Exam 1 Flashcards
“Memories”
Written by Carmen Tafolla A poem about a river in Texas, all the racism and unfairness such as the colonizer’s servant. “Medina Magiadora aquí estoy lavando mi herencia.”
“Borderlands”
Written by Gloria Anzaldua, about the border being a wound, puente tendido, and earth not having borders.
“Chicana 1846”
Written by Heidenreich Zúñiga, a poem about a woman who stands strong thinking about her past and mother.
“Corrido of Gregorio Cortéz”
Written anonymously, about the Cortez story, the rangers chasing him
“1910”
Written by Pat Mora about the woman in the gloves and black shawl who crossed border not in same status
“Border Town 1938”
Written by Pat Mora, about a girl with brown braids who sees the the other girls playing and singing, she feels alone
“A Plain Spring Song”
Written by Nezahualcoyotl A poem about earth, enjoying life, and life giver
Founding of Chicana/o Studies
Originated in the Chicano Movement of the late 1960s and 1970s. Chicano Studies concerns itself with the study of Chicana/os, Latina/os, and Mexican Americans,history, sociology, the arts, and critical theory.
Olmecas
1500-500 BC Founding culture successful, had vision of snake on tree for tenochtitlan. In northern Central America, pottery, ball courts, temples, trade, ag, calendars.
Toltecas
950-1150 CE Located Central America, Tula was capital, great place for trade, influenced the Maya. Built temples for gods. Quetacatl philosopher king Quetacatl a deity
Mestizaje
Includes the combinations of Europeans, African, and Indigenous
Racism
Classification of a biological difference. A term invented by europeans
Hispanic, Latina/o, Chicana/o
Hispanic: Nixon admin comes up with term, erases Mestija (euro, African, indigenous) classifies all Spanish speakers from Latin America Latina/o: An umbrella term that includes organized communities. ( Mexico, El Salvador, Costa Rica) Chicana/o: Tied to the 20th century liberation movements, descending from a past relative who had the border cross them.
Nation
What the category that classifies the “norm.” Includes kinship (imaginary relatives like Uncle Sam), space (North America Hawaii colonization), time (what we learn in K-12 holidays), and culture (Apple pie religion flags).
Ethnicity
Has kinship (aunts parents), time (history), and culture (language home foods values) but no space. Pushed to let go of ethnicity to look like the nation
Colonization
An Aztec omen of a woman crying to save her children from colonization.
Cuicacalli
House of songs secular and sacred song teachings, ritual dancers. Young men and women interact.
Huehuecoyotl
Huehuecoyotl, the Old Coyote, also known as the Ancient Drum. He is a trickster, capable of reversals and pranks, often cruel ones. Huehuecoyotl is also a god of storytelling, music, dance and merriment. Further, he is the patron of uninhibited sexuality - his partners can be female or male of any species.
Nezahualcoyotl
1402 born, 1428 made alliance with tenochtitlan, philosopher king of Texcoco, poet, leader. Organized school court syst. Fed poor, has songs (poems)
Fall of Tenochitlan
The capital of the Aztec Empire, came about in 1521 through the manipulation of local factions and divisions by Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. The battle that led to the downfall of the Aztec civilization and marked the end of the first phase of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The conquest of Mexico was part of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
Aztlán
is the legendary ancestral home of the Aztec peoples. Is a important space and point of being. Equality for everyone no one put outside. MEChA.
Aztec Eagle
On Mexican flag, part of folk tale of eagle sighting where they needed to build an empire. Also symbol for UFW. Created by Richard Chavez 1962.
Coatlicue
Also known as Teteoh innan. Goddess of life/death, creation/ destruction. gave birth to the moon, stars, and Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and war.
Tonantzin/Our Lady of Guadalupe
Our lady of Guadalupe, posed by many women some who posed indecently such as alma Lopez. Others defended rights of people.
La Llorona
An Aztec omen of a woman crying to save her children from colonization.
Doña Marina
Sold into slavery by a noble family. then replaced aguilar became the translator for invading spanish.
Transculturation
A process of cultural transformation marked by the influx of new culture elements and the loss or alteration of existing ones — compare acculturation. One culture goes and destroys the other. Dominant pulls what it wants from the previous culture. So some culture survives
Toypurina
edicine woman who opposed the rule of colonization by Spanish missionaries in California, and led an unsuccessful rebellion against them. In 1985 she became the symbol of Gabrielino resistance.
The Alamo
On February 23, 1836, the arrival of General Antonio López de Santa Anna’s army outside San Antonio nearly caught them by surprise. Undaunted, the Texians and Tejanos prepared to defend the Alamo together. The defenders held out for 13 days against Santa Anna’s army.
Sinao
Suicide Is Not An Option (S.I.N.A.O.) A page dedicated to victims who have lost anyone to suicide.Also for those who are contemplating suicide and people who want to show their support. Catering the LBGQT Community and all others
Rosalía Vallejo de Leese
Rosalía Vallejo de Leese was a member of one of wealthiest families in Mexican California. When the Bear Flaggers captured Sonoma, they imprisoned her husband, Jacob Leese, and her brother, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo.
Gregorio Cortez
A Mexican American outlaw in the American Old West who became a folk hero to Mexicans living in South Texas. He was known for his ability to evade authorities as well as his impassioned words in court.
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
was a Californio military commander, politician, and rancher. He was born a subject of Spain, performed his military duties as an officer of the Republic of Mexico, and shaped the transition of Alta California from a province of Mexico to the U. S. state of California. He served in the first session of the California State Senate.
U.S. Invasion
Manifest Destiny Loss of Northern Mexico Testimonios as Resistance
Manifest Destiny
In the 19th century, Manifest Destiny was the widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent
James K. Polk
James K. Polk (1795-1849) was the eleventh president of the United States. His name is perhaps most closely associated with Manifest Destiny, as the term was coined by a fellow Democrat in 1843, the year before he began his presidency.
War for Mexican Independence
1810- 1821 On September 27, 1821 , Iturbide marched into the capital with Vicente Guerrero and Guadalupe Victoria and the army. Independence from Spain on September 16, 1810 when he issued his famous “Cry of Dolores” in which he exhorted Mexicans to rise up and throw off Spanish tyranny.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic. Was meant to give citizenship to all mexicans who stayed on the land but were all lies.
Foreign Miner’s Tax
At first Chinese miners welcomed, then white miners got jealous. In 1852 a tax passed where the Chinese had to pay 4 bucks a month while they worked for 6 bucks a month. Tax collectors made money by taking advantage of people who couldn’t speak English well. Also some were shot or hurt if unable to pay. In the 1860’s many Chinese were expelled, forced to find other jobs.
Josefa of Downieville
A Mexican-American woman who was lynched in Downieville, California on July 5, 1851. She was found guilty of murdering a man, Frederick Cannon, who attempted to assault her. She is known to be the first and only woman to be lynched in California
El Clamor Público
A Spanish newspaper created by Francisco Ramirez. Distinguished by coverage of lynchings and indiscriminate murder of Mexicanos. “Conditions for Californios had never been so bad”
Primary Labor Sector
Skilled labor that allowed for upward mobility in job or promotion opportunities
Secondary Labor Sector
A low skill with little or no chance of promotions or skills being recognized.
Emma Tenayuca
Started organizing labor strikes at the age of 16. Stopped once the became violent and received an education.
Mutualista
These individuals pay dues and raise funds to provide burials, health insurance, and support culture. Included African American communities
Magonista
Mexican nationals who organized workers on both sides of border. Believed workers should own the factories and lead the unions since they are the once working in conditions
Red Baiting
Calling someone a communist to attack character, justification for putting people like Emma in jail
Manuela Solis Sager
Co-Leader of the Texas Workers Alliance, alongside with labor activists and communists Emma Tenayuca,formed in 1934 to foster communism in San Antonio.
UCAPAWA
United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing and Allied Workers of America. abor union formed in 1937 and incorporated large numbers of Mexican, black, Asian, and Anglo food processing workers under its banner.
San Joaquín Valley Cotton Strike
Wages of $0.40 per cwt unfair, strike begins October 2, 1933 Strike cause many to get evicted from land and were taken in by union org. October 10th strike sees violence when people open fire on unarmed strikers.
Congress of Industrial Workers (CIO)
Proposed by John L. Lewis in 1928, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.
Fink Cigar Strike
In 1933, Cause by poor working conditions for women such as little ventilation and low wages. Emma Tenayuca joined the strike at age of 17 and was arrested.
Pecan Sheller’s Strike
From ten to fifteen thousand were employed seasonally at wages that commonly averaged $2 or $2.50 for a fifty-hour week. This project focuses on a six-week strike, largely by Mexican women pecan shellers, in February and March of 1938, in response to a cut in wages of about 15 percent.
Mexican Revolution
A major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920
Bracero Programs
Bracero, meaning “manual laborer”. Was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States.
PL45
Part of bracero program. An agreement of conditions that Mexico set to protect the migrating workers. -Program ends w/ war -no discrimination -transportation, room and board -equal housing
PL78
A two-year program that embodied formalized protections for Mexican laborers.The act was an effort to increase the amount of labor help during World War II, but included strict limitations for both the farmer and the farm worker.
WWII
When the military forces called for recruits, Mexican Americans responded in great number and went on to serve with distinction. Some 350,000 Chicanos served in the armed services and won 17 medals of honor. Chicanos fought in the war, worked the fields, entry to other jobs during the war.
Repatriation (La Crisis)
Involuntarily Mexicans were being sent back to Mexico. This began because of la crisis (the great. Depression) when no jobs were available for Americans they blamed the Mexicans that still had jobs. So they started sending them out.
