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Pathology 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is etiology? And what are the risks

A

Origin of disease “why”

Risks are inherited or environmental

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2
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

Steps in development “how”

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3
Q

What are morphological changes?

A

They can be gross or microscopic, biochemical, structural, functional

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4
Q

What describes how a disease develops and outlines the steps of development, such as cellular and molecular changes

A

Pathogenesis

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5
Q

Cardiac myocytes undergo what to compensate for chronic hypertension

A

Hypertrophy

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6
Q

What is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells

A

Hyperplasia

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7
Q

A viral infection that results in a wart formation is an example of pathological…

A

Hyperplasia

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8
Q

Diminished blood supply or loss of innervation to a cell are most likely to produce….

A

Atrophy

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9
Q

Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increased protein degradation is the hallmark feature of what

A

Atrophy

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10
Q

What involves replacing one adult cell type with another adult cell type

A

Metaplasia

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11
Q

What adaptation to stress increases the likelihood of developing cancer

A

Metaplasia

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12
Q

True or False, a cell that has been injured will always die as a result

A

False

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13
Q

Is inflammation associated with necrosis or apoptosis

A

Necrosis

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14
Q

Which pattern of tissue necrosis requires a histologic exam

A

Fibrinoid necrosis

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15
Q

What term describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?

A

Karyorrhexis

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16
Q

Hypoxia to neurons within the CNS are likely to produce

A

Liquefactive necrosis

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17
Q

Is timing of the injury impactful in cellular response to injurious stimuli?

A

No; duration, type, and severity are much more impactful

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18
Q

True or False; mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia

A

False

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19
Q

An influx of intracellular calcium will stimulate what by activating caspases?

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

True or False; reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during normal aerobic respiration

A

True

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21
Q

True of false; reactive oxygen species are the most damaging to mucous membranes

A

False

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22
Q

What term describes nuclear shrinkage within a dying cell?

A

pyknosis

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23
Q

What term describes nuclear fading within a dying cell?

A

Karyolysis

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24
Q

True or False; ischemia to a tissue will inhibit oxidative phosphorylation as well as glycolysis

A

True

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25
Q

Prolonged ischemia that produces irreversible cellular injury will stimulate what?

A

Necrosis

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26
Q

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue is most likely to cause damage to what kind of tissue?

A

Myocardium

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27
Q

Accumulation of triglycerides within hepatic parenchyma is termed what?

A

Steatosis

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28
Q

Deposition of calcium into necrotic tissue is termed what?

A

Dystrophic calcification

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29
Q

Pathological hypercalcemia causing deposition of calcium into normal tissues is termed what?

A

Metastatic calcification

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30
Q

What involves telomeres shortening and limiting the capacity fro the cell to replicate

A

Replicative senescence

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31
Q

Which type of inflammation is most associated with the presence of macrophages?

A

Chronic inflammation

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32
Q

Which type of inflammation is most likely to result in tissue injury and scarring (fibrosis)

A

Chronic inflammation

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33
Q

A multi-protein cytoplasmic complex that recognizes products of dead cells and stimulates an acute inflammatory response is called what?

A

Inflammasome

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34
Q

As stasis develops at the site of an acute inflammatory reaction, what initiates margination and rolling?

A

Leukocytes

35
Q

Inflammation increases vascular permeability, which allows protein-rich fluid into the extravascular tissues. The resulting protein-rich fluid accumulation is called what?

A

Exudate

36
Q

Accumulations caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, usually a consequence of reduced venous return is termed what?

A

Transudate

37
Q

Which type of inflammation is most associated with the presence of monocytes

A

Acute inflammation

38
Q

True or False; the resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction and normalization of vascular permeability

A

True

39
Q

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulgaris?

A

Purulent (Suppurative)

40
Q

What kind of inflammation is characterized by outpouring of watery, relatively protein-poor fluid

A

Serous inflammation

41
Q

In serous inflammation, what is the fluid in a serous cavity called?

A

Effusion

42
Q

What kind of inflammation is characterized by severe injury, permeability to large molecules, and fibrin rich exudate

A

Fibrinous

43
Q

What kind of inflammation is characterized by shedding of necrotic tissue near an organ or tissue surface

A

Ulcerative

44
Q

Focal collections of pus are called what

A

abscesses

45
Q

TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are all considered to be what?

A

Cytokines

46
Q

Activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)?

A

Complement system

47
Q

The kinin system leads to the formation of ________ which increases vascular permeability

A

Bradykinin

48
Q

Pyrogens stimulate ________ synthesis, which promote the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point

A

Prostaglandin

49
Q

A white blood cell count of 16,000 cells per microliter is considered to be

A

Leukocytosis (15,000-20,000)

50
Q

What would the white blood cell count be in a leukemoid reaction?

A

40,000-100,000 per microliter

51
Q

What would the white blood cell count be in leukopenia

A

<4,000 per microliter

52
Q

True or False; once the inflammatory reaction has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing

A

False

53
Q

The normal size of a cell population of cells is determined by a balance between proliferating cells, newly differentiated cells, and ______

A

Apoptosis

54
Q

Cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of what tissue

A

Stable

55
Q

Hematopoietic cells is an example of what kind of cell

A

Labile cell

56
Q

True or False; hematopoietic stem cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as the peripheral blood?

A

True

57
Q

True or False: adult stem cells are the least differentiated

A

False, Embryonic stem cells are

58
Q

What are 2 common responses to increased growth factors

A

Prevention of apoptosis

Entry into the cell cycle

59
Q

Which component of the extracellular matrix allows for tissue recoil following physical deformation

A

Elastin

60
Q

Which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments

A

Elastin

61
Q

The liver is able to regenerate as much as ________ of surgically removed hepatocytes

A

40-60%

62
Q

True or False; extensive regeneration can occur only if the residual connective tissue framework is structurally intact

A

True

63
Q

Is granulation tissue highly or poorly vascularized?

A

Highly

64
Q

The major source of growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are derived from

A

Macrophages

65
Q

Extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metalloprotinases, which are dependent of what for their activity?

A

Zinc ions

66
Q

As scars mature, the number of fibroblasts and new vessels increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

67
Q

A surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neovascularization by what day?

A

5

68
Q

A wound is likely to regain approximately ________ of the original tissue strength within 3 months of healing

A

75-80%

69
Q

Progressive shortening of telomeres is associated with replicative senescence, but what does that mean?

A

Normal cells are constantly dividing, but they have a fixed number of times they can divide. Eventually cells become arrested in terminally non dividing state, this is why we age.

And this process is known as replicative senescence

70
Q

What are the 3 types of proliferative capacities of tissues?

A

Labile (continuously dividing) Example: hematopoietic
Stable (cells that can divide when needed) Example: Smooth muscle, liver, kidney, pancreas
Permanent (Cannot divide) Example: Brain and Heart

71
Q

Plasma cells are derived from what?

A

B cells

72
Q

How often do leukocytes turn over

A

~Every 4 days

73
Q

What are the 5 R’s of inflammation

A 
Recognition of injury 
Recruitment of leukocytes
Removal of agent (phagocytosis) 
Regulation of response 
Resolution and repair
74
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

A 
Calor-heat
Dolar-pain
Rubor-red
Tumor-swelling 
Loss of function
75
Q

Is there fibrosis in acute inflammation

A

No

76
Q

What is the most common cell in acute inflammation

A

Neutrophils

77
Q

What receptor recognizes pathogens-infections in the plasma membrane

A

TLR (toll-like receptors)

78
Q

Leukocytes collecting along a vascular wall during acute inflammation is known as what

A

Margination

79
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

General disorder of lymph nodes

80
Q

What is lymphadenitis

A

Inflammation of lymph node - increases in size

81
Q

What is lymphangitis

A

Inflammation of lymphatic channel

82
Q

Opsonins - IgG have what function

A

Marking a cell for death

83
Q

Interstitial matrix is a 3D gel produced by what

A

Fibroblast

84
Q

Basement membranes surround what

A

Cavities and around organs

Pathology 1 (3 decks)

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