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Xray Physics > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is resolution

A

sharpness/detail of an image

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2
Q

what are xrays

A

light–> energy–> not created only change forms

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3
Q

what kind of energy are xrays

A

electromagnetic

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4
Q

short wavelengths have

A

high energy

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5
Q

long wavelengths have

A

low energy

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6
Q

xrays are defined as having

A

no mass, no charge, velocity

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7
Q

how are frequency and wavelength related

A

inversley

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8
Q

what is the wave equation

A

speed of light= wave lengthxfrequency

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9
Q

short wave length must have what kind of frequency

A

higher freq

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10
Q

what is a heterogenous xray beam

A

mixed rays with different wavelengths

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11
Q

xray density is also known as

A

blackness

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12
Q

if the xray interacts with the film what is created

A

blackness

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13
Q

if the xray does not interact with the film

A

whiteness

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14
Q

blackness vs whiteness =

A

differential absorption

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15
Q

how are radiographic density and anatomic density related

A

inversley

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16
Q

which particle is least likely to cause double strand DNA to break

A

xrays

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17
Q

how is electromagnetic radiation produced

A

by a charged being accelerated and then decelerated

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18
Q

what other light is exactly like xrays only has a different origin

A

gamma rays

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19
Q

which particle has mass

A

alpha

2 protons
2 neutrons

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20
Q

ionization of alpha particle can be stopped by

A

paper

dead skin

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21
Q

alpha particles are only dangerous/ionizing if

A

swallowed or inhaled

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22
Q

alpha particles cause what kind of DNA damage

A

double strand

no way to repair

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23
Q

xrays cause what kind of DNA damage

A

indirect
single strand damage
second stand able to repair the damaged

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24
Q

what particles are negatively charged

A

beta particles

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25
Q

what is a direct effect

A

ionization of atomic DNA

few ionizations over long distance

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26
Q

what does indirect effect cause

A

formation of free radiclas

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27
Q

direct effect of xray occurs

A

in a DNA molecule

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28
Q

indirect effect of xray exposure is

A

free radical production

29
Q

which particle is the most biologically damaging

A

alpha particles

they are so ionizing the give up their electrons in a short distance

30
Q

which production process produces xrays when electrons shift binding energy levels

A

characteristic

31
Q

What does bremsstrahlung mean?

A

Braking

32
Q

What is the tube made of

A

Pyrex

33
Q

As the shell number increases what happen to electron affinity

A

It weakens the further out you go

34
Q

What are the layers of electron shells in the characteristic method?

A

K L M N O P

35
Q

Which layer on characteristic method requires the most energy to displace the electron from orbit?

A

K she’ll

36
Q

What is the amount of every to displace at the k shell?

A

69.53 kpv

37
Q

Where does electron displacement occur?

A

Any level but the k is the only one with enough power to matter

38
Q

What type of wave length do the shells create?

A

All but k create long wave lengths

39
Q

In characteristic method what does the cathode electron do?

A

Kicks the k shell electron out of orbit

40
Q

Once the k shell electron is removed what happens

A

The empty spot is filled with an electron from a further out shell

41
Q

The process of dropping from high energy to lower energy produces what

A

A photon

42
Q

What kvp must you set the machine to get a picture

A

70 kvp

43
Q

How many useful X-rays are produced from tungsten?

A 
5 all other transitions occur simultaneously but have very low energy. So low it won't make it to the film 
L-->k
M-->k
N-->k
O-->k
P-->k
44
Q

What happens in the bremsstrahlung method?

A

Electron passes near nucleus
+ field charge of nucleus acts on electron
Causes electron to decelerate and deflect
KE lost this emits a photon

45
Q

How many X-rays are produced depending on the kvp?

A

Zero to whatever the kvp setting is

46
Q

Majority of X-rays will be what percent of the peak level set

A

30%

47
Q

Which X-ray production process occurs when high speed electrons slow or stop

A

Bremsstrahlung

48
Q

Which X-ray production process requires at least 70kvp in a tungsten target to produce useful X-ray

A

Characteristic

49
Q

Which production process is responsible for the majority of xrays in a beam?

A

Bremsstrahlung

Because characteristic only produces 5

50
Q

What is the highest possible kip for characteristic?

A

69.3kvp

51
Q

What are the two types of current.

A

Ac and dc

52
Q

What type of power is distributed by power companies?

A

Ac

53
Q

What current produces X-rays?

A

Doc

54
Q

What are the four types of rectifiers

A

Half wave
Full wave single phase
3 phase
High freq

55
Q

What is the difference between single phase and three phase?

A

Single has one wire

3phase has three

56
Q

Where are 3phase machines found

A

Hospitals

57
Q

What is ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

58
Q

Which machine has 30-50% less patient exposure?

A

High freq

59
Q

What is the purpose of a rectifier?

A

Change ac to dc

60
Q

What is the most affordable and has the least patient exposure?

A

High freq

61
Q

Which side of X-ray has the fewest X-rays?

A

Anode

62
Q

Which side is fuzzy and dark

A

Cathode

63
Q

Which side is geometrically sharp and light?

A

Anode

64
Q

Where should anode be for 14x36 ap full spine

A

Up

65
Q

Anode for ap t spine

A

Up

66
Q

Anode for lat lumbar

A

Up

67
Q

Anode for lat tspine

A

Down

68
Q

Anode for lay cervical

A

Doesn’t matter

69
Q

Anode for ap femur

A

Down

Xray Physics (2 decks)

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