Exam 1 Flashcards by Andrew White

What is etiology? And what are the risks

Origin of disease “why”

Risks are inherited or environmental

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What is pathogenesis?

Steps in development “how”

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What are morphological changes?

They can be gross or microscopic, biochemical, structural, functional

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What describes how a disease develops and outlines the steps of development, such as cellular and molecular changes

Pathogenesis

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Cardiac myocytes undergo what to compensate for chronic hypertension

Hypertrophy

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What is the term indicating an increase in the number of cells

Hyperplasia

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A viral infection that results in a wart formation is an example of pathological…

Hyperplasia

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Diminished blood supply or loss of innervation to a cell are most likely to produce….

Atrophy

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Decreased cellular protein synthesis combined with increased protein degradation is the hallmark feature of what

Atrophy

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What involves replacing one adult cell type with another adult cell type

Metaplasia

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What adaptation to stress increases the likelihood of developing cancer

Metaplasia

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True or False, a cell that has been injured will always die as a result

False

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Is inflammation associated with necrosis or apoptosis

Necrosis

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Which pattern of tissue necrosis requires a histologic exam

Fibrinoid necrosis

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What term describes destructive fragmentation of the nucleus within a dying cell?

Karyorrhexis

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Hypoxia to neurons within the CNS are likely to produce

Liquefactive necrosis

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Is timing of the injury impactful in cellular response to injurious stimuli?

No; duration, type, and severity are much more impactful

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True or False; mitochondria are resistant to the deleterious effects of hypoxia

False

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An influx of intracellular calcium will stimulate what by activating caspases?

Apoptosis

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True or False; reactive oxygen species are produced in all cells during normal aerobic respiration

True

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True of false; reactive oxygen species are the most damaging to mucous membranes

False

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What term describes nuclear shrinkage within a dying cell?

pyknosis

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What term describes nuclear fading within a dying cell?

Karyolysis

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True or False; ischemia to a tissue will inhibit oxidative phosphorylation as well as glycolysis

True

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Prolonged ischemia that produces irreversible cellular injury will stimulate what?

Necrosis

Restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue is most likely to cause damage to what kind of tissue?

Myocardium

Accumulation of triglycerides within hepatic parenchyma is termed what?

Steatosis

Deposition of calcium into necrotic tissue is termed what?

Dystrophic calcification

Pathological hypercalcemia causing deposition of calcium into normal tissues is termed what?

Metastatic calcification

What involves telomeres shortening and limiting the capacity fro the cell to replicate

Replicative senescence

Which type of inflammation is most associated with the presence of macrophages?

Chronic inflammation

Which type of inflammation is most likely to result in tissue injury and scarring (fibrosis)

Chronic inflammation

A multi-protein cytoplasmic complex that recognizes products of dead cells and stimulates an acute inflammatory response is called what?

Inflammasome

As stasis develops at the site of an acute inflammatory reaction, what initiates margination and rolling?

Leukocytes

Inflammation increases vascular permeability, which allows protein-rich fluid into the extravascular tissues. The resulting protein-rich fluid accumulation is called what?

Exudate

Accumulations caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, usually a consequence of reduced venous return is termed what?

Transudate

Which type of inflammation is most associated with the presence of monocytes

Acute inflammation

True or False; the resolution stage of an inflammatory reaction involves enzymatic degradation of the various chemical mediators of the reaction and normalization of vascular permeability

True

Which morphological pattern of inflammation is associated with acne vulgaris?

Purulent (Suppurative)

What kind of inflammation is characterized by outpouring of watery, relatively protein-poor fluid

Serous inflammation

In serous inflammation, what is the fluid in a serous cavity called?

Effusion

What kind of inflammation is characterized by severe injury, permeability to large molecules, and fibrin rich exudate

Fibrinous

What kind of inflammation is characterized by shedding of necrotic tissue near an organ or tissue surface

Ulcerative

Focal collections of pus are called what

abscesses

TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 are all considered to be what?

Cytokines

Activation of which system generates a pore-like membrane attack complex (MAC)?

Complement system

The kinin system leads to the formation of ________ which increases vascular permeability

Bradykinin

Pyrogens stimulate ________ synthesis, which promote the production of neurotransmitters that reset the temperature set point

Prostaglandin

A white blood cell count of 16,000 cells per microliter is considered to be

Leukocytosis (15,000-20,000)

What would the white blood cell count be in a leukemoid reaction?

40,000-100,000 per microliter

What would the white blood cell count be in leukopenia

<4,000 per microliter

True or False; once the inflammatory reaction has resolved, the body initiates the process of healing

False

The normal size of a cell population of cells is determined by a balance between proliferating cells, newly differentiated cells, and ______

Apoptosis

Cells that are capable of proliferating in response to injury or loss of tissue mass are components of what tissue

Stable

Hematopoietic cells is an example of what kind of cell

Labile cell

True or False; hematopoietic stem cells may be found in the bone marrow as well as the peripheral blood?

True

True or False: adult stem cells are the least differentiated

False, Embryonic stem cells are

What are 2 common responses to increased growth factors

Prevention of apoptosis | Entry into the cell cycle

Which component of the extracellular matrix allows for tissue recoil following physical deformation

Elastin

Which fibrous structural protein of the extracellular matrix provides structural integrity to large vessel walls and ligaments

Elastin

The liver is able to regenerate as much as ________ of surgically removed hepatocytes

40-60%

True or False; extensive regeneration can occur only if the residual connective tissue framework is structurally intact

True

Is granulation tissue highly or poorly vascularized?

Highly

The major source of growth factors that stimulate and activate fibroblasts are derived from

Macrophages

Extracellular matrix is degraded by matrix metalloprotinases, which are dependent of what for their activity?

Zinc ions

As scars mature, the number of fibroblasts and new vessels increases or decreases?

Decreases

A surgical incision that was sutured is expected to reach peak neovascularization by what day?

A wound is likely to regain approximately ________ of the original tissue strength within 3 months of healing

75-80%

Progressive shortening of telomeres is associated with replicative senescence, but what does that mean?

Normal cells are constantly dividing, but they have a fixed number of times they can divide. Eventually cells become arrested in terminally non dividing state, this is why we age. And this process is known as replicative senescence

What are the 3 types of proliferative capacities of tissues?

Labile (continuously dividing) Example: hematopoietic Stable (cells that can divide when needed) Example: Smooth muscle, liver, kidney, pancreas Permanent (Cannot divide) Example: Brain and Heart

Plasma cells are derived from what?

B cells

How often do leukocytes turn over

~Every 4 days

What are the 5 R's of inflammation

``` Recognition of injury Recruitment of leukocytes Removal of agent (phagocytosis) Regulation of response Resolution and repair ```

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

``` Calor-heat Dolar-pain Rubor-red Tumor-swelling Loss of function ```

Is there fibrosis in acute inflammation

What is the most common cell in acute inflammation

Neutrophils

What receptor recognizes pathogens-infections in the plasma membrane

TLR (toll-like receptors)

Leukocytes collecting along a vascular wall during acute inflammation is known as what

Margination

What is lymphadenopathy?

General disorder of lymph nodes

What is lymphadenitis

Inflammation of lymph node - increases in size

What is lymphangitis

Inflammation of lymphatic channel

Opsonins - IgG have what function

Marking a cell for death

Interstitial matrix is a 3D gel produced by what

Fibroblast

Basement membranes surround what

Cavities and around organs