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Chemistry 51 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

chemistry

A

science that studies matter and its changes

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2
Q

science

A

a body of knowledge based on experimentation and careful reasoning

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3
Q

the scientific method

A

a systematic method of acquiring new knowledge based on observation experimentation and careful reasoning

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

testable explanation of the facts that can be proved wrong

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5
Q

scientific law

A

statements of natural phenomena to which there are no known exceptions.

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6
Q

scientific hyposthesis

A

a testable explanation of the facts

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7
Q

Scientific theory

A

a well tested hyposthesis

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8
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space

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9
Q

examples of things that are not matter

A

light
sound
energy

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10
Q

intermolecular forces

A

forces among molecules tend to pull particles together

-depends on structure of molecules

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11
Q

solid crystal

A
  • intermolecular forces are strong
  • particles are organized in a fixed position/they touch
  • particles vibrate
  • very low compressibility/expansibility
  • definite shape/volume
  • rigid
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12
Q

solid amorphus (regular solid)

A
  • intermolecular forces are strong
  • particles touch
  • particles vibrate
  • very low compressibulity/expansibility
  • definite shape/volume
  • rigid
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13
Q

liquid

A
  • intermolecular forces are weak
  • particles touch/slide
  • particles move in translations/vibrations
  • very low compressibulity/expansibility
  • indefinite shape/definite volume
  • fluid
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14
Q

gas

A
  • intermolecular forces are negligible
  • particles are far away from each other/random
  • particles motion: translation,vibration,rotations
  • very high compressibulity/expansibility
  • indefinite shape/volume
  • fluid
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15
Q

how to classify matter

A

pure substances and mixtures

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16
Q

elements

A
  • is a pure substance
  • in the periodic table
  • metals.nonmetals,metalloids
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17
Q

compounds

A
  • two or more elements chemically combined creating something new
  • has a fixed composition
  • ionic and molecular
  • can be separated by chemical means
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18
Q

mixtures

A
  • two or more substances physically combined, not making anything new
  • variable composition
  • can be separated by physical means
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19
Q

heterogeneous

A

different properties throughout

20
Q

homogeneous

A

is uniform in appearance and the same properties throughout

21
Q

what is an element?

A

pure substance made out of the same type of atoms

22
Q

how many known elements are there?

how many occur in nature/

A
  • 118

- 4 of the first 92

23
Q

how many elements are unstable

A

all elements beyond 92 except for plutonium(94)

24
Q

how are elements arranged?

A
  • by increasing atomic number
  • periods:rows
  • groups:columns
  • lanthanoids and actinoids (center of periodic table)
25
Q

groups

A

-elements in the same group have similar properties
-Group 1A: Alkali metals
Group 2A: Alkaline earths
Groups 3A: Boron
Group 4A: Carbon
Group 5A: Nitrogen
Group 6A: Chalcogen
Group 7A: Halogen
Group 8A: Noble Gases

26
Q

Properties of metals

A
  • all solid(except mercury)
  • shiny(lustrous)
  • malleable
  • ductil
  • good conductor of electricity/heat
27
Q

Properties of nonmetals

A
  • solid(except bromine)
  • gases(group8A, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen,fluorine,chlorine)
  • nonlustrous
  • nonmalleable
  • nonductil
  • poor conductor of electricity/heat
28
Q

properties of metalloids

A

have properties of both metals and nonmetals

29
Q

molecules

A

composed of: nonmetals/nonmetals
physical state of matter:solid, liquid,gas
conduct electricity: don’t conduct electricity

30
Q

ions

A

composed of: metals/nonmetals
physical state of matter: solid
conduct electricity:conducts electricity in solution and molten

31
Q

chemical properties

A

the substance ability to react and form new substances

32
Q

physical change

A

doesnt produce new substances

33
Q

chemical change

A

produces new substances

34
Q

sublimination

A

going from solid to gas

35
Q

deposition

A

going from gas to solid

36
Q

vaporization

A

liquid to gas

37
Q

condensation

A

gas to liquid

38
Q

law of conservation of mass

A

the total mass of the reactants = total mass of the products

39
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work; move an object against an opposing force

40
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy due to its position or composition or matter

41
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion
KE= 1/2mv^2
m=mass,v=velocity{distance(m^2/times^2)}

42
Q

law of conservation of energy

A

energy can not be destroyed or created, only transformed

43
Q

energy units

A

1cal=4.184 joules
1kilojoule= 1000J
1KCAL=1000cal

44
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat required to increase the temperature by one degree

45
Q

energy in chemical changes

A

chemical changes can produce energy and energy can be used during a chemical reaction

46
Q

exothermic reaction

A

produce/release energy(hot)

  • low to high
  • negative values/loses energy
47
Q

endothermic reaction

A

absorbs energy(cold)

  • high to low
  • positive values/absorbs energy

Chemistry 51 (2 decks)

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