Exam 1 Flashcards
3 Aspects of Personality
External - persona=mask, how others see us
Unique -distinctive internal properties
Enduring- stable over time, aberrent behaviors do not reflect change in personality, not always expressed- environment may inhibit or enhance personality
Definition of Personality
system of characteristics that contribute to consistency in thoughts, feelings & behavior over time/place
5 Theories of personality
- Psychodynamic- Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, unconscious, deterministic, past focused
- Learning- Skinner, learning theory, conditioning, classical/operant, reinforcement
- Humanistic- Rogers, Maslow- self-actualization, pyramid of needs, natural progression of psyc growth
- Cognitive- Kelly, Bandura, how people process info about self/world, schemas, attribution
- Biological- Allport, Cattell & Eysenick, Anatomy, genetics, evolutionary influences, activity in body, brain, NS relates to behaviors
Personality Assessment (6)
• Self-Report Inventories- MMPI, Ca Psyc Inventory, big 5
adv: objective scoring, low cost
disadv: affected by reading level, attention span, social desirability
• Online Test Administration- online version of self-report
adv: less time consuming, cheap, not limited by location, people posture less, divulge more info
disadv: computer literacy needed, less oversight
• Projective Tests- ambiguous stimulus
Rorschach- starts B/W, advances to color, 10 slides, all he could afford to make
TAT- risqué image, client interprets
Word Association, sentence completion
adv: unique
disadv: low reliability & validity, different evaluators get different scores
• Clinical Interviews
past/present experiences, social relationships, reasons for seeking support
adv: personally tailored, lots of non-verbal info
disadv: subjective, diff theoretical backgrounds find diff conclusions
• Behavioral Assessment
can be in clinical setting or real world
adv: valuable insights (how do they really act?), assessable all ages, skill levels
disadv: time intensive to watch/operationalize data, subjective, privacy concerns in real world (therapist must watch)
• Thought & Experience Samples
Journaling at intervals, describe social/emotional context, used most for anxiety, ptsd, weight loss, sex thoughts tracking study
adv: out in real world while still private, determine imp. of environment
disadv: easy to forget, failure to respond
Ethnic & Gender Issues
white male theorists/college students subjects cross cultural factors limitations of any research/theories? slang/colloquialisms familiarity with answer formats discomfort with process
The Johari Window
Grid- (draw) up/down known to others, L/R known to self- gives us open arena, blind spot, hidden area or facade, unknown
Life of Freud
Vienna, strict dad, pretty mom, lots of siblings, smart, mom’s favorite, cocaine, clinical neurologist, worked with Charcot (all disorder is sexual), married at 30, 6 kids, abstinent after 41, jaw cancer, ultimately assisted suicide
Life & Death Instincts
Life: survival, sex, drives ensure survival, tension fuels libido, cathexis= investment of psychic energy
Death: unconscious wish to die, destroy, aggression
Freud Levels of Personality
Conscious- awareness right now, limited aspect of personality
Preconscious - not thinking about right now, but accessible
Unconscious -powerhouse where energy comes from, home of drives and desires, major driving power
Freud Structure of Personality
Id- desires, pleasure principle, reduce tension now!!!, source of energy, primary process thinking- childlike, wanting, wishing for what you want
Ego- rational, adult, directs & controls (id=horse, ego=rider), secondary process thinking- perception, recognition, judgment, memory
Super Ego- moral aspect, inhibit id, internalized parental/societal values, includes conscience, ego ideal= develops out of childhood behaviors you are praised for
Freudian Anxiety
Reality- objective, things we should fear (alligators)
Neurotic- based in childhood, learn from id/ego conflict, unconscious fear of punishment, “not a good idea”
Moral- id/superego conflict, “it is bad & wrong”, leads to shame and guilt
Defense Mechanisms
- Denial- deny existence of a threat, childish
- Repression- unconscious removal from awareness, oedipus complex
- Regression- retreat to earlier time in life
- Rationalization- reinterpreting behavior to be more acceptable
- Reaction Formation-expressing the opposite of the id complex
- Projection- attribute disturbing impulse to other
- Displacement- kick the dog
- Sublimation- displace id impulse into socially acceptable behavior
Psychosexual Stages
• Oral- 0-1, mouth based, id is dominant
oral incorporative- taking in, love mom, gullible
oral aggressive- teething, love/hate, pessimistic, argumentative
• Anal- 1-3, intro to delaying gratification
anal retentive- hold in, stubborn, stingy
anal agressive- go everywhere, destructive & messy, tantrums, people as objects
• Phallic- 4-5, genitals, superego development
oedipus complex, fixation=castration anxiety
electra complex, , fixation=penis envy
fixation- narcissism, need constant assurance
• Latent- 5-Puberty
rest, personality is set
• Genital- adolescence-adulthood
adult relationships, normal life, conform to societal expectations
Freudian Assessment Techniques
case study method, memories, free association (leads to catharsis, resistance), dream analysis (manifest v latent content)
Freudian Questions of Human Nature
deterministic, nature & nurture, past focused, uniqueness, growth through psychoanalysis, pessimistic
Freudian Contributions
“inescapable force”, pioneer in personality theory, contemporary psych absorbed freudian ideas, importance of childhood, the unconscious
Freudian Criticisms
Psychoanalysis long and costly, does not consider diversity, too much emphasis on biology, determinism & sex, ambiguous definitions, not sure if data, recording, tx, publication, theory all match or were drummed up
Life of Jung
Switzerland, dad clergy, mom crazy, little sister, lonely (doll), studied medicine/psychiatry, worked with Bleuler, married emma, got rich, neurotic at 38, 5 kids, money in garden, self analysis, womanizer, honorary degreed harvard, oxford
Psychic Energy
Jungian Terms
Libido- diffuse and general life energy
Psyche- personality
Psychic Value- freud’s cathexis- how you invest libido
Ego- Jungian
Ego- conscious perceiving, thinking, feeling, memory, selective to maintain comfort level
Jungian Attitudes
Attitudes- capacity for both, non-dominant affects unconscious
o Extraversion- energy towards others
o Introversion- energy towards own thoughts and feelings
Jungian Psychological Functions
Sensing/Intuiting- accepting experience, not evaluating
Thinking/Feeling- rational, judging, evaluating
Jungian Psychological Types
Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling
Personal Unconscious-Jung
reservoir for material that was once conscious (pre-conscious)- may be forgotten or suppressed
Complexes
Jungian, pattern of being organized around a common theme (power), usually unconscious to you, conscious to others
Collective Unconscious
Collective Unconscious- deepest level of psyche, accumulation of inherited experiences, mother, birth, death, power, worship, fear dark, evil
Archetypes- images of universal experiences in collective unconscious
-Persona- mask/public face
-anima- femininity, ideal vision of opposite sex
-Self- total unity of person
Jungian Development of Personality
Development of Personality
• Childhood- ego development, distinguish self from others
• Adolescence- consciousness dominant, focused on external reality
• Middle Age- shift in focus, external to internal, balance consciousness and unconsciousness
Transcendence-innate tendency towards wholeness
Individuation- fulfillment of capacities to become an individual, dethrone persona, delve into shadow, integration of conscious and unconscious, more universal personality
Jungian Assessment Techniques
case studies from memory, symptom analysis (like catharsis), dream analysis (dreams are prospective/compensatory)
Jung Contributions
female individuation, midlife crisis, play/art therapy, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Jung Criticisms
difficult to understand, lack internal consistency/systematization, too accepting of occult/supernatural, no experimental psych
Jung’s big questions
Determinism & Free will, nature/nurture influences, past/present focus, uniqueness fades over time, growth throughout life, optimistic
Life of Horney
germany, sea captain dad, religious, domineering, spirited mother, felt rejected by parents, envied big brother, model child, married oscar, 3 daughters, depression in adulthood, US, expanded on Freud, lots of affairs
Childhood Need for Safety
primary shaper of personality, not universal developmental stages, can withstand trauma if child feels loved
-not all infants feel helpless (like adler said), arises from caregiver behaviors
Basic Anxiety
Horney, pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness
foundation of neurosis
Self-Protective Mechanisms
- more powerful motivator than sex- defend against basic anxiety
• Securing affection & love- doing what others want
• Being submissive- repress personal desires
• Attaining power- security through success
• Withdrawing- independence from internal needs
Neurotic Needs
- Affection & Approval
- Dominant Partner
- Power
- Exploitation
- Prestige
- Admiration
- Achievement
- Self-Sufficiency
- Perfection
- Narrow Limits to Life
Compliant Personality
- Affection & Approval + Dominant Partner
Moving Toward, constant need for approval, dominant person takes charge of their life
Aggressive Personality
- Power + Exploitation + Prestige + Admiration + Achievement
Moving against people
Detached Personality
- Self-Sufficiency + Perfection + Narrow Limits to Life
- Moving away from people, intimacy leads to conflict, feel unique
Tyranny of the Shoulds
Attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying true self, behave how we should (perfect), comes from idealized self
Externalization
defense against conflict caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self- project conflicts on outside world
Flight from Womanhood
feelings of inferiority, wish to be men, can lead to sexual inhibition (fantasies of penetration by adult male- mistrust men)
Assessment Techniques- Horney
Case study- opposed to taking notes, tried to be scientific in observations
Modified Freud- exquisitely cooperative, constructive friendliness
Free Association- attitude toward therapist explains attitudes towards others, inquired about childhood only after evaluating present self
Dream Analysis- dreams help solve problems, feeling in dream is important
Horney Contributions and criticisms
Contributions
Large public following, commonsense appeal, US relevant, feminine psychology, CAD personality assessment & HCTI
Criticisms
Denied biology, needs soc/anth studies to inform focus on social forces, middle class focus
Life of Erikson
1902, germany, stepdad, felt lost, bummed around Europe after dropping out of art school, had a gallery show, ultimately got a job teaching kids for Freud, did Psychoanalysis with Anna, got his girl pregnant, finally married her, moved to Denmark, then Boston, practice specialized in kids, studied lakota & Yurok, worked with vets,
Epigenetic Principle of maturation
We all go through predetermined sequence of stages
Erikson stages goal
Goal- refocus instinctual energy for needs of each stage, achieve balance
Trust V Mistrust
0-1, BS: Hope
Autonomy V Shame & Doubt
2-3, BS: Will (determination to exercise freedom & self restraint)
Initiative V Guilt
3-5, forming superego, BS: Purpose
Industry V Inferiority
6-11, BS: Competence
Identity V Role Confusion
12-18, BS: Fidelity, sincerity
ego identity- self image is formed during adolescence,
identity crisis- failing to achieve a cohesive identity
Identity cohesion- comes from having ego identity
role confusion=who you are and who you want to be don’t match up
Intimacy V Isolation,
19-35, BS: Love
Generativity V Stagnation
35-55, teaching, BS: Care
Ego Integrity V Despair
55-death, BS: Wisdom
Jungian Principles (how motivation happens)
Opposition Principle- conflict between opposition is primary motivator
Equivalence Principle- energy redistributed, not lost, redirect or soaked up by unconscious
Entropy Principle- tendency toward balance, balance is an impossible ideal
Cultural differences between populations
Asia- collectivism, self effacement
AA’s- Depression, emotion, lower trust/self esteem, better with black therapists
Latino- high PTSD, collectivism, low seeking help
Women- high depression, social concerns, lower assertiveness, longer & more meds at therapy
