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CNS > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three types of Staining tecniques

A

Golgi - does the best job of showing full cells but only a few
Nissl - stains many cells without the fibers
Weigert - only mylinated fibers, no cells

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2
Q

Name the 3 primary classification of fibers in the Cerebrum

A

1) Projection
2) Commissureal
3) Assoicational

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3
Q

Which cells make up the majority of Projection fibers?

A

Large Pyramidal Cells

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4
Q

Which fibers connect one hemisphear to another?

A

Commissural

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5
Q

Which fibers will leave the cerebrum to communicate with another area of the body?

A

Projection

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6
Q

Which fibers will connect 2 lobes within one hemisphear?

A

Long Associational fibers

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7
Q

Which fibers are present within in one lobe on one hemisphear?

A

Short Associational fibers

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8
Q

What is the largest commisura in the brain?

A

Corpous Collosum

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9
Q

Which fibers of the brain are the effarent fibers?

A

Projection fibers

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10
Q

What area of the cerebrum is the primary auditory cortex

A

Transverse temporal Gyri

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11
Q

What is Wernicky’s area?

A

the auditory association area which surrounds the primary auditory cortex

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12
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central: Brain and spinal cord
Periferal: Spinals nerves + everything else

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13
Q

What are the funtional divisions of the nervous system?

A

Autonomic: Visceral
Somatic: Musculoskeletal
Enteric: Gut Brain

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14
Q

The Brain can be further divided into what 3 major categories?

A

Forebrain: made up of telencephalon and diencephalon
Midbrain
Hindbrain: made up of the pons, cerebellum, and medulla

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15
Q

What structures made up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla

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16
Q

True or False: Ganglia are found in the CNS

A

False: Nuclei are found in the CNS, Ganglia are found in the PNS. EXCEPTION: Basial Gangilon.

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17
Q

What is the difference between White and Gray matter

A

White matter is mylinated, gray matter is unmylenated.

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18
Q

Which fibers are typically not mylenated?

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Where will be see the majority of gray matter?

A

Areas with many cell bodies, gangion, or nuclei, spcifically in the cortex.

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20
Q

Which fibers are typically mylinated?

A

Axons

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21
Q

What terms can describe a bundle of axons?

A

Tract
Lemniscus ( track through the brain stem)
Fascicle
Puncle (bundle of fibers that joins structures)

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22
Q

Areas of the brain responsible for motor control

A

Basal Ganglia
Cerebellum
Vestibular System

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23
Q

Major Structure of the brain that assists in homeostatic control?

A

Hypothamus

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24
Q

Which area of the brain controls memory and emotion?

A

Limbic System

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25
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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26
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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27
Q

Types of Neurons:

A

Multipolar
Unipolar
Psudounipolar

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28
Q

What is the most common type of neuron?

A

The multipolar

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29
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglia are composed of what type of neuron?

A

Psudounipolor cells

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30
Q

Retinal neurons are what type of neurons?

A

Bipolar

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31
Q

centrifugal nerve

A

Efferent Nerve: runs to the periferay

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32
Q

centripetal nerve

A

Afferent Nerves: runs to the CNS

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33
Q

True or False: interneurons are the least common occurring type of neuron in the body.

A

False: they make up about 99% of neurons

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34
Q

Which nerves would you describe as “rely neurons?”

A

Interneurons

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35
Q

Describe the structure of the multipolar neuron.

A

Many processes all coming out of the cell body (mostly dendrites.

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36
Q

Desirbe the shape of the bipolar cells

A

the processes come off of the cell body

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37
Q

Which type of neuron is mostly associated with sensory stim

A

bipolar

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38
Q

describe the psudounipolar cells

A

single process that splits off of the cell body which splits later. These are actually modified bipolar cells

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39
Q

What type of cell is the Trigeminal nerve

A

psudounipolor

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40
Q

What are the three ways to classify neurons

A

Shape
Funtion
What they secrete

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41
Q

What are examples of different neurons named for what they secrete

A

Adrenergic, cholinergic, dopaminergic, gabanergic

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42
Q

What does the neuron doctrine state?

A

The neuron is the simplest unit of the nervous system.

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43
Q

What are the 2 main, unique, fibers of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

Axons

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44
Q

In terms of intercellular transport, define retrograde and anterograde.

A

Anterograde: down axon
Retrograde: back up the axon

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45
Q

What are the major types of synapses?

A 
Axodendritic
Axosomatic
Somatosomatic
Axoaxonic
Dendrodendrtic
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46
Q

What is the most common type of synapse?

A

Axodendrtic

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47
Q

What is the second most common type of synapse?

A

Axosomatic

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48
Q

What are the 2 ways that nerves can transmit signals?

A

Electrical and Chemical

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49
Q

Which is a more common form of information transmission: electrical or chemical?

A

Chemical - the release of Neurotransmitters is chemical signaling

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50
Q

What types of substances may need to undergo retrograde transport?

A

Larger Neurotransmitters that have been reuptaken by the cell which produced them. Small ones will stay at the synaptic cleft but there is no space for the larger ones.

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51
Q

What allows neurotransmitters to be reuptaken by the cell that produced them?

A

Enzymes in the synaptic cleft will deactivate cells that do not contact their receptors so that they can be taken back.

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52
Q

What are the neuroglia?

A

The support cells of the nervous system

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53
Q

Distingush between shwann cells and glia cells

A

shwann cells are in the PNS, Glia are in the CNS

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54
Q

True or False: Shwann cells can be found in association with both mylinated and unmylinated fibers

A

TRUE: Shwann cells both mylinated fibers and hold them in place. If a fiber is mylinated, each shwann cell can only mylinated one piece of one fiber bc it is entirely wrapped around that section. If it is unmylinated than one shwann cell can reach out and touch several fibers.

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55
Q

What is the Node of Ranviere?

A

They are gaps between the shwann cells on a fiber, they help to speed up transmission. There is an inverse relationship between the size of the node and the speed of the signal

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56
Q

What is the difference between oligodendrocytes and shwann cells?

A

oligodendrocyets are in the CNS and each can mylinate multiple cells because there are extentions that wrap around the cells, not the entier cell itself

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57
Q

What is the most numerous cell type in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

58
Q

What is the funtion of the Astrocytes?

A

1) Support cells for the Blood Brain Barrier
2) metabolic support for neurons (nutrient and waste)
3) Mechanical support (hold everything in place by filling in
the gaps
4) Help neurons respond to neurotransmitters (act almost
like specialized interneurons

59
Q

What is the shape of the Astrocytes?

A

Star Shaped

60
Q

What are the immune cells of the nervous system?

A

The Microglia

61
Q

Where do the microglia come from

A

Controversy: Either the Bone marrow or the nervous system

62
Q

What type of tissue are the ependymal cells?

A

Psudostratified epithelial cells

63
Q

What is the primary job of the ependymal cells?

A

To create the CSF

Possible Stem cell of the NS

64
Q

What structure are the ependymal cells a part of?

A

the choroid plexus (with the capillaries)

65
Q

Name a mylination defect:

A

MS

66
Q

At what week does the nevous system begin to develop ?

A

about the 3rd week

67
Q

What are the functions of the early notochord?

A

1) send messages to other parts of the developing embryo to assist in development
2) send out chemical messages to get others to work (induction)

68
Q

When does induction occur?

A

during nuralation

69
Q

What are the stages of induction?

A

tells the overlying ectoderm to begin the process of neuralation. This causes the cells to move medially and congregate toward the center.

70
Q

What are the three layers formed in neurolation? What is formed by each?

A

Endoderm: inner linings
Mesoderm: muscles, bone, connective tissue
Ectoderm: skin, hair, NS

71
Q

Order of neurolation:

A

Notochord signals to ectoderm and cells consolidate medially to form the Neural Plate.

Neural Plate sinks down in the middle to from neural grove and neural folds (tips of the fold = crest)

Neural folds come together to form the neural tube and the crest cells break off

Neural Tube turns into CNS, Neural Crest turns into PNS

72
Q

What is the precursors to the forebrain and when is it formed?

A

prosencephalon (formed by an expansion at the front of the neural tube). 4th week

73
Q

What is the precursor to the hindbrain (pons and medulla)

A

rhombencephalon - the 2nd expansion of the neural tube. Also week 4

74
Q

Where is the midbrain formed?

A

It is the space between the prosencephalon and the rhombencephalon

75
Q

Name 2 conditions that occure if the neural pores do not close.

A

In the CNS: anacephali

In the PNS: Spina Bifida

76
Q

What part of the developing neural tube will become the cerebrum?

A

The telencephlon which is the lateral aspect of the prosencephalon which grows quickly

77
Q

What can be found within the telencephalon?

A 
The cortex (outter layer)
The white matter (deep to cortex)
Subcortical nuclei (embeded within the white matter)
78
Q

Name the area of the forebrain/prosencephalon which grows slowly. What primitive structures does it form?

A

The diencephalon.

It forms the all of the structures with “-thalmus” in the name:
Thalmus
Hypothalamus
Metathalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus (not some people place the subthalmus in the midbrain)

79
Q

What part of the neural tube forms the primitive midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

80
Q

List the regions of the mesencephalon from Dorsal to Ventral

A

Tectal Region
Cerebral Aqudect
Tegmentum (continuation of the tegmentum of the pons and medulla)
Penduclar Region

81
Q

What does the cerebral aqudect do?

A

It allows CSF to flow from the forebrain into the ventricle

82
Q

What are the the colliculi?

A

4 little bums on the tectum (most dorsal structure of the mesencepholon

83
Q

How does the Rhombencephalon grow?

A

A -> P

84
Q

What structures are part of the metencephalon?

A

The Pons and the cerebellum

85
Q

What are the two parts of the Rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)

Myelencephalon (Medulla)

86
Q

True or false: the myelencephalon quickly expands from A-P to from the medulla.

A

False: the myelencephalon is the part od the rhombencephalon that does not expand. It does from the medulla

87
Q

What are the Anterior and dorsal structures in the myelencephalon?

A

A: pyramid
D: Dorsal column

88
Q

What are the primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon - forebrain
mesencephalon - midbrain
rhombencephalon - hind brain

89
Q

What are the secondary vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencepalon

Mesencaphlon

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

90
Q

What are bends in the brain called?

A

Flexures

91
Q

What are the primary flexures?

A

cervical flexure: between medulla and spinal cord

cephalic flexure: between prosencephalon and mid brain.

92
Q

True or False: the primary flexures are both located on the the anterior side

A

True

93
Q

What are the secondary flexures?

A

Pontine Flexure: between the pons/ medulla on one side and the cerebellum on the other side.
Located on the posterior side

94
Q

What vesicle forms the walls of the lateral ventricle?

A

The telencephalon

95
Q

What vesicle forms the walls of third ventricle?

A

diencephalon

96
Q

Where is the intraventricular foramen locate and what does it do?

A

the intraventricular foramen are the foramen in the walls of the third ventricle that allow it to communicate with the lateral ventricles

97
Q

What makes of the walls of the cerebral aqudeuct? what does it connect?

A

The mesencephalon makes up the walls of the cerebral aqudeuct and it connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

98
Q

What makes of the walls of the 4th ventricle?

A

The metencephalon at the pontine flexure

99
Q

True or false: There is very little CSF in the strucure that froms the space in the spinal cord, the central canal.

A

True - in development the central can be very small and even closed off.

100
Q

Neural tube cells begin to migrate based on function. Name the plates and associated functions from dorsal to ventral

A

Dorsal: Alar Plate - sensory structures

Middle: Sulcus Limitans - grove that separates sensory from motor

Ventral: Basilar Plate - motor structures

101
Q

Neural tube cells begin to migrate based on function. Where will the visceral vs the somatic structures migrate toward?

A

Visceral will be closer to the sulcus limitans, somatic will be further from the sulcus limmitans

102
Q

The medulla expands in a way that forces the basilar and alar plates next to each other. Which is located laterally and which is located medially?

A

Alar (sensory) - lateral

Basilar (motor) - medial

103
Q

What are the 3 tubular zones of the the spinal cord?

A

Innermost - ventricular zone
Intermediate zone
Marginal zone - outer zone

104
Q

Which zone of the spinal cord neural tube contains mature cells?

A

The marginal/outer zone

105
Q

Which zone of the spinal cord contains non-speific cells?

A

The innermost/ventricular zone

106
Q

Which zone of the spinals cord contains neuroblasts?

A

The intermediate zone

107
Q

Which zone of the spinal cord contaions the glioblasts?

A

the intermediate zone

108
Q

Most of the cortex is held into which structure?

A

The Gyrui

109
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid membrane
Pia mater

110
Q

What are the 2 layers of the cranial dura?

A

Periostal layers

meningeal layer

111
Q

Which of the dural layers is vascular?

A

The periosteal

112
Q

How many layers of the cortex are there?

A

3-6 layers

113
Q

Cell types found in the brain

A

Pyramidal - output cells
Stallate cells - can either be spiney or smooth - inhibitory
Bipolar cells - excititory or inhibitory

114
Q

Layers of the cortex

A 
Molecular layer 
outer granual
outer pytramidal
inner granual
inner pyramidal
Fusiform - most inner layer
115
Q

Which lamina of the cortex is primarily fiberus?

A

The molecular layer

116
Q

What is the name when there is real space between the 2 layers of the dura mater

A

Sinuses

117
Q

What is the inervation of the to the dura mater?

A

The Trigemninal nerve and C1 C3 dorsal roots

118
Q

What are the three folds in the mingeial layers?

A

Falx Ceribri - into longitundal fissure

Tentorium Cereli - separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Falx Cerebelli - separate one cerebella hemisphear from another

119
Q

What layer of the mingies supports the brain using trebercule?

A

The cranial arracnoid layer

The terbercule also allow for the movement of cerebral spinal fluid

120
Q

What is the space between the dura and the arrachnoid layer?

A

subdural space

121
Q

What are the arracnoid cistern

A

large spaces in the arracnoid matter

122
Q

What is the lareges of the arracnoid cysterns?

A

Lumbar cistern - between spnial cord and dura mater

123
Q

What are the arachnoid granulations?

A

Within the sinus create an area where the CSG can be released into the sinuses to be drained.

124
Q

What is the difference between the spinal dura mater and the cranial dura mater?

A

The spinal dura has only one layer

125
Q

What layer exists between the periostum and the dura

A

Epidural fat pad

126
Q

Is the epidural fat pad vascular

A

Yes

127
Q

What level does the spinal dura mater end at?

A

S2

128
Q

What structure anchors the dural sac?

A

the coccygeal ligament

129
Q

What makes up the coccygeal ligament made of?

A

The dura and pia mater

130
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

The lumbar cistern (L2 to S2)

131
Q

What layers of mingial layers make up the filum terminal externa?

A

Dura and the Pia

132
Q

What mingeal layers make u pthe filum terminal interna

A

Just the Pia mater

133
Q

What is the function of the dente ligaments?

A

To hold the spinal cord in place

134
Q

How many dente ligaments are there?

A

2 theories
2 ligaments with 21 attachement sites
22 ligaments

135
Q

At what rate is CSF produced?

A

14-35mL/hr or 800 mL/day

136
Q

how much CSF is in circulation at any given movement?

A

150mL

137
Q

What can be found within the CSF?

A

Electrolites: Na+, K+, Cl+

some (but very very few) proteins, lymphocytes, epitheal cells

138
Q

What is the job of the CSF?

A

To cusion the brain and spinal cord

to remove waste

the deliver Na+, K+, and Cl- to neurons for proper activity

139
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex?

A

Archycortex (oldest) - hypocamapus, para hypocampus gyrus

paleocortex - olfactory system

neocortex - most of the cerebrum (6 layers)

140
Q

How is the cerebrum organized?

A

Columnar organization

141
Q

Which lobe of the brain controls motor function?

A

Frontal

142
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the sensory cortex?

A

Parietal

CNS (3 decks)

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