cells near nucleus
Region where microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles.
organizes mitotic and meiotic spindles.
mitotic/meiotic spindles separate the daughter chromosomes.

24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Reinforces cells shape, functions, in cell movement, components are made up of protein. Includes (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.)

25
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus , perforated by pores; continuous with ER.
Lined with nuclear lamina

26
Q

Nucleus

A

Largest organelle, double membrane, nuclear pores penetrate both membranes (nuclear lamania)
non membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes has one or more nucleoli

27
Q

Chromatin

A

Material consisting DNA and proteins, visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

28
Q

Plasma membrane (Eukaryote)

A

Enclosing the cell

29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of membranous sacs and tubes. active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes has rough ER ribosomes-studded and smooth region that lacks ribosomes.

30
Q

Difference between fimbriae, flagella, and cilia?

A

Fimbriae- attachment of things. Only Prokaryotic
Flagella- controls movement. Eukaryotic/prokaryotic
Cilia- sense motion and helps w/ movement. Only in Eukaryotic.

31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

amoebas and other protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms of food particles.
captures external particles lysosome adds enzymes particles degraded.

32
Q

Autography

A

Defective organelle into vesicle lysosomes fuses digestion occurs.
eats itself

33
Q

What kind of macromolecules do lysosomes enzymes digest?

A

Proteins, Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.

34
Q

Centriols

A

Found only in animal cell centrosomes.
Bundles of microtubules triplets.
oriented at right angles to each other.
basal bodies associated w/ flagellae.

35
Q

Flagella and Cilia

A 
Same internal organization (9+2) pattern.
9 peripheral pairs microtubules.
2 central microtubules
Flagella- move cells through liquid
cilia- can move through the liquid.
36
Q

Flagellum

A

basal body (9+0) pattern just inside the plasma membrane.
surrounded by extended membrane.
microtubule pairs connected by motor proteins called dyneins aka radial spokes.
when dyneins move, MT must bend b/c of spokes.

37
Q

Microtubules

A 
Hollow tubes
25nm
15 nm 1D
Tublin heterodimers
Alpha tublin
Beta tublin
function: cell shape maintenance, cell motility (flagella or cilia), chromosome movements, organelle movements.
38
Q

Microfilaments

A

2 intertwined strands actin
7nm
actin (energy)
function: cell shape maintenance, cell shape changes, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell movement (amoeboid), cell division (cytokinesis)

39
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Coiled fibrous proteins
8-12 nm
various, including keratin
function: cell shape maintenance, organelle anchorage (nucleus), nuclear lamina

40
Q

Muscle sacomers

A

Contractile unit

myosin moters in the muscle cell contraction.

41
Q

cortex

A

outer cytoplasm

gel w/ actin network

42
Q

Inner cytoplasm

A

sol / actin subunits

43
Q

Vacuole

A

non moving cortical cytoplasm (gel)
chloroplast
cell wall
parallel actin filaments
streaming cytoplasm (sol)
Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of fresh water protests.
Central vacuoles are found in mature plant cell cells and are surrounded by the vacuolar membrane and enclosing the cell sap.

44
Q

cell-cell connections

A

plants move water from roots to leave via hollow tubes formed by plant cells that die leaving the cell walls behind.

45
Q

phloem

A

plants move solutes from leaves to roots or roots to leaves in living cell vessels.

46
Q

How are downward movements possible in plant cells?

A

Cytoplasmic connections between living plant cells make downward movements possible.

47
Q

Plasmaodesmata

A

membrane lined channels filled w/ cytoplasm

48
Q

What makes several kinds of cell-cell contacts?

A

Epithelial cells

49
Q

What do tight junctions do?

A

Hold cells together to create barriers

50
Q

Desnosome

A

Reinforced cell connection

51
Q

Gap junction

A

cytoplasm & cytoplasm connection (animal analog of plasmodesmata)

General Biology 210 (6 decks)

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