- age - family history - sedentary lifestyle - smoking - dyslipidemia - hypertension - obesity - prediabetes - HDL is neg risk factor over 60

- largest endocrine gland - major role in metabolism and metabolic balance - hyperplasia and hypertrophy

- Adiponectin - Tumor Necrosis Factor Apha - Interleukin6 - Plasminogen activator inhibitor - TGFB - FGF - EGF

Exam 1 Flashcards by Kelly Maguire

Calculate BMI

wt in kg/ft msquared
in to m= inx.0254
cm= m/100

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Movement through planes

frontal- front to back
transverse-cross sectional/horizontal
saggital- up down

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Pulmonary Ventilation VE

increased primarily through tidal volume during moderate exercise
respiratory rate is more important to VE during vigorous exercise

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Risk Factors

age
family history
sedentary lifestyle
smoking
dyslipidemia
hypertension
obesity
prediabetes
HDL is neg risk factor over 60

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Signs and Symptoms that need to be checked before starting an exercise program

pain, chest, jaw nexk, arms or other areas from ischemia
SOB
syncope
orthopnea/nocturnal dyspnea
ankle adema
palpitations/tachacardia
intermittent claudication
known heart murmur
unusual SOB or fatigue w/usual activities

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BP Classification Risk Factor

140->160 90>100

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Normal BP

120/80

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Prehypertension

120-139 / 80-89

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Hypertension Stage 1

140-159 / 90-99

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Hypertension Stage 2

> 160 / >100

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LDL Risk factor level

130+

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Total Cholesterol Risk Factor

200+

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Adipose Tissue

largest endocrine gland
major role in metabolism and metabolic balance
hyperplasia and hypertrophy

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White Adipose Tissue Major Chemicals

Leptin
Adiponectin
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
Interleukin 6
Plasminogen activator inhibitor
angiotensin
angiotensin II

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Leptin

satiety

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Inflammatory Markers

Adiponectin
Tumor Necrosis Factor Apha
Interleukin6
Plasminogen activator inhibitor
TGFB
FGF
EGF

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Increase BP

Angiotensin

Angiotensin II

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Adipocyte size effect on Adiponectin

larger adipocyte detrimental to production, secretion and function of adiponectin

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Renin-Angiotensis-Aldosterone System RAAS

When BP too low kidneys secrete renin, converts to angiotensinigin & angitensin1. lungs secrete ACEI, convert to angiotensin 2. Stims SympNS, increasing NE, EP, HR, BP. Hits adrenal cortex, secretes aldoserone. BP and BV vasoconstrict. ADH secreted in kidney=water absorption=incBP. kidneys are what controls BP

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With skin fold we get

Body density, then use equation to convert to body fat

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Normal BMI range

18.5-24.9

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2 divisions of CNS. Major NT

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic. Acetylcholine

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Calculate VO2

QxAVO2 difference

Q=HRxSV

Normal fasting BG

70-100

100-125= random glucose measurement

Rate Pressure Product

HRx SystolicBP - measures myocardial workload - less than 10,000 at rest

Cholesterol comes from

liver

Function of HDL

steroid hormones

Why do we go through so many process with exercise

cardiac output | oxygen

CNS neurotransmitters

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Dominant NT

Dominant catacholamine

Epinephirine

Skin folds done on

Rt side

Normal Ejection Fraction

55-65 %

Bioelectrical Impedance Accuracy

+/- 3.5

BMI Accuracy

+/- 5

DEXA Accuracy

+/- 1.8

DEXA means

dual energy Xray Absorbtometry

How kidneys control BP

Fluid volume

Longterm control of BP

Kidneys

Acute control of BP

heart and vasculature

Problems of Hypertension

- MI - stroke - adema - kidney disease - neuropathy - heart failure

Gluconeogenisis

rebuilding of glucose form non carbohydrate substances

Glucagon

from alpha cells in pancreas responding to LOW levels of blood sugar. -hormone

3 main threats to homeostastis

- body temp - electrolyte balance - pH balance (7.4)

4 different proteins with skeletal muscle contraction

- actin - myosin - troponin - tropomyosin

Angiotensinogen come from

liver

low profusion =

kidneys release renin

Angiotensin 2 stimulates

Symp NS as NT

Aldosterone deals with

electrolytes

Angiotensin 2 stimulates

pituitary gland to secrete ADH (absorb water)

Blood shunting in ex means

redistribution

Low end of BP

90/60

Ways to determine ex intensity

- HRmax - VO2max - RPE - METs - VO2reserve - HRreserve

lipolysis

breakdown of fat

glyocolysis

breakdown of sugar

glycogenolosis

breakdown of glycogen

Components of the pre participation symptom-limited exercise test physical examination

- WT, BMI, waist girth, BCC/%BF - apical pulse rate and rhythm - resting BP, seated,supine,standing - auscultation of lungs - palpation of cardiac apical impulse and pt of maximal impulse - auscultation of heart w/specific attention of murmurs/gallops/clicks/rubs - palpation/auscultation of carotid, abdominal, femoral arteries - eval abdomen - palpation of lower extreme for edema and arterial pulses - absence/presence of tendon xanthoma/skinxanthelasma - follow up exam rltd to orthopedic/other medical conditions - neurologic function reflex/cognition - inspect skin, lower extreme DM