exam 1 Flashcards by katie kiley

What two kinds of cells are single celled organisms with no nucleus?

bacteria and archea

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what kind of cell is in multi celled organisms with a membrane bound nucleus?

Eukaryotes

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what distinguishes archea from bacteria?

they live in extreme environments

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what is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus

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how many features do all cells have in common?

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what are all cells enclosed in?

plasma membrane

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where do all cells store genetic information?

DNA

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what do al cells use to replicate genetic information?

DNA template and polymerization

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what do all cells TRANSCRIBE genetic information into?

RNA

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what do all cells TRANSLATE genetic information into?

protein

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what do all cells use a catalysts?

protein(enzymes)

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what macromolecule building blocks do all cells have?

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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what are two unique features of eukaryote cells?

compartmentalization and specialization

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what are two features of compartmentalization?

protection of genetic information and increased surface area of membrane(more membrane more area to do work).

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what are two features of specialization?

organelles which each do a specific job, different cells have different amounts of organelles

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what is compartmentalization?

different cells have different tasks or jobs

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how are plant cells connected to each other?

cytoplasmic bridges

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plasmodesma helps…

pass things back and forth between cells

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cell walls in plants can..

be primary or secondary around a cell the secondary being more ridged ex. wood is secondary

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cytoplasm=

cytosol+cytoskeleton

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cytosol is permeated by a 3-d array called

cytoskeleton

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true cytoskeleton only found in

eukaryotes

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what are some ways cells in different domains be different in?

presence/absence of a nucleus
organization of DNA
expression of DNA
true cytoskeleton
preform exocytosis/endocytosis
internal membranes-organelles

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what is the double layer nuclear envelope with pores also known as?

nuclear membrane

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nucleolus

site of RNA synthesis

bacteria/ Archaea contain genetic information folded into a..

nucleoid(attached to a cell membrane)

bacterial DNA

circular, few associated protiens

Archaeal DNA

circular, moderate amount of protiens

Eukaryotic DNA

Multiple, Linear; many associated protiens called histones

what is the only bacteria with organelles? why?

cyanobacteria and it is photosynthetic

are ribosomes organelles?

what do organelles mean?

little organs

what are membrane bound and highly specialized?

organelles

Where did the first cells come from? what experiment helped answer this question?

Miller-Urey Experiment – “chemical evolution”

what was the first "life form"?

Self replicating RNA the lead to the ribosome

when did the first cell appear?

about 3.5 to 4 billion years about and it was Likely a ribozyme surrounded by a phospholipid membrane

what kind of energy do cells utilize to do work?

ATP (GTP) or formally known as Adenosine, guanosine triphosphate

how do Organotrophs get their energy?

Feed on other organisms | Feed on organic compounds

how do Lithotrophs | get their energy?

Feed on inorganic chemicals (ex: rock)

how do Phototrophs (or autotrophs) | get their energy?

Produce their own food using light energy

Three component “strands” of cell biology

Cytology Biochemistry Genetics

Cytology

Describes cellular structure | Relies on microscopy and staining techniques

Biochemistry

Describes chemistry of cellular functions Pathways of synthesis and breakdown of compounds Energy generation and usage Enzyme catalysis Relies on many techniques

genetics

Describes the flow of information in the cell | The Central Dogma

techniques of biochemistry

Radiolabelling (remember Pulse-Chase Technique) Sub-cellular fractionation (remember chloroplast isolation) Chromatography (solvents and solid phase) Electrophoresis (buffers, electricity)

steps of central dogma?

DNA is transcribed to RNA (during transcription) RNA is translated to protein (during translation) Protein creates traits ( = gene expression)

constitutive expression

Some genes are transcribed continually

regulated expression

Some genes are transcribed when the cell has a need for a specific protein

what do all cells contain in its entirety?

All cells contain the entire genome of DNA

Different cell types express different sets of?

genes

element

substances that cannot be broken down or converted into other substances

atom

smallest particle of an element

molecule

combination of atoms

polymer

combination of repeating monomer units

mole

6.02 X 1023 molecules of a substance; when a substance has a molecular weight of X, then one mole of that substance = X grams; ex: MW glucose = 180; (1) mole glucose = 180g

molarity

number of moles of a substance per liter of solution;

The Critical Elements(96.5% of living organisms):

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Covalent

sharing of electrons between atoms

ionic bond

= electrons are transferred between atoms (one lost, one gained); atoms therefore become charged; electrostatic attraction between 2 charged atoms

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between partial charges; H falls between O’s or N’s

van der Waals interactions

weak attraction between 2 atoms due to differences in charge distribution

what is the universal solvent?

water

polar molecules contain

partial charges

Amphipathic

contain both polar and nonpolar regions

are plasma membrane selectively permeable?

yes

Simple diffusion

Spontaneous | Across phospholipids

Facilitated diffusion

Spontaneous | Protein transporters

Active Transport

Requires energy | Protein transporters

Macromolecules of living organisms

Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids

Polymerization

monomers and polymers | Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (not lipids!)

Assembly / Folding

Primary, secondary, tertiary

Lipids are special 

no monomers, no polymer | Still self-assemble because of chemistry

viruses

technically not alive and Composed of genetic material (DNA, RNA) and a capsule

how do viruses gain entry into cells?

by binding to protein receptors

nucleus

contains genetic information of the cell inside of a nuclear envelope

mitochondria

site of aerobic respiration

chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

protein synthesis and synthesis of lipids and steroids

Golgi apparatus

processing/packaging secretory protiens | synthesis of complex polysaccharides

lysosome

stores enzymes