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Biol 1201 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

7 Basic Characteristics of living things

A
  1. Complex and Organized.
  2. They acquire materials and energy from their surrounding env.
  3. Work to maintain their internal conditions.
  4. They Grow
  5. Respond to Stimuli
  6. Reproduce
  7. Can evolve
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2
Q

What do plants use and produce in photosynthesis

A

Use CO2 and sunlight. Produce sugar and H20

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3
Q

Why do animals eat plants?

A

To obtain sugars for energy to move electrons around during mitochondrial respiration

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4
Q

Why do living things work to maintain their internal conditions?

A

Organized systems disintegrate, and preventing disintegration (by homeostasis) requires energy

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5
Q

Means “staying the same”

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

Where is genetic information stored?

A

DNA molecules

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7
Q

What 3 natural processes drive evolution?

A
  1. Genetic Variation/ Competition among variants.
  2. Not all survive
  3. Adaptive Characteristics inherited
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8
Q

The unequal survival and reproduction of organisms due to environmental forces, resulting in the preservation of favorable adaptions

A

Natural selection

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9
Q

What is an example of artificial selection?

A

Dog Breeding

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10
Q

About how many species are on the planet

A

scientist estimate about 10 million

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11
Q

where life exists on earth

A

biosphere

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12
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

about 4.6 Billion years old

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13
Q

Characteristics of eukaryotic organisms

A

Can be single or multi celled.
Has nucleus and other organelles.
10x larger than prokaryotic cells, more complex.

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14
Q

Four examples of eukaryotic organisms

A

protists, plants, fungi, and animals

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15
Q

Characteristics of prokaryotic organisms

A

Almost always single celled org.
No nucleus or organelles.
Smaller, less complex.

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16
Q

2 Examples of prokaryotic organisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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17
Q

What are groups of prokaryotic cells called?

A

Biofilms

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18
Q

Are viruses living or nonliving

A

Nonliving

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19
Q

What are the three domains of living organisms

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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20
Q

What are the four kingdoms of eukaryotes?

A

Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia

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21
Q

Unicellular eukaryotes that are bigger than prokaryotes

A

Kingdom Protist

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22
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes

A

Kingdom Fungi

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23
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes that use photosynthesis for energy

A

Kingdom Plantae

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24
Q

Multicellular eukaryotes that ingest food for energy

A

Kingdom anamalia

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25
Q

the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena

A

Science

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26
Q

a testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations

A

hypothesis

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27
Q

in science, a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis

A

Theory

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28
Q

the basic structural unit of matter

A

atom

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29
Q

When does an atom become stable or inert

A

when the valence shell is full

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30
Q

What is the octet rule

A

electrons fill the shell closest to the nucleus then begin to occupy the next shell (1st shell is 2 e-… after is 8 e-)

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31
Q

consists of 2 or more atoms

A

a molecule composed of a mixture of different atoms

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32
Q

when is an atom reactive

A

if the valence shell is PARTIALLY filled

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33
Q

how fast do electrons move in the electron cloud?

A

at the speed of light

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34
Q

force of attraction between atoms that holds them to gather as a molecule

A

chemical bonds

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35
Q

attraction between ions

A

ionic bonds

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36
Q

electrons shared

A

covalent bonds

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37
Q

covalent bonds where electrons are shared unequally

A

polar bonds

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38
Q

covalent bonds where electrons are shared equally

A

nonpolar bonds

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39
Q

weak attraction between two molecules made from polar covalent bonds

A

hydrogen bonds

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40
Q

credited for sequencing his own DNA

A

Craig Ventor

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41
Q

How does a membrane function.

A

Selectively isolates inside of the cell from the outside. Regulates exchange of substances in and out of the cell. Communicates with other cells through the nervous system.

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42
Q

What is a lipid?

A

fat

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43
Q

What does a phospholipid consist of?

A

two fatty acid tails and one polar group

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44
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic and what part is hydrophilic?

A

Tails are hydrophobic, and the top part (polar group) is hydrophilic

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45
Q

What is composed of a phospholipid bilayer

A

cell membranes

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46
Q

How does water move through the cell membrane?

A

a transport protein (aquaporin)

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47
Q

How do ions move through the membrane?

A

each ion needs its own protein channel (ex. sodium needs a sodium channel)

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48
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

amino acids

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49
Q

How many amino acids are in a protein sequence?

A

hundreds of thousands

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50
Q

How are proteins made?

A

DNA becomes RNA which becomes Protein

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51
Q

How do things move from low to high concentration?

A

active transport

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52
Q

Three groups of amino acids

A

hydrophlic, hyrophobic, those that form disulfide bridges

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53
Q

What does most of cytoplasm consist of?

A

water

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54
Q

What is the purpose of a glycoprotein?

A

They are sugars that can act as tags and come out of the membrane proteins

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55
Q

movement down concentration gradient; no energy required

A

passive transport

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56
Q

small non polar molecules go across membrane without help

A

simple diffusion

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57
Q

when things go across membrane with help

A

facilitated diffusion

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58
Q

examples of facilitated diffusion

A

protein channels, aquaporin

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59
Q

How do small charged molecules use facilitated diffusion? Large?

A

Small - channels, Large - carriers (amino acids, sugars, small proteins)

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60
Q

diffusion of water across differentially permeable membranes using channels

A

osmosis

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61
Q

net movement of water out of red blood cells that make them shrink

A

hypertonic solution

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62
Q

equal movement of water in and out of red blood cells

A

isotonic solution

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63
Q

net movement of water into red blood cells

A

hypotonic solution

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64
Q

movement via membrane spanning proteins

A

active transport

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65
Q

type of endocytosis in which bilayer form a crater to “eat” the extracellular fluid and bring it into the cell as a vesicle

A

pinocytosis

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66
Q

type of endocytosis in which receptors bind specific nutrients to form pits to internalize receptor

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

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67
Q

type of endocytosis in which pseudopods engulf food particles (stuff that shouldn’t be there) and encloses it in a food vacuole

A

phagocytocis

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68
Q

substances are packaged into a vesicle and transported to the plasma membrane which opens up and secretes waste outside of the cell

A

exocytosis

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69
Q

How does the body create ATP?

A

starch to sugar to ATP

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70
Q

What happens to the leftover sugar in the formation of ATP?

A

it becomes glycogen

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71
Q

How does the body maintain homeostasis of blood sugar?

A

By releasing sugar into the blood if blood sugar becomes too low, and vice versa

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72
Q

Name of CH4

A

methane

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73
Q

name of C2H6

A

ethane

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74
Q

name of C3H8

A

propane

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75
Q

name of C4H10

A

butane

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76
Q

how do carbon chains store energy

A

in the bonds

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77
Q

characteristic of Hydrogen(H) functional group

A

polar and/or nonpolar

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78
Q

characteristic of Hydroxyl(OH) functional group

A

polar

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79
Q

Characteristic of Carboxyl(CO2H) functional group

A

acidic

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80
Q

characteristic of Amino(NH2) functional group

A

basic

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81
Q

characteristic of Phosphate(PO4H2) functional group

A

acidic

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82
Q

characteristic of Methyl(CH3) functional group

A

nonpolar

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83
Q

what are the two similarities organic molecules in all living organisms share

A
  1. Use same functional groups

2. Formed by the modular approach

84
Q

What is the modular approach

A

sticks subunits together like cars in a train (monomers, dimers, polymers)

85
Q

a single unit that serves as the building block of a polymer

A

monomer (monosaccharide in sugars)

86
Q

two monomers

A

dimer (disaccharide in sugars)

87
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

A

polymer (polysaccharide in sugar)

88
Q

when two monosaccharides become a disaccharide that produces water

A

dehydration synthesis

89
Q

water goes into the saccharide and lices is into two monomers

A

hydrolosis

90
Q

what is the composition of carbohydrates

A

Literally carbon and water.

(CH2O)_n where “n” is the number of monomers

91
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

energy and structural

92
Q

A one sugar carbohydrate that gives immediate energy

A

monosaccharide

93
Q

A two sugar carbohydrate that gives short term energy storage

A

Disaccharide

94
Q

A multi sugar carbohydrate that gives long term energy storage and has a structural function

A

Polysaccharide

95
Q

What is fiber made from

A

cellulose

96
Q

A polymer with glucose subunits and Nitrogen-containing functional groups that makes up insect exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

A

Chitin

97
Q

3 characteristics of lipids

A

Slippery/Oily. Nonpolar (mostly carbon and hydrogen). Hydrophobic.

98
Q

Examples of lipids

A

oils, waxes, fats, phospholipids, and steroids

99
Q

Why do we use soap to get rid of lipids?

A

soaps are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

100
Q

Triglycerides from beef, vegetable oils, and beer

A

Fat Molecules

101
Q

What are fat molecules composed of?

A

three fatty acids and a glycerol

102
Q

What is a glycerol composed of?

A

3 Carbons, each with an OH group (Hydroxyl)

103
Q

What does each fatty acid the joins with a glycerol need

A

COOH (Carboxyl)

104
Q

How is a triglyceride formed?

A

Hydroxyl (3 from Glycerol) and Carboxyl (3 Fatty acids) react to form triglyceride and 3 water molecules

105
Q

What determines the properties of fat?

A

Fatty Acids

106
Q

What is the composition of a fatty acid?

A

hydrocarbon chain with a COOH (carboxyl) group

107
Q

Characteristics of saturated fatty acids

A

no Carbon double bonds.
Solid at room temperature.
ex. Beef Fat

108
Q

Characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids

A

One of more Carbon double bonds.
Liquid at room temperature.
ex. Linseed Oil

109
Q

Where are most phospholipids found?

A

membranes

110
Q

What is the composition of a phospholipid?

A

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 polar group

111
Q

Why is a phospholipid like a soap?

A

both are hydro-phobic and hydrophilic

112
Q

What are some characteristics of steroids?

A

Complex ring forms. Some are hormones (like estradiol and testosterone). Some are cholesterol. Natural Substances. Found in membranes.

113
Q

amino acid polymers

A

proteins

114
Q

What are the roles of proteins in a cell

A

enzymes, hormones, structures

115
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

116
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid?

A

1 Carbon (alpha carbon) surrounded by 1 amino group, 1 carboxyl group, 1 hydrogen, and one “R” group

117
Q

How many “R” groups are there and what is there purpose?

A

About 20 different “R” groups that decide which amino acid it is

118
Q

Characteristics of an amino acids

A

Small molecules (about 20 kinds). Joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptide. Different sequences make different proteins.

119
Q

Where are peptide bonds usually located in amino acids

A

between carboxyl groups

120
Q

What happens when amino acids are joined by peptide bonds

A

form polypeptide and release water

121
Q

What happens in the levels of protein structure (primary - quaternary)?

A

Primary - the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary - coiling of the chain or formation of sheets.
Tertiary - coiling of the coil (like in phones)
Quaternary - two or more chains put together

122
Q

What is the main function of nucleic acids?

A

genetics and cell control

123
Q

What is another name for nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotide Polymers

124
Q

What is the purpose of RNA?

A

manages synthesis

125
Q

What is the composition of a nucleotide?

A

5-Carbon Sugar, a PO3(phosphite), and a nitrogenous base

126
Q

What are the purposes of a nucleotide?

A

Serve to make RNA &DNA, some are energy carriers (ATP and NAD), some are chemical messengers (cAMP - cyclic AMP)

127
Q

How are nucleotides joined together and what is the result?

A

Nucleotides are joined together into a chain and result in a nucleic acid (DNA if the sugar is deoxyribose, RNA if the sugar is ribose)

128
Q

How are nucleic acid connected?

A

a sugar-phosphate backbone (3’-5’ phosphodiester)

129
Q

What were the first cells and what did they evolve into?

A

prokaryotic cells were the first cells then evolved to become eukaryotic cells

130
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of one or more things (all cells come from preexisting things)

131
Q

Are there more unicellular species or multicellular species?

A

unicellular

132
Q

the basic units of structure and function

A

cells

133
Q

What are the basic features of all cells?

A

Plasma membrane with a phospholipid bilayer. DNA as a hereditary blueprint. Cytoplasm. Obtain energy and nutrients from the environment. Small.

134
Q

What is needed to view cells

A

electron microscope

135
Q

What is central in viewing proteins and how does it work?

A

X-Ray Crystallography. Crystalize proteins and then put it in an x-ray machine.

136
Q

What are the features of prokaryotic cells?

A

No membrane-bound nucleus (have genome). Circular chromosomes/DNA. Small (0.1 to 5 micrometers). No organelles. Cell wall and a phospholipid bilayer. Some have a flagellum.

137
Q

What is the purpose of a flagellum in a prokaryotic cell?

A

movement

138
Q

What are the features of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus. Linear chromosomes/DNA. Larger (8-100 micrometers). Membranous organelles.

139
Q

What surrounds a nucleus like a membrane?

A

a nuclear envelope with pores

140
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are stored in the nucleus?

A

23

141
Q

the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

142
Q

contains ribosomes, makes proteins and phospholipids, synthesizes new membrane for endoplasmic reticulum

A

Rough ER

143
Q

involved in lipid synthesis (including phospholipids and cholesterol), synthesizes other lipids such as steroid hormones testosterone and estrogen

A

Smooth ER

144
Q

how many angstroms is 0.1 nanometer

A

10 angstrom

145
Q

How small can we see by using x-ray crystallography?

A

Down to the angstrom resolution

146
Q

chemically modifies and sorts molecules from the ER that will be secreted from the cell or used to construct various membrane structures (like the USPS)

A

golgi apparatus

147
Q

What are the two main functions of the golgi apparatus?

A

to modify and package proteins, and produce vesicles called lysosomes

148
Q

the cell’s digestive system

A

lysosomes

149
Q

what is contained in the lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes

150
Q

What is the main function of the lysosomes

A

to digest material engulfed by the cell and to digest/recycle damaged organelles

151
Q

helps the cell get rid of waste

A

contractile vacuoles

152
Q

How do plants wilt?

A

in plant cells, there is a large central vacuole that changes in size based on water concentration. If a plant loses water, the cell changes and causes it to wilt.

153
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondrion?

A

Has an outer and inner membrane with solution between them and a water-based solution (matrix) inside of the inner membrane

154
Q

How did cells acquire mitochondrion?

A

the theory of endosymbiosis (one bacterium ate another)

155
Q

What do eukaryotic cells come from?

A

preexisting prokaryotic cells

156
Q

Why is the theory of endosymbiosis in the creation of mitochondria supported?

A

mitochondria have two membranes and a circular genome (like prokaryotes)

157
Q

What are foldings/creases in the inner membrane of mitochondria called?

A

Cristae

158
Q

What does the mitochondrion produce?

A

ATP (mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell)

159
Q

What is the structure of cholorplast?

A

Chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane. Has stroma (hydrophlic) liquid in cell. Has grana which are made from stacks of thykaloids. Has circular DNA

160
Q

What explains the formation of choloroplast?

A

Theory of endosymbiosis

161
Q

What is the main function of chloroplast

A

Uses sunlight to make chlorophyl which in turn can produce energy (ATP)

162
Q

What are plastids?

A

A two membrane organelle in plant cells that stores sugars in the roots of plants

163
Q

Goes through the cell and holds organelles in certain location in the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

164
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microfilamens (composed of protein subunits called Actin), intermediate filaments, and microtubule (made out of tubulin subunits)

165
Q

After you drink a glass of acidic lemonade, your body’s pH does not change. This is an example of how humans and other organisms

A

maintain homeostasis

166
Q

Which of the following would be considered complex and organized?
Salt crystal, Red Blood Cell in the body, Atlantic Ocean

A

Red Blood Cell in the body

167
Q

In what domain do humans belong?

A

Eukarya

168
Q

What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?

A

The number of electrons in the outermost shell

169
Q

What type of bond joins two hydrogen atoms?

A

Covalent

170
Q

Most biological molecules are joined by this bond

A

Covalent

171
Q

In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chloride?

A

ionic

172
Q

What name is given to the bond between water molecules?

A

Hydrogen

173
Q

Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule?

Lipid, Monosaccharide, Nucleic Acid, Carbon Monoxide, Protein

A

Carbon Monoxide

174
Q

The carbohydrate in DNA is

A

deoxyribose

175
Q

The fiber in your diet is actually

A

cellulose

176
Q

Phospholipids are unusual yet important to cell membrane structure because they

A

have a polar and non polar end

177
Q

A fat has ________, whereas an oil has _________.

A

No double bonds and is saturated; Double bonds and is unsaturated

178
Q

Suppose you have discovered a new virus and have isolated its nucleic acids. What feature could you look for to determine whether the nucleic acids of this virus are RNA and DNA?

A

if it is RNA, it will contain ribose

179
Q

Glycogen is

A

a polysaccharide found in animals

180
Q

What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids?

A

Carbohydrates have mostly polar bonds and lipids do not

181
Q

What do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins all have in common?

A

Covalent bonding holds these molecules together, and they can be formed by dehydration or condensation reactions

182
Q

What are the three major domains scientists categorize organisms into?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

183
Q

What are the four kingdoms that the domain Eukarya consists of?

A

Protista, Fungi, Animalia, and Plantae

184
Q

What are the 4 categories that all biological molecules fall into?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and nucleic acids

185
Q

What are the 3 major groups of lipids?

A

Phospholipids, Fats/Oils, Steroids

186
Q

All nucleotides are made up of what three parts?

A

Sugar, Nitrogenous base, Phosphate group

187
Q

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole in plants?

A

Storing compounds produced by the cell

188
Q

_____ are only found in plant cells, but ______ are found in both plant and animal cells.

A

Central Vacuoles, Ribosomes

189
Q

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy

190
Q

What is the plant cell wall made out of?

A

cellulose fibrils

191
Q

Which organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy (ATP) that can power the cell?

A

Mitochondria

192
Q

Which of the following is the smallest?

Mitochondrion, Eukaryotic Cell, Prokaryotic Cell, Virus

A

Virus

193
Q

What four organelles are not in animal cells?

A

cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole, plastids

194
Q

What is NOT a feature of a prokaryotic cell?

DNA, nuclear membrane, ribosomes, plasma membrane, enzymes

A

Nuclear Membrane

195
Q

What is the smallest living thing in this selection?

frog embryo, mitochondria, virus, bacteria, atom

A

bacteria

196
Q

Describe the interactions among ER, ribosomes, and golgi bodies in exporting protein from the cell.

A

Ribosomes manufacture proteins which travel through the ER and are packaged by the Golgi Bodies for export

197
Q

If red blood cells are taken from the body and placed in a solution with a lower concentration of water, what happens to the cells?

A

The cells shrivel up because water leaves them

198
Q

What is the name of the process where water-soluble molecules like ions, amino acids, and sugars diffuse down their concentration gradients with the aid of channel transport proteins?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

199
Q

What name is given to the process by which water crosses a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Osmosis

200
Q

What is the correct order of the classification system (least inclusive to most inclusive)

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

201
Q

The cytoplasm of a certain cell, such as a neuron, already has a high concentration of K+ ions. How can K+ ions continue to enter the cell?

A

Active transport

202
Q

Where are all of the proteins of cell membranes synthesized?

A

Rough ER (has ribosomes)

203
Q

Which organelle is the main site for lipid synthesis?

A

Smooth ER

204
Q

Is the DNA in mitochondria circular or linear?

A

circular

205
Q

What is the order of the central dogma of biology

A

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Biol 1201 (4 decks)

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