Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
7 Basic Characteristics of living things
A
- Complex and Organized.
- They acquire materials and energy from their surrounding env.
- Work to maintain their internal conditions.
- They Grow
- Respond to Stimuli
- Reproduce
- Can evolve
2
Q
What do plants use and produce in photosynthesis
A
Use CO2 and sunlight. Produce sugar and H20
3
Q
Why do animals eat plants?
A
To obtain sugars for energy to move electrons around during mitochondrial respiration
4
Q
Why do living things work to maintain their internal conditions?
A
Organized systems disintegrate, and preventing disintegration (by homeostasis) requires energy
5
Q
Means “staying the same”
A
Homeostasis
6
Q
Where is genetic information stored?
A
DNA molecules
7
Q
What 3 natural processes drive evolution?
A
- Genetic Variation/ Competition among variants.
- Not all survive
- Adaptive Characteristics inherited
8
Q
The unequal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces, resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptions
A
Natural selection
9
Q
What is an example of artificial selection?
A
Dog Breeding
10
Q
About how many species are on the planet
A
scientist estimate about 10 million
11
Q
where life exists on earth
A
biosphere
12
Q
How old is the Earth?
A
about 4.6 Billion years old
13
Q
Characteristics of eukaryotic organisms
A
Can be single or multi celled.
Has nucleus and other organelles.
10x larger than prokaryotic cells, more complex.
14
Q
Four examples of eukaryotic organisms
A
protists, plants, fungi, and animals
15
Q
Characteristics of prokaryotic organisms
A
Almost always single celled org.
No nucleus or organelles.
Smaller, less complex.
16
Q
2 Examples of prokaryotic organisms
A
Bacteria, Archaea
17
Q
What are groups of prokaryotic cells called?
A
Biofilms
18
Q
Are viruses living or nonliving
A
Nonliving
19
Q
What are the three domains of living organisms
A
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
20
Q
What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?
A
Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia
21
Q
Unicellular eukaryotes that are bigger than prokaryotes
A
Kingdom Protist
22
Q
Multicellular eukaryotes
A
Kingdom Fungi
23
Q
Multicellular eukaryotes that use photosynthesis for energy
A
Kingdom Plantae
24
Q
Multicellular eukaryotes that ingest food for energy
A
Kingdom anamalia
25
the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena
Science
26
a testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations
hypothesis
27
in science, a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis
Theory
28
the basic structural unit of matter
atom
29
When does an atom become stable or inert
when the valence shell is full
30
What is the octet rule
electrons fill the shell closest to the nucleus then begin to occupy the next shell (1st shell is 2 e-... after is 8 e-)
31
consists of 2 or more atoms
a molecule composed of a mixture of different atoms
32
when is an atom reactive
if the valence shell is PARTIALLY filled
33
how fast do electrons move in the electron cloud?
at the speed of light
34
force of attraction between atoms that holds them to gather as a molecule
chemical bonds
35
attraction between ions
ionic bonds
36
electrons shared
covalent bonds
37
covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally
polar bonds
38
covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally
nonpolar bonds
39
weak attraction between two molecules made from polar covalent bonds
hydrogen bonds
40
credited for sequencing his own DNA
Craig Ventor
41
How does a membrane function.
Selectively isolates inside of the cell from the outside. Regulates exchange of substances in and out of the cell. Communicates with other cells through the nervous system.
42
What is a lipid?
fat
43
What does a phospholipid consist of?
two fatty acid tails and one polar group
44
What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?
Tails are hydrophobic, and the top part (polar group) is hydrophilic
45
What is composed of a phospholipid bilayer
cell membranes
46
How does water move through the cell membrane?
a transport protein (aquaporin)
47
How do ions move through the membrane?
each ion needs its own protein channel (ex. sodium needs a sodium channel)
48
What are proteins made up of?
amino acids
49
How many amino acids are in a protein sequence?
hundreds of thousands
50
How are proteins made?
DNA becomes RNA which becomes Protein
51
How do things move from low to high concentration?
active transport
52
Three groups of amino acids
hydrophlic, hyrophobic, those that form disulfide bridges
53
What does most of cytoplasm consist of?
water
54
What is the purpose of a glycoprotein?
They are sugars that can act as tags and come out of the membrane proteins
55
movement down concentration gradient; no energy required
passive transport
56
small non polar molecules go across membrane without help
simple diffusion
57
when things go across membrane with help
facilitated diffusion
58
examples of facilitated diffusion
protein channels, aquaporin
59
How do small charged molecules use facilitated diffusion? Large?
Small - channels, Large - carriers (amino acids, sugars, small proteins)
60
diffusion of water across differentially permeable membranes using channels
osmosis
61
net movement of water out of red blood cells that make them shrink
hypertonic solution
62
equal movement of water in and out of red blood cells
isotonic solution
63
net movement of water into red blood cells
hypotonic solution
64
movement via membrane spanning proteins
active transport
65
type of endocytosis in which bilayer form a crater to "eat" the extracellular fluid and bring it into the cell as a vesicle
pinocytosis
66
type of endocytosis in which receptors bind specific nutrients to form pits to internalize receptor
receptor mediated endocytosis
67
type of endocytosis in which pseudopods engulf food particles (stuff that shouldn't be there) and encloses it in a food vacuole
phagocytocis
68
substances are packaged into a vesicle and transported to the plasma membrane which opens up and secretes waste outside of the cell
exocytosis
69
How does the body create ATP?
starch to sugar to ATP
70
What happens to the leftover sugar in the formation of ATP?
it becomes glycogen
71
How does the body maintain homeostasis of blood sugar?
By releasing sugar into the blood if blood sugar becomes too low, and vice versa
72
Name of CH4
methane
73
name of C2H6
ethane
74
name of C3H8
propane
75
name of C4H10
butane
76
how do carbon chains store energy
in the bonds
77
characteristic of Hydrogen(H) functional group
polar and/or nonpolar
78
characteristic of Hydroxyl(OH) functional group
polar
79
Characteristic of Carboxyl(CO2H) functional group
acidic
80
characteristic of Amino(NH2) functional group
basic
81
characteristic of Phosphate(PO4H2) functional group
acidic
82
characteristic of Methyl(CH3) functional group
nonpolar
83
what are the two similarities organic molecules in all living organisms share
1. Use same functional groups
| 2. Formed by the modular approach
84
What is the modular approach
sticks subunits together like cars in a train (monomers, dimers, polymers)
85
a single unit that serves as the building block of a polymer
monomer (monosaccharide in sugars)
86
two monomers
dimer (disaccharide in sugars)
87
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds
polymer (polysaccharide in sugar)
88
when two monosaccharides become a disaccharide that produces water
dehydration synthesis
89
water goes into the saccharide and lices is into two monomers
hydrolosis
90
what is the composition of carbohydrates
Literally carbon and water.
| (CH2O)_n where "n" is the number of monomers
91
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
energy and structural
92
A one sugar carbohydrate that gives immediate energy
monosaccharide
93
A two sugar carbohydrate that gives short term energy storage
Disaccharide
94
A multi sugar carbohydrate that gives long term energy storage and has a structural function
Polysaccharide
95
What is fiber made from
cellulose
96
A polymer with glucose subunits and Nitrogen-containing functional groups that makes up insect exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
Chitin
97
3 characteristics of lipids
Slippery/Oily. Nonpolar (mostly carbon and hydrogen). Hydrophobic.
98
Examples of lipids
oils, waxes, fats, phospholipids, and steroids
99
Why do we use soap to get rid of lipids?
soaps are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
100
Triglycerides from beef, vegetable oils, and beer
Fat Molecules
101
What are fat molecules composed of?
three fatty acids and a glycerol
102
What is a glycerol composed of?
3 Carbons, each with an OH group (Hydroxyl)
103
What does each fatty acid the joins with a glycerol need
COOH (Carboxyl)
104
How is a triglyceride formed?
Hydroxyl (3 from Glycerol) and Carboxyl (3 Fatty acids) react to form triglyceride and 3 water molecules
105
What determines the properties of fat?
Fatty Acids
106
What is the composition of a fatty acid?
hydrocarbon chain with a COOH (carboxyl) group
107
Characteristics of saturated fatty acids
no Carbon double bonds.
Solid at room temperature.
ex. Beef Fat
108
Characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids
One of more Carbon double bonds.
Liquid at room temperature.
ex. Linseed Oil
109
Where are most phospholipids found?
membranes
110
What is the composition of a phospholipid?
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 polar group
111
Why is a phospholipid like a soap?
both are hydro-phobic and hydrophilic
112
What are some characteristics of steroids?
Complex ring forms. Some are hormones (like estradiol and testosterone). Some are cholesterol. Natural Substances. Found in membranes.
113
amino acid polymers
proteins
114
What are the roles of proteins in a cell
enzymes, hormones, structures
115
What do enzymes do?
catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions
116
What is the structure of an amino acid?
1 Carbon (alpha carbon) surrounded by 1 amino group, 1 carboxyl group, 1 hydrogen, and one "R" group
117
How many "R" groups are there and what is there purpose?
About 20 different "R" groups that decide which amino acid it is
118
Characteristics of an amino acids
Small molecules (about 20 kinds). Joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptide. Different sequences make different proteins.
119
Where are peptide bonds usually located in amino acids
between carboxyl groups
120
What happens when amino acids are joined by peptide bonds
form polypeptide and release water
121
What happens in the levels of protein structure (primary - quaternary)?
Primary - the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary - coiling of the chain or formation of sheets.
Tertiary - coiling of the coil (like in phones)
Quaternary - two or more chains put together
122
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
genetics and cell control
123
What is another name for nucleic acids?
Nucleotide Polymers
124
What is the purpose of RNA?
manages synthesis
125
What is the composition of a nucleotide?
5-Carbon Sugar, a PO3(phosphite), and a nitrogenous base
126
What are the purposes of a nucleotide?
Serve to make RNA &DNA, some are energy carriers (ATP and NAD), some are chemical messengers (cAMP - cyclic AMP)
127
How are nucleotides joined together and what is the result?
Nucleotides are joined together into a chain and result in a nucleic acid (DNA if the sugar is deoxyribose, RNA if the sugar is ribose)
128
How are nucleic acid connected?
a sugar-phosphate backbone (3'-5' phosphodiester)
129
What were the first cells and what did they evolve into?
prokaryotic cells were the first cells then evolved to become eukaryotic cells
130
What is the cell theory?
all living things are composed of one or more things (all cells come from preexisting things)
131
Are there more unicellular species or multicellular species?
unicellular
132
the basic units of structure and function
cells
133
What are the basic features of all cells?
Plasma membrane with a phospholipid bilayer. DNA as a hereditary blueprint. Cytoplasm. Obtain energy and nutrients from the environment. Small.
134
What is needed to view cells
electron microscope
135
What is central in viewing proteins and how does it work?
X-Ray Crystallography. Crystalize proteins and then put it in an x-ray machine.
136
What are the features of prokaryotic cells?
No membrane-bound nucleus (have genome). Circular chromosomes/DNA. Small (0.1 to 5 micrometers). No organelles. Cell wall and a phospholipid bilayer. Some have a flagellum.
137
What is the purpose of a flagellum in a prokaryotic cell?
movement
138
What are the features of a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus. Linear chromosomes/DNA. Larger (8-100 micrometers). Membranous organelles.
139
What surrounds a nucleus like a membrane?
a nuclear envelope with pores
140
How many pairs of chromosomes are stored in the nucleus?
23
141
the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
142
contains ribosomes, makes proteins and phospholipids, synthesizes new membrane for endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER
143
involved in lipid synthesis (including phospholipids and cholesterol), synthesizes other lipids such as steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen
Smooth ER
144
how many angstroms is 0.1 nanometer
10 angstrom
145
How small can we see by using x-ray crystallography?
Down to the angstrom resolution
146
chemically modifies and sorts molecules from the ER that will be secreted from the cell or used to construct various membrane structures (like the USPS)
golgi apparatus
147
What are the two main functions of the golgi apparatus?
to modify and package proteins, and produce vesicles called lysosomes
148
the cell's digestive system
lysosomes
149
what is contained in the lysosomes?
hydrolytic enzymes
150
What is the main function of the lysosomes
to digest material engulfed by the cell and to digest/recycle damaged organelles
151
helps the cell get rid of waste
contractile vacuoles
152
How do plants wilt?
in plant cells, there is a large central vacuole that changes in size based on water concentration. If a plant loses water, the cell changes and causes it to wilt.
153
What is the structure of the mitochondrion?
Has an outer and inner membrane with solution between them and a water-based solution (matrix) inside of the inner membrane
154
How did cells acquire mitochondrion?
the theory of endosymbiosis (one bacterium ate another)
155
What do eukaryotic cells come from?
preexisting prokaryotic cells
156
Why is the theory of endosymbiosis in the creation of mitochondria supported?
mitochondria have two membranes and a circular genome (like prokaryotes)
157
What are foldings/creases in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?
Cristae
158
What does the mitochondrion produce?
ATP (mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell)
159
What is the structure of cholorplast?
Chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane. Has stroma (hydrophlic) liquid in cell. Has grana which are made from stacks of thykaloids. Has circular DNA
160
What explains the formation of choloroplast?
Theory of endosymbiosis
161
What is the main function of chloroplast
Uses sunlight to make chlorophyl which in turn can produce energy (ATP)
162
What are plastids?
A two membrane organelle in plant cells that stores sugars in the roots of plants
163
Goes through the cell and holds organelles in certain location in the cell
Cytoskeleton
164
What is the cytoskeleton composed of?
Microfilamens (composed of protein subunits called Actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubule (made out of tubulin subunits)
165
After you drink a glass of acidic lemonade, your body's pH does not change. This is an example of how humans and other organisms
maintain homeostasis
166
Which of the following would be considered complex and organized?
Salt crystal, Red Blood Cell in the body, Atlantic Ocean
Red Blood Cell in the body
167
In what domain do humans belong?
Eukarya
168
What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
The number of electrons in the outermost shell
169
What type of bond joins two hydrogen atoms?
Covalent
170
Most biological molecules are joined by this bond
Covalent
171
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chloride?
ionic
172
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
Hydrogen
173
Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule?
| Lipid, Monosaccharide, Nucleic Acid, Carbon Monoxide, Protein
Carbon Monoxide
174
The carbohydrate in DNA is
deoxyribose
175
The fiber in your diet is actually
cellulose
176
Phospholipids are unusual yet important to cell membrane structure because they
have a polar and non polar end
177
A fat has ________, whereas an oil has _________.
No double bonds and is saturated; Double bonds and is unsaturated
178
Suppose you have discovered a new virus and have isolated its nucleic acids. What feature could you look for to determine whether the nucleic acids of this virus are RNA and DNA?
if it is RNA, it will contain ribose
179
Glycogen is
a polysaccharide found in animals
180
What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids?
Carbohydrates have mostly polar bonds and lipids do not
181
What do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all have in common?
Covalent bonding holds these molecules together, and they can be formed by dehydration or condensation reactions
182
What are the three major domains scientists categorize organisms into?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
183
What are the four kingdoms that the domain Eukarya consists of?
Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae
184
What are the 4 categories that all biological molecules fall into?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and nucleic acids
185
What are the 3 major groups of lipids?
Phospholipids, Fats/Oils, Steroids
186
All nucleotides are made up of what three parts?
Sugar, Nitrogenous base, Phosphate group
187
Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole in plants?
Storing compounds produced by the cell
188
_____ are only found in plant cells, but ______ are found in both plant and animal cells.
Central Vacuoles, Ribosomes
189
Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?
The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy
190
What is the plant cell wall made out of?
cellulose fibrils
191
Which organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell?
Mitochondria
192
Which of the following is the smallest?
| Mitochondrion, Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, Virus
Virus
193
What four organelles are not in animal cells?
cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, plastids
194
What is NOT a feature of a prokaryotic cell?
| DNA, nuclear membrane, ribosomes, plasma membrane, enzymes
Nuclear Membrane
195
What is the smallest living thing in this selection?
| frog embryo, mitochondria, virus, bacteria, atom
bacteria
196
Describe the interactions among ER, ribosomes, and golgi bodies in exporting protein from the cell.
Ribosomes manufacture proteins which travel through the ER and are packaged by the Golgi Bodies for export
197
If red blood cells are taken from the body and placed in a solution with a lower concentration of water, what happens to the cells?
The cells shrivel up because water leaves them
198
What is the name of the process where water-soluble molecules like ions, amino acids, and sugars diffuse down their concentration gradients with the aid of channel transport proteins?
Facilitated Diffusion
199
What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
200
What is the correct order of the classification system (least inclusive to most inclusive)
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
201
The cytoplasm of a certain cell, such as a neuron, already has a high concentration of K+ ions. How can K+ ions continue to enter the cell?
Active transport
202
Where are all of the proteins of cell membranes synthesized?
Rough ER (has ribosomes)
203
Which organelle is the main site for lipid synthesis?
Smooth ER
204
Is the DNA in mitochondria circular or linear?
circular
205
What is the order of the central dogma of biology
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
