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immunohematology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

vaccination

A

any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity

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2
Q

chemotaxis

A

process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances

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3
Q

immunology

A

the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body

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4
Q

opsonins

A

serum plasma protein that coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells

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5
Q

antibodies

A

plasma protein that are formed in response to foreign substance exposure

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6
Q

non-susceptibility

A

absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics

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7
Q

natural immunity

A

ability of the individual to resist infection by means or normally present body functions

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8
Q

immunity

A

the condition of being resistant to infection

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9
Q

serology

A

study of the noncellular portion of the blood konwn as serum

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10
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells

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11
Q

antigen

A

a foreign substance that induces an immune response

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12
Q

active immunity

A

exposure to an infection agent (chicken pox)

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13
Q

passive immunity

A

transient injection of anitbodies derived from other individual (breastfeeding)

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14
Q

adoptive immunity

A

transfer of primed lymphocytes to immunoincompetent patient from immunocompetent (cancer patient’s T-cells are harvested before chemotherapy and reintroduced once chemotherapy is complete)

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15
Q

what are four examples of opsonins?

A

C-reactive protein
complement components
antibodies (Igs)
mannose-binding protein

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16
Q

lymphokines

A

end product of Antigen stimulated t-cell that regulates other cells and tissues

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17
Q

what is an adjuvant?

A

a substance administered with an Ag that enhances and potentates the immune response (work by prolonging the existence of Ag in area and increasing amount of macrophages involved in Ag processing)
Ex hep b vaccine

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18
Q

immune tolerance

A

failure to amount an immune response to an Ag

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19
Q

where are T-cells modified?

A

thymus
predominant
they provide cellular

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20
Q

where are the B-cells modified?

A

bone marrow

they are part of the humoral

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21
Q

name 2 types of T-Cells

A

T-Effector (cytotoxic)

T-Helper (inducer)

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22
Q

which cells differentiate into plasma cells?

A

B-cells

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23
Q

what do B-cells secrete?

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

what is the primary immune response and which Igs are produced during?

A

antibodies response occurs when an individual first encounters and Ag
IgM
log phase for a few days

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25
Q

what is the secondary immune response and which Igs are produced during?

A

second and subsequent contact with same antigen
IgG
higher and longer than IgM

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26
Q

what is the role of memory cells?

A

End product of stimulated t or B cells that can be rapidly activated upon a second or subsequent antigen response. They provide long-lived protection

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27
Q

what disease causes a decrease in IgG and results in a greater susceptibility to infection?

A

acquired agammaglobulemia

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28
Q

briefly, what happens in multiple myeloma?

A

plasma cell tumors are in the bone marrow that over produce a single class of Ig

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29
Q

what Ig is usually overproduced in multiple myeloma?

A

50-60% IgG

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30
Q

what fragment of the Ig directs biological activity?

A

Fc

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31
Q

what fragment of the Ig possesses antigen binding activity?

A

Fab

32
Q

Ig light chains will occur as either of what (but never both)

A

kappa or lambda

33
Q

what is an epitope?

A

small part of the Ag that Are recognized by Ab or T-cells (molecular shapes or configurations)

34
Q

what is an epitope also known as?

A

determinant site

35
Q

what molecular weight or more does an anitgen have to be to be recognized?

A

10,000 D or greater

36
Q

what is meant by the properdin pathway?

A

alternate pathway; natural mechanism for defense from microbial invasion before Ab is available

37
Q

what are 2 Ig’s that can “fix” complement

A

IgG or IgM

38
Q

which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway?

A

C14 and 2

39
Q

what is the third pathway in complement called?

A

Lectin pathway

40
Q

is the third pathway in complement anitbody dependent?

A

no

41
Q

what is the major constituent in the third pathway of complement?

A

mannose-binding lectin (MBL)

42
Q

which element holds together the C1 complement component?

A

Ca +2

43
Q

which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?

A

Mg +2

44
Q

which complement component is the most abundant?

A

C3

45
Q

natural killer cells

A

granular lymphocytes that are able to kill target cells without prior exposure

46
Q

how many Fc fragments are needed to active complement?

A

2

47
Q

name 2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sampling

A

heat to 56C for a few minutes

age for a few weeks

48
Q

what are heterophile anitgens?

A

heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants/animals but are identical/closely related in structure so that Ab to one will cross react with Ag to the other

49
Q

HLA anitgens

A

Ag found on all nucleated cells

human leukocyte antigen

50
Q

what is the system of genes that controls the expression of HLA antigens

A

MHC

Major histocompatability complex (bring antigen to call surface for immune recognition)

51
Q

which complement component is the cytolytic component? and which accelerates the process for rapid lysis?

A

C8

C9

52
Q

IgG

A 
primary in secondary
only Ig that crosses the placenta 
highest concentrations
neutralizes viruses
provides immunity for NB primary
53
Q

IgM

A 
largest Ig
primary in primary response
Ab most often formed in response to gram =
neutralization of toxins
opsonization
pentameter
bound by J chain
first Ab formed by the newborn
54
Q

IgA

A

main in body secretions

55
Q

IgE

A

allergic reactions
can bind to mast cells and basophils
RAST
plays role in parasitic infections

56
Q

IgD

A

not much known

role in B-cell activation

57
Q

Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia

A

indolent B-cell lymphoma

has features of both multiple myeloma and non-hodgkins lymphoma

58
Q

what are haptens?

A

nonimmunogenic materials that when combined with a carrier create new antigenic determinants ( poison ivy contains haptens that complex with tissue proteins on skin to form the immunogens that give rise to contact dermatitis)

59
Q

describe Jenner’s first contribution to immunology. Which phenomenon did it demonstrate?

A

Demonstrated cross immunity, by inoculating boy with pus containing cowpox. Then once recovered inoculated with infectious small pox and no development.

60
Q

Metchnikoff is known to first describe what process in the immune system?

A

phagocytosis

61
Q

describe pasteur’s work with the first attenuated vaccine

A

demonstrated with cholera in chickens that aged cultures lose virulence but retain capacity to induce immunity

62
Q

name five ways the body uses its natural immunity

A 
skin
respiratory tract
inflammation
phagocytosis
cells
acute phase reactants
lysosomes
acid in stomach
63
Q

define lysozyme. is it a part of the external or internal defense mechanism

A

an enzyme found in saliva and tears, attacks bacterial walls especially gram +
external

64
Q

describe the process of inflammation

A

1) increased blood supply to affected areas
2) increased capillary permeability caused by reactants of endothelial cells living in the vessels
3) migration of WBC (mainly neutrophils) from capillaries to surrounding tissues
4) migration of macrophages to the injured areas

65
Q

what is a phagolysosome? at what point in phagocytosis is it formed?

A

fusion between granules and phagosome. When the phagosome moves to center of the cell and comes in contact with cytoplasmic granules.

66
Q

what WBC is capable of further differentiation in the tissues?

A

monoctye

67
Q

what WBC is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections?

A

eosinophils

68
Q

what WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection

A

neutrohpils

69
Q

what WBC is the primary agent against viral infections?

A

lymphocytes

70
Q

how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body?

A

by competing with pathogens for nutrients

71
Q

what area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of fabricius in birds?

A

bone marrow

72
Q

sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T-cell receptor?

A

CD2

73
Q

which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies

A

CRP

74
Q

which class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade?

A

B-cells

75
Q

the CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T-cells

A

T-helper (inducer)

76
Q

What is the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues ?

A

Dendritic cell

immunohematology (4 decks)

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