exam 1 Flashcards
vaccination
any procedure of injecting immunogenic material into the body in order to induce immunity
chemotaxis
process in which cells tend to move in a certain direction under stimulation of chemical substances
immunology
the study of the reactions of a host when foreign substances are introduced into the body
opsonins
serum plasma protein that coat bacteria so that they become more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
antibodies
plasma protein that are formed in response to foreign substance exposure
non-susceptibility
absolute protection against particular diseases associated with species characteristics
natural immunity
ability of the individual to resist infection by means or normally present body functions
immunity
the condition of being resistant to infection
serology
study of the noncellular portion of the blood konwn as serum
phagocytosis
engulfment of cells or particulate matter by leukocytes, macrophages, and other cells
antigen
a foreign substance that induces an immune response
active immunity
exposure to an infection agent (chicken pox)
passive immunity
transient injection of anitbodies derived from other individual (breastfeeding)
adoptive immunity
transfer of primed lymphocytes to immunoincompetent patient from immunocompetent (cancer patient’s T-cells are harvested before chemotherapy and reintroduced once chemotherapy is complete)
what are four examples of opsonins?
C-reactive protein
complement components
antibodies (Igs)
mannose-binding protein
lymphokines
end product of Antigen stimulated t-cell that regulates other cells and tissues
what is an adjuvant?
a substance administered with an Ag that enhances and potentates the immune response (work by prolonging the existence of Ag in area and increasing amount of macrophages involved in Ag processing)
Ex hep b vaccine
immune tolerance
failure to amount an immune response to an Ag
where are T-cells modified?
thymus
predominant
they provide cellular
where are the B-cells modified?
bone marrow
they are part of the humoral
name 2 types of T-Cells
T-Effector (cytotoxic)
T-Helper (inducer)
which cells differentiate into plasma cells?
B-cells
what do B-cells secrete?
Antibodies
what is the primary immune response and which Igs are produced during?
antibodies response occurs when an individual first encounters and Ag
IgM
log phase for a few days
what is the secondary immune response and which Igs are produced during?
second and subsequent contact with same antigen
IgG
higher and longer than IgM
what is the role of memory cells?
End product of stimulated t or B cells that can be rapidly activated upon a second or subsequent antigen response. They provide long-lived protection
what disease causes a decrease in IgG and results in a greater susceptibility to infection?
acquired agammaglobulemia
briefly, what happens in multiple myeloma?
plasma cell tumors are in the bone marrow that over produce a single class of Ig
what Ig is usually overproduced in multiple myeloma?
50-60% IgG
what fragment of the Ig directs biological activity?
Fc
what fragment of the Ig possesses antigen binding activity?
Fab
Ig light chains will occur as either of what (but never both)
kappa or lambda
what is an epitope?
small part of the Ag that Are recognized by Ab or T-cells (molecular shapes or configurations)
what is an epitope also known as?
determinant site
what molecular weight or more does an anitgen have to be to be recognized?
10,000 D or greater
what is meant by the properdin pathway?
alternate pathway; natural mechanism for defense from microbial invasion before Ab is available
what are 2 Ig’s that can “fix” complement
IgG or IgM
which complement components are bypassed in the alternate pathway?
C14 and 2
what is the third pathway in complement called?
Lectin pathway
is the third pathway in complement anitbody dependent?
no
what is the major constituent in the third pathway of complement?
mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
which element holds together the C1 complement component?
Ca +2
which element is required for the C2 complement component to become involved in the cascade?
Mg +2
which complement component is the most abundant?
C3
natural killer cells
granular lymphocytes that are able to kill target cells without prior exposure
how many Fc fragments are needed to active complement?
2
name 2 ways to inactivate complement in a serum sampling
heat to 56C for a few minutes
age for a few weeks
what are heterophile anitgens?
heteroantigens that exist in unrelated plants/animals but are identical/closely related in structure so that Ab to one will cross react with Ag to the other
HLA anitgens
Ag found on all nucleated cells
human leukocyte antigen
what is the system of genes that controls the expression of HLA antigens
MHC
Major histocompatability complex (bring antigen to call surface for immune recognition)
which complement component is the cytolytic component? and which accelerates the process for rapid lysis?
C8
C9
IgG
primary in secondary only Ig that crosses the placenta highest concentrations neutralizes viruses provides immunity for NB primary
IgM
largest Ig primary in primary response Ab most often formed in response to gram = neutralization of toxins opsonization pentameter bound by J chain first Ab formed by the newborn
IgA
main in body secretions
IgE
allergic reactions
can bind to mast cells and basophils
RAST
plays role in parasitic infections
IgD
not much known
role in B-cell activation
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia
indolent B-cell lymphoma
has features of both multiple myeloma and non-hodgkins lymphoma
what are haptens?
nonimmunogenic materials that when combined with a carrier create new antigenic determinants ( poison ivy contains haptens that complex with tissue proteins on skin to form the immunogens that give rise to contact dermatitis)
describe Jenner’s first contribution to immunology. Which phenomenon did it demonstrate?
Demonstrated cross immunity, by inoculating boy with pus containing cowpox. Then once recovered inoculated with infectious small pox and no development.
Metchnikoff is known to first describe what process in the immune system?
phagocytosis
describe pasteur’s work with the first attenuated vaccine
demonstrated with cholera in chickens that aged cultures lose virulence but retain capacity to induce immunity
name five ways the body uses its natural immunity
skin respiratory tract inflammation phagocytosis cells acute phase reactants lysosomes acid in stomach
define lysozyme. is it a part of the external or internal defense mechanism
an enzyme found in saliva and tears, attacks bacterial walls especially gram +
external
describe the process of inflammation
1) increased blood supply to affected areas
2) increased capillary permeability caused by reactants of endothelial cells living in the vessels
3) migration of WBC (mainly neutrophils) from capillaries to surrounding tissues
4) migration of macrophages to the injured areas
what is a phagolysosome? at what point in phagocytosis is it formed?
fusion between granules and phagosome. When the phagosome moves to center of the cell and comes in contact with cytoplasmic granules.
what WBC is capable of further differentiation in the tissues?
monoctye
what WBC is the primary agent in the defense of the body against parasitic infections?
eosinophils
what WBC is the primary agent against bacterial infection
neutrohpils
what WBC is the primary agent against viral infections?
lymphocytes
how does normal flora work as a defense mechanism for the body?
by competing with pathogens for nutrients
what area is considered to be the equivalent, in humans, as the bursa of fabricius in birds?
bone marrow
sheep red blood cells demonstrate rosetting due to which T-cell receptor?
CD2
which well-known acute phase reactant is a non-specific indicator of inflammation and is known to appear BEFORE antibodies
CRP
which class of cells does the Epstein-Barr virus selectively invade?
B-cells
the CD4 antigen is found on which subset of T-cells
T-helper (inducer)
What is the most potent phagocytic cell in the tissues ?
Dendritic cell
