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Movement Science > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A task is the performance of a skill. The skill is either ___, ____, or ____

A

discrete, continuous, or serial

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2
Q

Tasks are catagorized as either being a ____, ____ or ____ task

A

mobility task, stability task, or manipulation task

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3
Q

Reflex theory believes that reflex chaining is the result of

A

sensory input

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4
Q

A mechanical perspective:
Body = a mass subject to external and internal forces
Control is distributed.
Movement synergies control degrees of freedom (i.e., muscles work together as a unit)
Movement strategies regulate/control df
is what theory of motor control

A

systems theory

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5
Q

6 steps of motor control framework

A

initial condition, preparation, initiation, execution, termination, outcomes

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6
Q

Motor learning cannot be quantifiably measured, rather, it is inferred by

A

the pts behavior

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7
Q

The process of aquiring the capability of skilled actions, or aquiring knowledge about the world is known as

A

learning

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8
Q

Motor learning results from ____ or ____

A

experience or practice

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9
Q

Motor learning process results in a ___ change

A

permanent

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10
Q

Type of learning where the subject pairs 2 stimuli together, ex: dog rings bell, dog gets food (bell=food)

A

classical conditioning

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11
Q

Classical conditioning is usually associated with

A

survival

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12
Q

Trial and error is the concept of this type of learning or conditioning

A

operant conditioning

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13
Q

When he presence of a regular stimulus results in a decreased response (stimulus is close together)

A

habituation

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14
Q

2 forms of NON associative learning

A

habituation, sensitization

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15
Q

When the presence of a repeated stimulus increases response

A

sensitization

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16
Q

pain from something that normally doesn’t cause px

A

allodynia

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17
Q

increased sensitivity to px

A

hyperalgesia

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18
Q

Allodynial and hyperalgesia are ex of what

A

sensitization

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19
Q

Motor learning vs motor performance, motor learning creates a ___ change while motor performance creates a ___ change

A

learning - perm

performance - temporary

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20
Q

Learning tasks that can be performed without giving conscious thought (like jumping on a bike and going)

A

procedural learning

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21
Q

_____ memory or storage of the knowledge of how to do a task without required thought about doing it, which is the concept of procedural learning

A

implicit memory is procedural learning

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22
Q

____ memory has to do with declaritive learning

A

explicit

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23
Q

Knowing the date, or time, or who is treating you is an ex of ____ learning or ____ memory

A

declaritive learning/explicit memory

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24
Q

_____ learning requires awareness, reflection and thought (declaritive or procedural)

A

declaritive

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25
Q

Holding a baby above a floor as it begins to march automatically is an ex of what theory of motor control

A

motor programming theory

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26
Q

central pattern generator is the main concept of what theory of motor control

A

motor programming theory

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27
Q

According to motor programming theory of motor control,central pattern generators can be activated without the presence of

A

stimulus

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28
Q

According to motor programming theory of motor control, central pattern generators are mediated where in the body

A

spinal cord

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29
Q

Control being distributed throughout systems that are working synergistically is what theory of motor control

A

systems theory

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30
Q

Downfall of the systems theory of motor control

A

if one sx is faulty (ex: if person has pulmonary disease, this sx effects all others = maybe cannot walk due to lack of O2)

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31
Q

Sx theory of motor control doesn’t acct for what two things

A

involvment of the nervous sx, environment

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32
Q

Preferred pattern of movement is what theory of motor control (the body acts as a functional unit)

A

dynamical action theory

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33
Q

The pattern of a horse changing from a trot to a full on run is an ex of what theory of motor control

A

dynamical action theory

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34
Q

Movement is goal directed, specific to a task and env is what theory of motor control

A

ecological

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35
Q

List the 4 main components of the individual

A

perception, attention, cognition, action

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36
Q

what are the 3 main types of tasks

A

mobility, stability, or manipulative

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37
Q

Environments can be regulatory or non regulatory, open or closed. Explain these concepts

A

regulatory-requires that the movement must adapt
non regulatory- has no constraint on movement itself
open-unpredictable and changing
closed-habitual mvmt in a fixed env

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38
Q

are orthotic devices considered to be regulatory or non regulatory env factors

A

regulatory

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39
Q

music would be an ex of a reg or non reg env factor

A

non - doesnt constrain the mvmt

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40
Q

list the 6 MOTOR CONTROL theories

A

reflex, hierachy, motor programming, systems, dynamic action, ecological (r h m s d e)

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41
Q

Who came up with the reflex theory of motor control

A

Sherrington

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42
Q

Sherrington believed that reflexes were the building blocks of ______

A

complex behaviors

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43
Q

3 components that make up the reflex theory of motor control

A

a receptor, a conducting path, and an effector

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44
Q

what is a reflex chain

A

1 reflex leads to another, which then leads to an effector = movement

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45
Q

what is volitional movement

A

self initiated, without reflex (reflex theory does not acct for this)

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46
Q

explain hierarchy theory of motor control

A

top down process (higher centers –>middle–>lower)

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47
Q

One chosing to over ride or voluntarily control is what theory of motor control

A

hierarchy

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48
Q

How the brain integrates sensory input is

A

perception

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49
Q

cranial nerves run from the ____ to ___

A

brain to sensory structures in the head (eyes, ears)

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50
Q

perception integrates all _____ function

A

nervous sx

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51
Q

The individual includes what 4 main components (that can impact movement)

A

cognition, perception, actions, and the body

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52
Q

Cognition is a brain function that incorporates what 3 factors

A

attention, motivation and emotions of the individual

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53
Q

Interventions for all tasks need to include what 2 things

A

a strategy and adaptations

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54
Q

Examining motor CONTROL includes looking at what 3 things

A

individual, task, environment

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55
Q

Examining MOVEMENT itself includes looking at what 3 things

A

actions, perceptions, intent (or goal) of the individual

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56
Q

Basis of PT includes what 2 very basic things

A

examination and treatment

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57
Q

3 types of tasks

A

discrete, continuous, series

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58
Q

This type of task has a beginning and end

A

discrete

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59
Q

This type of task does not have a beginning or end

A

continuous

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60
Q

This type of task is an ordered series of discrete tasks

A

serial

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61
Q

When one’s base of support (BOS) stays still is

A

stability

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62
Q

When one’s base of support moves

A

mobility

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63
Q

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms involved for movement is known as

A

motor control

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64
Q

Factors that limit the variability of movement are known as

A

constraints

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65
Q

Explain movements vs actions

A

movements is just the body moving, actions are functional movements

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66
Q

Walking, balancing are actions or movements

A

actions = functional

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67
Q

Extent of controlled movement is known as

A

degrees of freedom

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68
Q

The more ______ you have, the more df

A

motor control

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69
Q

4 body systems directly related to df

A

musculoskeletal, integument, nervous, cardio pulm

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70
Q

What type of learning uses the hippocampus

A

declaritive

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71
Q

What type of learning requires the cerebellum

A

procedural

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72
Q

Alzheimers disease effects what part of the brain (which alters explicit memory)

A

hippocampus

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73
Q

The ability to demonstrate a skill over time and after a period without practice is known as

A

retention

74
Q

best measure of motor learning

A

retention

75
Q

the ability to apply a learned skill to the learning of a similiar task is known as

A

generalizability

76
Q

I know I can bounce a basketball, and I am handed a volleyball….and then I deduct that I can too bounce the volleyball is an ex of

A

generalizability`

77
Q

This theory of motor learning believes that the memory of movement helps the individual initiate and correct movement to enhance the outcome through parameters

A

Schmidts theory

78
Q

Theory of motor control that believes that structuring the task to the environment to match the learner is the optimal way

A

ecological

79
Q

4 goals of motor learning

A

retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, quality of performance

80
Q

Fitts and Posner 3 stage model of motor learning (list stages)

A

cognitive, associative, autonamous

81
Q

Explain the cognitive stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

A

the person is trying different strategies in order to find which works best for them

82
Q

Explain the associative stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

A

When the person is refining the strategy they chose for themselves (their preferred strategy). Improvements are slow to progress in this stage

83
Q

Explain the autonaumous stage of learning in Fitts and Posner 3 stage model

A

the skill becomes automatic, the performance begins to take into account the environment and other factors

84
Q

What are the stages of the Systems 3 stage model of learning

A

novice, advanced, and expert

85
Q

Explain each stage of the Systems 3 stage model of learning

A

novice- here the learner makes movement simple in order to reduce df
advanced- here the learner is releasing some df in order to increase mvmt
expert- here the learner has relased ALL df in order to perfect the movment and coordinate

86
Q

What are the 2 stages to the Gentiles 2 stage model of motor learning

A
  1. understanding what is expected of them for the task

2. refining the mvmt needed for the task

87
Q

What are the 4 ways to assess motor learning

A

Looking at the pts retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance

88
Q

Idea that learning movement is a generalized program from memory, which involves parameters and outcomes, is which motor learning theory

A

Schmidts schema

89
Q

The ability to regulate or direct mechanisms essential to movement is

A

motor control

90
Q

3 main factors that influence movement (or motor control)

A

environment, the individual, and the task itself

91
Q

Reflex, Hierarchy, Motor programming, Systems, Dynamic action, Ecological (these are all what type of theories) motor learning or motor control

A

control

92
Q

memory trace of movement with ongoing sensory feedback is which motor learning theory

A

adams closed loop

93
Q

generalized program from memory with parameters and outcomes is what motor learning theory

A

schmidts

94
Q

optimal movement to match the specific task and environment is which motor learning theory

A

ecological

95
Q

Motor learning MODELS

A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage, systems 3 stage and Gentiles 2 stage

96
Q

the motor learning MODEL whose basis is cognitive, associative and autonomous learning

A

Fitts and Posner 3 stage

97
Q

The motor learning MODEL whose basis relies on the novice, the advanced and the expert

A

systems 3 stage

98
Q

The motor learning MODEL whose basis is to understand what the task requires, refine movements for consistency & efficiency

A

Gentiles 2 stage Model

99
Q

4 main goals of motor learning

A

Retention
Generalization
Resistance to contextual change
Quality of performance

100
Q

The internal state that tends to direct or energize a system/person toward a goal

A

motivation

101
Q

2 pre practice considerations to keep in mind before doing tx

A

the pts motivation, and the concept of the task

102
Q

What does concept of the task mean

A

the pts belief in their ability to do it (their perception of whether it is too easy or difficult)

103
Q

massed practice and distributed practice have to do with what

A

intensity

104
Q

what is massed practice

A

The amount of practice time in a trial is greater than the amount of rest between trials. Massed practice may lead to fatigue

105
Q

What is distributed practice

A

The amount of rest between trials equals or is greater than the amount of time for a trial.

106
Q

When might massed practice be a poor choice

A

when the person is easily fatigued (low endurance) elderly or Ca pt

107
Q

2 types of practice that have to do with variability

A

constant, variable

108
Q

type of practice (dealing with variability) that includes Consistent performance of the same task
May improve performance of an invariable task.
May be fatiguing and monotonous.

A

constant

109
Q

type of performance (dealing with variability) that includes
Varying the characteristics of the task concept, which
Increases ability to generalize to various situations. it
Involves keeping the main components (rules) of the task consistent

A

variable

110
Q

Blocked and random practice types have to do with

A

the sequence or order

111
Q

What is blocked practice type

A

practicing each task in a block before progressing to a new task. May improve performance, but may not improve learning

112
Q

What is random practice type

A

practicing a series of tasks in a random order.

May improve learning, but may not initially improve performance

113
Q

So if you are wanting to improve performance, do you use blocked or random practice

A

blocked

114
Q

If you are wanting to improve learning do you use blocked or random practice

A

learning= random

115
Q

Whole task practice vs part task practice

A

whole task does the entire progression from start to finish, part task you just perform one part at at time

116
Q

T or F, the same areas of the brain that are fired during actual movement tend to be activated during mental practice.

A

T

117
Q

Using stationary objects, Climbing stairs, or brushing teeth is considered closed or open tasks

A

closed (predictable, no alterations or unknowns)

118
Q

Which should come first, stability or mobility

A

stability

119
Q

What is KP and KR

A

knowledge of performance, knowledge of results

120
Q

Information received DURING the performance is

A

knowledge of performance (concurrent feedback)

121
Q

Information about outcomes or results from the performance is (after the task)

A

knowledge of results (terminal feedback)

122
Q

2 main types of feedback

A

intrinsic, and extrinsic (or augmented)

123
Q

KR and KP are ____ feedback

A

extrinsic (or augmented)

124
Q

Intrinsic feedback includes what

A

feedback from their own sensory systems (hearing, sight, touch, proprioception)

125
Q

Why would terminal (or KR) feedback be more effective than KP (or concurrent feedback)

A

bc as the clinician, you aren’t distracting the pt during the activity, you wait until activity is done

126
Q

What would be 4 ways you can alter/progress the simple task of walking

A

have them close their eyes, alter the surface, alter shoeware, turn head side to side

127
Q

What is the difference btwn spontaneous and forced recovery

A

spontaneous- no intervention

forced- there was planned intervention (like PT)

128
Q

What type (or location of) brain lesion damages declarative learning

A

lesions in the hippocampus

129
Q

Which is more damaging, a single, large lesion or infarct vs multiple infarcts that would equal the single, large one

A

The single, large infarct is worse

130
Q

WHich offers greater extent of recovery, pre injury or post injury experience

A

pre (the bottom line is prevention and healthy living is key)

131
Q

T or F, training the involved limb is the most effective way to recover

A

T

132
Q

Explain compensation strategies

A

these are strategies often used early on during recovery/early tx that substitute the “once normal” functional tasks with altertatives

133
Q

Explain remediation strategies

A

These are strategies often used in the intermediate phase of recovery, to promote recovery and improved function

134
Q

Explain motor learning strategies

A

these Teach permanent, functional motor skills to promote retention,

135
Q

age, characteristics of the lesion, effects of previous experience, pharmacology, are all factors that can effect

A

motor learning during recovery

136
Q

Motor control involves the ___, the ___ and the__

A

individual, task, and the env

137
Q

Motor learning requires variable practice to enable ___, ____, ______, and ____
(goals of motor learning)

A

retention, generalization, resistance to contextual change, and quality of performance.

138
Q

Performing a task at a later time without prompting is

A

retention

139
Q

Performing variations of the same task (ex: reaching with right arm first then left) is good to achieve what goal of motor learning

A

generalization

140
Q

What does resistance to contextual cchange mean

A

the ability to perform a task in various contexts of environments

141
Q

motor control relates directly to what

A

brain and spinal cord function

142
Q

motor performance is influenced by what

A

all body sxs

143
Q

individual, task, and env are the components of

A

motor control

144
Q

What part of the brain must pts have to do mental practice

A

prefrontal lobe

145
Q

what is most optimal for motor learning, mental, physical or both

A

both mental and physical practice

146
Q

What are the 2 benefits to mental practice

A

alleviates anxiety, allows for pt to do even if tired or hurt

147
Q

Which is better for motor learning AND motor performance (distributed or massed)

A

distributed

148
Q

An athlete training, and doing one task over and over (same each time) is constant or variable

A

constant

149
Q

Constant tasks are good for pts with what issues

A

cognitive

150
Q

Although variable practice (vs constant) may not be best to improve motor performance, how does it enhance motor learning

A

makes it more generalized - adaptable

151
Q

For motor learning, is random or blocked better

A

random, it engages their thought processes (2 6 9 5 1)

152
Q

Blocked is good for individuals with (1 2 3 4 5)

A

cognitive issues (blocked is simple and repetitive)

153
Q

When working on walking, is part or whole training best

A

whole, walking isn’t naturally divisible into parts

154
Q

Which type of training (part or whole) involved dividing tasks into individual units

A

part

155
Q

What is bilateral transfer

A

transferring a pattern from one side to the other

156
Q

Bilateral transfer increases motor ___

A

learning

157
Q

Give an ex of when bilateral transfer may be helpful early on

A

if px is too great in effected side, have them do the motions on uneffected side during that timeframe (as practice) and then transfer the mvmts to other side

158
Q

Are PTs extrinsic or intrinsic feedback

A

we are extrinsic

159
Q

For optimal motor learning, use KR or KP

A

KR

160
Q

Why should we as PT’s try to limit our feedback during pts activity

A

bc we want them to figure it out for themselves, set their own patterns

161
Q

Variable, random, KR (less feedback) is best for

A

motor learning

162
Q

____is a direct experience that allows motor performance of a task

A

physical practice

163
Q

Would blocked or random be better for adapting to different patterns of coordination

A

random

164
Q

Those conditions in which KR was provided ________ proved more beneficial for motor learning

A

less frequently

165
Q

The front of the brain plays a huge role in ____ about and ___ movement

A

thinking about and planning

166
Q

Part of brain responsible for motor control and coordination

A

cerebellum (hindbrain)

167
Q

group of nuclei in forebrain that aids in motor control

A

basal ganglia

168
Q

What is the real reason for brains

A

movement

169
Q

Motor memory is due to what part of brain

A

cerebellum

170
Q

Procedural learning has to have a functional (brain part)

A

cerebellum

171
Q

Part of brain responsible for reasoning and logic

A

forebrain

172
Q

3 types of retraining

A

part, whole, bilateral

173
Q

What does associative stage (in Fitts and Posner) mean

A

them practicing the task, they know what they are doing but they don’t do it efficiently

174
Q

There are 6 motor control theories, 3 motor learning theories, and 3 models of motor learning…list all

A

6 motor control theories: Reflex, heirarchy, motor programming, systems, dynamic actin, ecological

3 motor learning theories: A, S, E

3 models of motor learning: fitts and posner, gentiles 2 stage, systems 3 stage

175
Q

Explain procedural vs declaritive learning

A

Procedural- Learning tasks that can be performed without attention or conscious thought (like a habit), easily demonstrated

declarative - requires use of recall memory, requires attention and reflection (time, place, date)

176
Q 
Automatic
Central pattern generator (CPG) 
More flexible than a reflex
Mediated in the spinal cord 
Can be activated without sensory stimulation
Is what MC theory
A

Motor programming (they are programmed to do the behavior without thought)

177
Q

factors influencing motor control (mvmnt)

A

individual, task, env

178
Q

Movement is initiated (creating a memory trace)
Movement provides ongoing sensory feedback
Corrections result from an internalized reference of correctness (perceptual trace). The more they practice, the stronger it is
This is what Model of Motor learning

A

adams closed loop

179
Q

2 types of practice that have to do with intensity

A

massed, distributed

180
Q

Constant goes with ___
and random goes with ___
(meaning catagories)

A

constant or variable

random or blocked

181
Q

Choose the best category from each component…which ones are best for motor learning

A

variable, distributed, random, KR, both mental and physical practices

Movement Science (3 decks)

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