Exam 1

Question 1

3 Aspects of Personality

Answer 1

External - persona=mask, how others see us
Unique -distinctive internal properties
Enduring- stable over time, aberrent behaviors do not reflect change in personality, not always expressed- environment may inhibit or enhance personality

Question 2

Definition of Personality

Answer 2

system of characteristics that contribute to consistency in thoughts, feelings & behavior over time/place

Question 3

5 Theories of personality

Answer 3

• Psychodynamic- Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney, unconscious, deterministic, past focused
• Learning- Skinner, learning theory, conditioning, classical/operant, reinforcement
• Humanistic- Rogers, Maslow- self-actualization, pyramid of needs, natural progression of psyc growth
• Cognitive- Kelly, Bandura, how people process info about self/world, schemas, attribution
• Biological- Allport, Cattell & Eysenick, Anatomy, genetics, evolutionary influences, activity in body, brain, NS relates to behaviors

Question 4

Personality Assessment (6)

Answer 4

• Self-Report Inventories- MMPI, Ca Psyc Inventory, big 5
adv: objective scoring, low cost
disadv: affected by reading level, attention span, social desirability
• Online Test Administration- online version of self-report
adv: less time consuming, cheap, not limited by location, people posture less, divulge more info
disadv: computer literacy needed, less oversight
• Projective Tests- ambiguous stimulus
Rorschach- starts B/W, advances to color, 10 slides, all he could afford to make
TAT- risqué image, client interprets
Word Association, sentence completion
adv: unique
disadv: low reliability & validity, different evaluators get different scores
• Clinical Interviews
past/present experiences, social relationships, reasons for seeking support
adv: personally tailored, lots of non-verbal info
disadv: subjective, diff theoretical backgrounds find diff conclusions
• Behavioral Assessment
can be in clinical setting or real world
adv: valuable insights (how do they really act?), assessable all ages, skill levels
disadv: time intensive to watch/operationalize data, subjective, privacy concerns in real world (therapist must watch)
• Thought & Experience Samples
Journaling at intervals, describe social/emotional context, used most for anxiety, ptsd, weight loss, sex thoughts tracking study
adv: out in real world while still private, determine imp. of environment
disadv: easy to forget, failure to respond

Question 5

Ethnic & Gender Issues

Answer 5

white male theorists/college students subjects
cross cultural factors
limitations of any research/theories?
slang/colloquialisms
familiarity with answer formats
discomfort with process

Question 6

The Johari Window

Answer 6

Grid- (draw) up/down known to others, L/R known to self- gives us open arena, blind spot, hidden area or facade, unknown

Question 7

Life of Freud

Answer 7

Vienna, strict dad, pretty mom, lots of siblings, smart, mom’s favorite, cocaine, clinical neurologist, worked with Charcot (all disorder is sexual), married at 30, 6 kids, abstinent after 41, jaw cancer, ultimately assisted suicide

Question 8

Life & Death Instincts

Answer 8

Life: survival, sex, drives ensure survival, tension fuels libido, cathexis= investment of psychic energy
Death: unconscious wish to die, destroy, aggression

Question 9

Freud Levels of Personality

Answer 9

Conscious- awareness right now, limited aspect of personality
Preconscious - not thinking about right now, but accessible
Unconscious -powerhouse where energy comes from, home of drives and desires, major driving power

Question 10

Freud Structure of Personality

Answer 10

Id- desires, pleasure principle, reduce tension now!!!, source of energy, primary process thinking- childlike, wanting, wishing for what you want
Ego- rational, adult, directs & controls (id=horse, ego=rider), secondary process thinking- perception, recognition, judgment, memory
Super Ego- moral aspect, inhibit id, internalized parental/societal values, includes conscience, ego ideal= develops out of childhood behaviors you are praised for

Question 11

Freudian Anxiety

Answer 11

Reality- objective, things we should fear (alligators)
Neurotic- based in childhood, learn from id/ego conflict, unconscious fear of punishment, “not a good idea”
Moral- id/superego conflict, “it is bad & wrong”, leads to shame and guilt

Question 12

Defense Mechanisms

Answer 12

• Denial- deny existence of a threat, childish
• Repression- unconscious removal from awareness, oedipus complex
• Regression- retreat to earlier time in life
• Rationalization- reinterpreting behavior to be more acceptable
• Reaction Formation-expressing the opposite of the id complex
• Projection- attribute disturbing impulse to other
• Displacement- kick the dog
• Sublimation- displace id impulse into socially acceptable behavior

Question 13

Psychosexual Stages

Answer 13

• Oral- 0-1, mouth based, id is dominant
oral incorporative- taking in, love mom, gullible
oral aggressive- teething, love/hate, pessimistic, argumentative
• Anal- 1-3, intro to delaying gratification
anal retentive- hold in, stubborn, stingy
anal agressive- go everywhere, destructive & messy, tantrums, people as objects
• Phallic- 4-5, genitals, superego development
oedipus complex, fixation=castration anxiety
electra complex, , fixation=penis envy
fixation- narcissism, need constant assurance
• Latent- 5-Puberty
rest, personality is set
• Genital- adolescence-adulthood
adult relationships, normal life, conform to societal expectations

Question 14

Freudian Assessment Techniques

Answer 14

case study method, memories, free association (leads to catharsis, resistance), dream analysis (manifest v latent content)

Question 15

Freudian Questions of Human Nature

Answer 15

deterministic, nature & nurture, past focused, uniqueness, growth through psychoanalysis, pessimistic

Question 16

Freudian Contributions

Answer 16

“inescapable force”, pioneer in personality theory, contemporary psych absorbed freudian ideas, importance of childhood, the unconscious

Question 17

Freudian Criticisms

Answer 17

Psychoanalysis long and costly, does not consider diversity, too much emphasis on biology, determinism & sex, ambiguous definitions, not sure if data, recording, tx, publication, theory all match or were drummed up

Question 18

Life of Jung

Answer 18

Switzerland, dad clergy, mom crazy, little sister, lonely (doll), studied medicine/psychiatry, worked with Bleuler, married emma, got rich, neurotic at 38, 5 kids, money in garden, self analysis, womanizer, honorary degreed harvard, oxford

Question 19

Psychic Energy

Answer 19

Jungian Terms
Libido- diffuse and general life energy
Psyche- personality
Psychic Value- freud’s cathexis- how you invest libido

Question 20

Ego- Jungian

Answer 20

Ego- conscious perceiving, thinking, feeling, memory, selective to maintain comfort level

Question 21

Jungian Attitudes

Answer 21

Attitudes- capacity for both, non-dominant affects unconscious
o Extraversion- energy towards others
o Introversion- energy towards own thoughts and feelings

Question 22

Jungian Psychological Functions

Answer 22

Sensing/Intuiting- accepting experience, not evaluating

Thinking/Feeling- rational, judging, evaluating

Question 23

Jungian Psychological Types

Answer 23

Sensing, Intuitive, Thinking, Feeling

Question 24

Personal Unconscious-Jung

Answer 24

reservoir for material that was once conscious (pre-conscious)- may be forgotten or suppressed

Question 25

Complexes

Answer 25

Jungian, pattern of being organized around a common theme (power), usually unconscious to you, conscious to others

Question 26

Collective Unconscious

Answer 26

Collective Unconscious- deepest level of psyche, accumulation of inherited experiences, mother, birth, death, power, worship, fear dark, evil
Archetypes- images of universal experiences in collective unconscious
-Persona- mask/public face
-anima- femininity, ideal vision of opposite sex
-Self- total unity of person

Question 27

Jungian Development of Personality

Answer 27

Development of Personality
• Childhood- ego development, distinguish self from others
• Adolescence- consciousness dominant, focused on external reality
• Middle Age- shift in focus, external to internal, balance consciousness and unconsciousness
Transcendence-innate tendency towards wholeness
Individuation- fulfillment of capacities to become an individual, dethrone persona, delve into shadow, integration of conscious and unconscious, more universal personality

Question 28

Jungian Assessment Techniques

Answer 28

case studies from memory, symptom analysis (like catharsis), dream analysis (dreams are prospective/compensatory)

Question 29

Jung Contributions

Answer 29

female individuation, midlife crisis, play/art therapy, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Question 30

Jung Criticisms

Answer 30

difficult to understand, lack internal consistency/systematization, too accepting of occult/supernatural, no experimental psych

Question 31

Jung’s big questions

Answer 31

Determinism & Free will, nature/nurture influences, past/present focus, uniqueness fades over time, growth throughout life, optimistic

Question 32

Life of Horney

Answer 32

germany, sea captain dad, religious, domineering, spirited mother, felt rejected by parents, envied big brother, model child, married oscar, 3 daughters, depression in adulthood, US, expanded on Freud, lots of affairs

Question 33

Childhood Need for Safety

Answer 33

primary shaper of personality, not universal developmental stages, can withstand trauma if child feels loved
-not all infants feel helpless (like adler said), arises from caregiver behaviors

Question 34

Basic Anxiety

Answer 34

Horney, pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness

foundation of neurosis

Question 35

Self-Protective Mechanisms

Answer 35

• more powerful motivator than sex- defend against basic anxiety
  • Securing affection & love- doing what others want
  • Being submissive- repress personal desires
  • Attaining power- security through success
  • Withdrawing- independence from internal needs

Question 36

Neurotic Needs

Answer 36

• Affection & Approval
• Dominant Partner
• Power
• Exploitation
• Prestige
• Admiration
• Achievement
• Self-Sufficiency
• Perfection
• Narrow Limits to Life

Question 37

Compliant Personality

Answer 37

• Affection & Approval + Dominant Partner

Moving Toward, constant need for approval, dominant person takes charge of their life

Question 38

Aggressive Personality

Answer 38

• Power + Exploitation + Prestige + Admiration + Achievement
  Moving against people

Question 39

Detached Personality

Answer 39

• Self-Sufficiency + Perfection + Narrow Limits to Life

- Moving away from people, intimacy leads to conflict, feel unique

Question 40

Tyranny of the Shoulds

Answer 40

Attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying true self, behave how we should (perfect), comes from idealized self

Question 41

Externalization

Answer 41

defense against conflict caused by the discrepancy between idealized and real self- project conflicts on outside world

Question 42

Flight from Womanhood

Answer 42

feelings of inferiority, wish to be men, can lead to sexual inhibition (fantasies of penetration by adult male- mistrust men)

Question 43

Assessment Techniques- Horney

Answer 43

Case study- opposed to taking notes, tried to be scientific in observations
Modified Freud- exquisitely cooperative, constructive friendliness
Free Association- attitude toward therapist explains attitudes towards others, inquired about childhood only after evaluating present self
Dream Analysis- dreams help solve problems, feeling in dream is important

Question 44

Horney Contributions and criticisms

Answer 44

Contributions
Large public following, commonsense appeal, US relevant, feminine psychology, CAD personality assessment & HCTI
Criticisms
Denied biology, needs soc/anth studies to inform focus on social forces, middle class focus

Question 45

Life of Erikson

Answer 45

1902, germany, stepdad, felt lost, bummed around Europe after dropping out of art school, had a gallery show, ultimately got a job teaching kids for Freud, did Psychoanalysis with Anna, got his girl pregnant, finally married her, moved to Denmark, then Boston, practice specialized in kids, studied lakota & Yurok, worked with vets,

Question 46

Epigenetic Principle of maturation

Answer 46

We all go through predetermined sequence of stages

Question 47

Erikson stages goal

Answer 47

Goal- refocus instinctual energy for needs of each stage, achieve balance

Question 48

Trust V Mistrust

Answer 48

0-1, BS: Hope

Question 49

Autonomy V Shame & Doubt

Answer 49

2-3, BS: Will (determination to exercise freedom & self restraint)

Question 50

Initiative V Guilt

Answer 50

3-5, forming superego, BS: Purpose

Question 51

Industry V Inferiority

Answer 51

6-11, BS: Competence

Question 52

Identity V Role Confusion

Answer 52

12-18, BS: Fidelity, sincerity
ego identity- self image is formed during adolescence,
identity crisis- failing to achieve a cohesive identity
Identity cohesion- comes from having ego identity
role confusion=who you are and who you want to be don’t match up

Question 53

Intimacy V Isolation,

Answer 53

19-35, BS: Love

Question 54

Generativity V Stagnation

Answer 54

35-55, teaching, BS: Care

Question 55

Ego Integrity V Despair

Answer 55

55-death, BS: Wisdom

Question 56

Jungian Principles (how motivation happens)

Answer 56

Opposition Principle- conflict between opposition is primary motivator
Equivalence Principle- energy redistributed, not lost, redirect or soaked up by unconscious
Entropy Principle- tendency toward balance, balance is an impossible ideal

Question 57

Cultural differences between populations

Answer 57

Asia- collectivism, self effacement
AA’s- Depression, emotion, lower trust/self esteem, better with black therapists
Latino- high PTSD, collectivism, low seeking help
Women- high depression, social concerns, lower assertiveness, longer & more meds at therapy