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cells and phys > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What two kinds of cells are single celled organisms with no nucleus?

A

bacteria and archea

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2
Q

what kind of cell is in multi celled organisms with a membrane bound nucleus?

A

Eukaryotes

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3
Q

what distinguishes archea from bacteria?

A

they live in extreme environments

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4
Q

what is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus

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5
Q

how many features do all cells have in common?

A

7

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6
Q

what are all cells enclosed in?

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

where do all cells store genetic information?

A

DNA

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8
Q

what do al cells use to replicate genetic information?

A

DNA template and polymerization

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9
Q

what do all cells TRANSCRIBE genetic information into?

A

RNA

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10
Q

what do all cells TRANSLATE genetic information into?

A

protein

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11
Q

what do all cells use a catalysts?

A

protein(enzymes)

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12
Q

what macromolecule building blocks do all cells have?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

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13
Q

what are two unique features of eukaryote cells?

A

compartmentalization and specialization

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14
Q

what are two features of compartmentalization?

A

protection of genetic information and increased surface area of membrane(more membrane more area to do work).

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15
Q

what are two features of specialization?

A

organelles which each do a specific job, different cells have different amounts of organelles

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16
Q

what is compartmentalization?

A

different cells have different tasks or jobs

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17
Q

how are plant cells connected to each other?

A

cytoplasmic bridges

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18
Q

plasmodesma helps…

A

pass things back and forth between cells

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19
Q

cell walls in plants can..

A

be primary or secondary around a cell the secondary being more ridged ex. wood is secondary

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20
Q

cytoplasm=

A

cytosol+cytoskeleton

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21
Q

cytosol is permeated by a 3-d array called

A

cytoskeleton

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22
Q

true cytoskeleton only found in

A

eukaryotes

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23
Q

what are some ways cells in different domains be different in?

A 
presence/absence of a nucleus
organization of DNA
expression of DNA
true cytoskeleton
preform exocytosis/endocytosis
internal membranes-organelles
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24
Q

what is the double layer nuclear envelope with pores also known as?

A

nuclear membrane

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25
Q

nucleolus

A

site of RNA synthesis

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26
Q

bacteria/ Archaea contain genetic information folded into a..

A

nucleoid(attached to a cell membrane)

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27
Q

bacterial DNA

A

circular, few associated protiens

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28
Q

Archaeal DNA

A

circular, moderate amount of protiens

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29
Q

Eukaryotic DNA

A

Multiple, Linear; many associated protiens called histones

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30
Q

what is the only bacteria with organelles? why?

A

cyanobacteria and it is photosynthetic

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31
Q

are ribosomes organelles?

A

no

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32
Q

what do organelles mean?

A

little organs

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33
Q

what are membrane bound and highly specialized?

A

organelles

34
Q

Where did the first cells come from? what experiment helped answer this question?

A

Miller-Urey Experiment – “chemical evolution”

35
Q

what was the first “life form”?

A

Self replicating RNA the lead to the ribosome

36
Q

when did the first cell appear?

A

about 3.5 to 4 billion years about and it was Likely a ribozyme surrounded by a phospholipid membrane

37
Q

what kind of energy do cells utilize to do work?

A

ATP (GTP) or formally known as Adenosine, guanosine triphosphate

38
Q

how do Organotrophs get their energy?

A

Feed on other organisms

Feed on organic compounds

39
Q

how do Lithotrophs

get their energy?

A

Feed on inorganic chemicals (ex: rock)

40
Q

how do Phototrophs (or autotrophs)

get their energy?

A

Produce their own food using light energy

41
Q

Three component “strands” of cell biology

A

Cytology
Biochemistry
Genetics

42
Q

Cytology

A

Describes cellular structure

Relies on microscopy and staining techniques

43
Q

Biochemistry

A

Describes chemistry of cellular functions
Pathways of synthesis and breakdown of compounds
Energy generation and usage
Enzyme catalysis
Relies on many techniques

44
Q

genetics

A

Describes the flow of information in the cell

The Central Dogma

45
Q

techniques of biochemistry

A

Radiolabelling (remember Pulse-Chase Technique)
Sub-cellular fractionation (remember chloroplast isolation)
Chromatography (solvents and solid phase)
Electrophoresis (buffers, electricity)

46
Q

steps of central dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA (during transcription)
RNA is translated to protein (during translation)
Protein creates traits
( = gene expression)

47
Q

constitutive expression

A

Some genes are transcribed continually

48
Q

regulated expression

A

Some genes are transcribed when the cell has a need for a specific protein

49
Q

what do all cells contain in its entirety?

A

All cells contain the entire genome of DNA

50
Q

Different cell types express different sets of?

A

genes

51
Q

element

A

substances that cannot be broken down or converted into other substances

52
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of an element

53
Q

molecule

A

combination of atoms

54
Q

polymer

A

combination of repeating monomer units

55
Q

mole

A

6.02 X 1023 molecules of a substance; when a substance has a molecular weight of X, then one mole of that substance = X grams; ex: MW glucose = 180; (1) mole glucose = 180g

56
Q

molarity

A

number of moles of a substance per liter of solution;

57
Q

The Critical Elements(96.5% of living organisms):

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

58
Q

Covalent

A

sharing of electrons between atoms

59
Q

ionic bond

A

= electrons are transferred between atoms (one lost, one gained); atoms therefore become charged; electrostatic attraction between 2 charged atoms

60
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak attraction between partial charges; H falls between O’s or N’s

61
Q

van der Waals interactions

A

weak attraction between 2 atoms due to differences in charge distribution

62
Q

what is the universal solvent?

A

water

63
Q

polar molecules contain

A

partial charges

64
Q

Amphipathic

A

contain both polar and nonpolar regions

65
Q

are plasma membrane selectively permeable?

A

yes

66
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Spontaneous

Across phospholipids

67
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Spontaneous

Protein transporters

68
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires energy

Protein transporters

69
Q

Macromolecules of living organisms

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

70
Q

Polymerization

A

monomers and polymers

Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids (not lipids!)

71
Q

Assembly / Folding

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

72
Q

Lipids are special 

A

no monomers, no polymer

Still self-assemble because of chemistry

73
Q

viruses

A

technically not alive and Composed of genetic material (DNA, RNA) and a capsule

74
Q

how do viruses gain entry into cells?

A

by binding to protein receptors

75
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic information of the cell inside of a nuclear envelope

76
Q

mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration

77
Q

chloroplast

A

site of photosynthesis

78
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

protein synthesis and synthesis of lipids and steroids

79
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

processing/packaging secretory protiens

synthesis of complex polysaccharides

80
Q

lysosome

A

stores enzymes

cells and phys (4 decks)

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