Exam 1 Flashcards
A task is the performance of a skill. The skill is either ___, ____, or ____
discrete, continuous, or serial
Tasks are catagorized as either being a ____, ____ or ____ task
mobility task, stability task, or manipulation task
Reflex theory believes that reflex chaining is the result of
sensory input
A mechanical perspective:
Body = a mass subject to external and internal forces
Control is distributed.
Movement synergies control degrees of freedom (i.e., muscles work together as a unit)
Movement strategies regulate/control df
is what theory of motor control
systems theory
6 steps of motor control framework
initial condition, preparation, initiation, execution, termination, outcomes
Motor learning cannot be quantifiably measured, rather, it is inferred by
the pts behavior
The process of aquiring the capability of skilled actions, or aquiring knowledge about the world is known as
learning
Motor learning results from ____ or ____
experience or practice
Motor learning process results in a ___ change
permanent
Type of learning where the subject pairs 2 stimuli together, ex: dog rings bell, dog gets food (bell=food)
classical conditioning
Classical conditioning is usually associated with
survival
Trial and error is the concept of this type of learning or conditioning
operant conditioning
When he presence of a regular stimulus results in a decreased response (stimulus is close together)
habituation
2 forms of NON associative learning
habituation, sensitization
When the presence of a repeated stimulus increases response
sensitization
pain from something that normally doesn’t cause px
allodynia
increased sensitivity to px
hyperalgesia
Allodynial and hyperalgesia are ex of what
sensitization
Motor learning vs motor performance, motor learning creates a ___ change while motor performance creates a ___ change
learning - perm
performance - temporary
Learning tasks that can be performed without giving conscious thought (like jumping on a bike and going)
procedural learning
_____ memory or storage of the knowledge of how to do a task without required thought about doing it, which is the concept of procedural learning
implicit memory is procedural learning
____ memory has to do with declaritive learning
explicit
Knowing the date, or time, or who is treating you is an ex of ____ learning or ____ memory
declaritive learning/explicit memory
_____ learning requires awareness, reflection and thought (declaritive or procedural)
declaritive
Holding a baby above a floor as it begins to march automatically is an ex of what theory of motor control
motor programming theory
central pattern generator is the main concept of what theory of motor control
motor programming theory
According to motor programming theory of motor control,central pattern generators can be activated without the presence of
stimulus
According to motor programming theory of motor control, central pattern generators are mediated where in the body
spinal cord
Control being distributed throughout systems that are working synergistically is what theory of motor control
systems theory
Downfall of the systems theory of motor control
if one sx is faulty (ex: if person has pulmonary disease, this sx effects all others = maybe cannot walk due to lack of O2)
Sx theory of motor control doesn’t acct for what two things
involvment of the nervous sx, environment
Preferred pattern of movement is what theory of motor control (the body acts as a functional unit)
dynamical action theory
The pattern of a horse changing from a trot to a full on run is an ex of what theory of motor control
dynamical action theory
Movement is goal directed, specific to a task and env is what theory of motor control
ecological
List the 4 main components of the individual
perception, attention, cognition, action
what are the 3 main types of tasks
mobility, stability, or manipulative
Environments can be regulatory or non regulatory, open or closed. Explain these concepts
regulatory-requires that the movement must adapt
non regulatory- has no constraint on movement itself
open-unpredictable and changing
closed-habitual mvmt in a fixed env
are orthotic devices considered to be regulatory or non regulatory env factors
regulatory
music would be an ex of a reg or non reg env factor
non - doesnt constrain the mvmt
list the 6 MOTOR CONTROL theories
reflex, hierachy, motor programming, systems, dynamic action, ecological (r h m s d e)
Who came up with the reflex theory of motor control
Sherrington
Sherrington believed that reflexes were the building blocks of ______
complex behaviors
3 components that make up the reflex theory of motor control
a receptor, a conducting path, and an effector
what is a reflex chain
1 reflex leads to another, which then leads to an effector = movement
what is volitional movement
self initiated, without reflex (reflex theory does not acct for this)
explain hierarchy theory of motor control
top down process (higher centers –>middle–>lower)
One chosing to over ride or voluntarily control is what theory of motor control
hierarchy
How the brain integrates sensory input is
perception
cranial nerves run from the ____ to ___
brain to sensory structures in the head (eyes, ears)
perception integrates all _____ function
nervous sx
The individual includes what 4 main components (that can impact movement)
cognition, perception, actions, and the body
Cognition is a brain function that incorporates what 3 factors
attention, motivation and emotions of the individual
Interventions for all tasks need to include what 2 things
a strategy and adaptations
Examining motor CONTROL includes looking at what 3 things
individual, task, environment
Examining MOVEMENT itself includes looking at what 3 things
actions, perceptions, intent (or goal) of the individual
Basis of PT includes what 2 very basic things
examination and treatment
3 types of tasks
discrete, continuous, series
This type of task has a beginning and end
discrete
This type of task does not have a beginning or end
continuous
This type of task is an ordered series of discrete tasks
serial
When one’s base of support (BOS) stays still is
stability
When one’s base of support moves
mobility
The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms involved for movement is known as
motor control
Factors that limit the variability of movement are known as
constraints
Explain movements vs actions
movements is just the body moving, actions are functional movements
Walking, balancing are actions or movements
actions = functional
Extent of controlled movement is known as
degrees of freedom
The more ______ you have, the more df
motor control
4 body systems directly related to df
musculoskeletal, integument, nervous, cardio pulm
What type of learning uses the hippocampus
declaritive
What type of learning requires the cerebellum
procedural
Alzheimers disease effects what part of the brain (which alters explicit memory)
hippocampus
The ability to demonstrate a skill over time and after a period without practice is known as
retention
best measure of motor learning
retention
the ability to apply a learned skill to the learning of a similiar task is known as
generalizability
I know I can bounce a basketball, and I am handed a volleyball….and then I deduct that I can too bounce the volleyball is an ex of
generalizability`
This theory of motor learning believes that the memory of movement helps the individual initiate and correct movement to enhance the outcome through parameters
Schmidts theory
Theory of motor control that believes that structuring the task to the environment to match the learner is the optimal way
ecological
4 goals of motor learning
retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, quality of performance
Fitts and Posner 3 stage model of motor learning (list stages)
cognitive, associative, autonamous
Explain the cognitive stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
the person is trying different strategies in order to find which works best for them
Explain the associative stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
When the person is refining the strategy they chose for themselves (their preferred strategy). Improvements are slow to progress in this stage
Explain the autonaumous stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model
the skill becomes automatic, the performance begins to take into account the environment and other factors
What are the stages of the Systems 3 stage model of learning
novice, advanced, and expert
Explain each stage of the Systems 3 stage model of learning
novice- here the learner makes movement simple in order to reduce df
advanced- here the learner is releasing some df in order to increase mvmt
expert- here the learner has relased ALL df in order to perfect the movment and coordinate
What are the 2 stages to the Gentiles 2 stage model of motor learning
- understanding what is expected of them for the task
2. refining the mvmt needed for the task
What are the 4 ways to assess motor learning
Looking at the pts retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance
Idea that learning movement is a generalized program from memory, which involves parameters and outcomes, is which motor learning theory
Schmidts schema
The ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement is
motor control
3 main factors that influence movement (or motor control)
environment, the individual, and the task itself
Reflex, Hierarchy, Motor programming, Systems, Dynamic action, Ecological (these are all what type of theories) motor learning or motor control
control
memory trace of movement with ongoing sensory feedback is which motor learning theory
adams closed loop
generalized program from memory with parameters and outcomes is what motor learning theory
schmidts
optimal movement to match the specific task and environment is which motor learning theory
ecological
Motor learning MODELS
Fitts and Posner 3 stage, systems 3 stage and Gentiles 2 stage
the motor learning MODEL whose basis is cognitive, associative and autonomous learning
Fitts and Posner 3 stage
The motor learning MODEL whose basis relies on the novice, the advanced and the expert
systems 3 stage
The motor learning MODEL whose basis is to understand what the task requires, refine movements for consistency & efficiency
Gentiles 2 stage Model
4 main goals of motor learning
Retention
Generalization
Resistance to contextual change
Quality of performance
The internal state that tends to direct or energize a system/person toward a goal
motivation
2 pre practice considerations to keep in mind before doing tx
the pts motivation, and the concept of the task
What does concept of the task mean
the pts belief in their ability to do it (their perception of whether it is too easy or difficult)
massed practice and distributed practice have to do with what
intensity
what is massed practice
The amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials. Massed practice may lead to fatigue
What is distributed practice
The amount of rest between trials equals or is greater than the amount of time for a trial.
When might massed practice be a poor choice
when the person is easily fatigued (low endurance) elderly or Ca pt
2 types of practice that have to do with variability
constant, variable
type of practice (dealing with variability) that includes Consistent performance of the same task
May improve performance of an invariable task.
May be fatiguing and monotonous.
constant
type of performance (dealing with variability) that includes
Varying the characteristics of the task concept, which
Increases ability to generalize to various situations. it
Involves keeping the main components (rules) of the task consistent
variable
Blocked and random practice types have to do with
the sequence or order
What is blocked practice type
practicing each task in a block before progressing to a new task. May improve performance, but may not improve learning
What is random practice type
practicing a series of tasks in a random order.
May improve learning, but may not initially improve performance
So if you are wanting to improve performance, do you use blocked or random practice
blocked
If you are wanting to improve learning do you use blocked or random practice
learning= random
Whole task practice vs part task practice
whole task does the entire progression from start to finish, part task you just perform one part at at time
T or F, the same areas of the brain that are fired during actual movement tend to be activated during mental practice.
T
Using stationary objects, Climbing stairs, or brushing teeth is considered closed or open tasks
closed (predictable, no alterations or unknowns)
Which should come first, stability or mobility
stability
What is KP and KR
knowledge of performance, knowledge of results
Information received DURING the performance is
knowledge of performance (concurrent feedback)
Information about outcomes or results from the performance is (after the task)
knowledge of results (terminal feedback)
2 main types of feedback
intrinsic, and extrinsic (or augmented)
KR and KP are ____ feedback
extrinsic (or augmented)
Intrinsic feedback includes what
feedback from their own sensory systems (hearing, sight, touch, proprioception)
Why would terminal (or KR) feedback be more effective than KP (or concurrent feedback)
bc as the clinician, you aren’t distracting the pt during the activity, you wait until activity is done
What would be 4 ways you can alter/progress the simple task of walking
have them close their eyes, alter the surface, alter shoeware, turn head side to side
What is the difference btwn spontaneous and forced recovery
spontaneous- no intervention
forced- there was planned intervention (like PT)
What type (or location of) brain lesion damages declarative learning
lesions in the hippocampus
Which is more damaging, a single, large lesion or infarct vs multiple infarcts that would equal the single, large one
The single, large infarct is worse
WHich offers greater extent of recovery, pre injury or post injury experience
pre (the bottom line is prevention and healthy living is key)
T or F, training the involved limb is the most effective way to recover
T
Explain compensation strategies
these are strategies often used early on during recovery/early tx that substitute the “once normal” functional tasks with altertatives
Explain remediation strategies
These are strategies often used in the intermediate phase of recovery, to promote recovery and improved function
Explain motor learning strategies
these Teach permanent, functional motor skills to promote retention,
age, characteristics of the lesion, effects of previous experience, pharmacology, are all factors that can effect
motor learning during recovery
Motor control involves the ___, the ___ and the__
individual, task, and the env
Motor learning requires variable practice to enable ___, ____, ______, and ____
(goals of motor learning)
retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance.
Performing a task at a later time without prompting is
retention
Performing variations of the same task (ex: reaching with right arm first then left) is good to achieve what goal of motor learning
generalization
What does resistance to contextual cchange mean
the ability to perform a task in various contexts of environments
motor control relates directly to what
brain and spinal cord function
motor performance is influenced by what
all body sxs
individual, task, and env are the components of
motor control
What part of the brain must pts have to do mental practice
prefrontal lobe
what is most optimal for motor learning, mental, physical or both
both mental and physical practice
What are the 2 benefits to mental practice
alleviates anxiety, allows for pt to do even if tired or hurt
Which is better for motor learning AND motor performance (distributed or massed)
distributed
An athlete training, and doing one task over and over (same each time) is constant or variable
constant
Constant tasks are good for pts with what issues
cognitive
Although variable practice (vs constant) may not be best to improve motor performance, how does it enhance motor learning
makes it more generalized - adaptable
For motor learning, is random or blocked better
random, it engages their thought processes (2 6 9 5 1)
Blocked is good for individuals with (1 2 3 4 5)
cognitive issues (blocked is simple and repetitive)
When working on walking, is part or whole training best
whole, walking isn’t naturally divisible into parts
Which type of training (part or whole) involved dividing tasks into individual units
part
What is bilateral transfer
transferring a pattern from one side to the other
Bilateral transfer increases motor ___
learning
Give an ex of when bilateral transfer may be helpful early on
if px is too great in effected side, have them do the motions on uneffected side during that timeframe (as practice) and then transfer the mvmts to other side
Are PTs extrinsic or intrinsic feedback
we are extrinsic
For optimal motor learning, use KR or KP
KR
Why should we as PT’s try to limit our feedback during pts activity
bc we want them to figure it out for themselves, set their own patterns
Variable, random, KR (less feedback) is best for
motor learning
____is a direct experience that allows motor performance of a task
physical practice
Would blocked or random be better for adapting to different patterns of coordination
random
Those conditions in which KR was provided ________ proved more beneficial for motor learning
less frequently
The front of the brain plays a huge role in ____ about and ___ movement
thinking about and planning
Part of brain responsible for motor control and coordination
cerebellum (hindbrain)
group of nuclei in forebrain that aids in motor control
basal ganglia
What is the real reason for brains
movement
Motor memory is due to what part of brain
cerebellum
Procedural learning has to have a functional (brain part)
cerebellum
Part of brain responsible for reasoning and logic
forebrain
3 types of retraining
part, whole, bilateral
What does associative stage (in Fitts and Posner) mean
them practicing the task, they know what they are doing but they don’t do it efficiently
There are 6 motor control theories, 3 motor learning theories, and 3 models of motor learning…list all
6 motor control theories: Reflex, heirarchy, motor programming, systems, dynamic actin, ecological
3 motor learning theories: A, S, E
3 models of motor learning: fitts and posner, gentiles 2 stage, systems 3 stage
Explain procedural vs declaritive learning
Procedural- Learning tasks that can be performed without attention or conscious thought (like a habit), easily demonstrated
declarative - requires use of recall memory, requires attention and reflection (time, place, date)
Automatic Central pattern generator (CPG) More flexible than a reflex Mediated in the spinal cord Can be activated without sensory stimulation Is what MC theory
Motor programming (they are programmed to do the behavior without thought)
factors influencing motor control (mvmnt)
individual, task, env
Movement is initiated (creating a memory trace)
Movement provides ongoing sensory feedback
Corrections result from an internalized reference of correctness (perceptual trace). The more they practice, the stronger it is
This is what Model of Motor learning
adams closed loop
2 types of practice that have to do with intensity
massed, distributed
Constant goes with ___
and random goes with ___
(meaning catagories)
constant or variable
random or blocked
Choose the best category from each component…which ones are best for motor learning
variable, distributed, random, KR, both mental and physical practices
