exam 1 Flashcards
non significant zeros must take the place of all digits that are ____________
“dropped” to the left of the inferred decimal point
in ____ and ______ the number of significant digits must be equal to the least number of significant digits in the problem
multiplication; division
in ____ and ______ the answer must be as precise as the least precise measurement
addition; subtraction
the rule of multiplication and division is based on _________
significant figures
the rule of addition and subtraction is based on _________
uncertainties
a numerical system in which numbers are expressed in the form “a x 10^n” where a is a single nonzero digit to the left of a decimal point and n is a whole number
scientific notation
a single exponential value of the number 10
order of magnitude
the type of error that affects precision
random error
the type of error that affects accuracy
systematic error
a particular choice of metric units that was adopted in 1960 as a standard for making metric system measurements
SI system of units
10^9
giga (G)
10^-6
micro (µ)
deci (d)
10^-1
mega (M)
10^6
10^-9
nano (n)
hecto (h)
10^2
10^3
kilo (k)
10^-2
centi (c)
milli (m)
10^-3
10^12
tera (T)
pico (p)
10^-12
deca (da)
10^1
SI system base unit of length
meter
SI system base unit of mass
kilogram
the pull of gravity on the mass of an object
weight
weight is _______
not constant
the quantity of matter in a subject
mass
mass is _____
constant
a measure of the extent of a surface
area
area’s exponential value
squared
a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object
volume
volume’s exponential value
cubed
a volume equal to that of a cube whose sides are 1 dm or 10 cm in length
liter
a ratio that specifies how one unit of measurement is related to another unit of measurement
conversion factor
1 mile = how many km?
1.61
1 inch = how many cm?
2.54
1 lb = how many gram?
454
1 kg = how many lb?
2.2
0°c = how many °f?
32
what is the formula for converting °c to °f?
f = 1.8c + 32
what is the formula for converting °f to °c?
c = f - 32 / 1.8
what is the formula for obtaining kelvin?
k = °c + 273
the ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by that object
density
compares a measured value with its accepting value
percent error
energy that matter possesses because of particle motion
kinetic energy
stored energy that matter possesses as a result of its position, condition, and/or composition
potential energy
kinetic energy may be considered a _____ _____ within the chemical system, making the particles independent of each other
disruptive force
base unit for energy in the metric system
joule (J)
1 calorie = how many joules?
4.184
1 kcal = how many kJ?
4.184
amount of heat energy needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of a substance in a specific physical state by 1 degree celsius
specific heat
specific heat x mass x temp. change
formula for heat energy change
Cal is the same as ____
kcal
the ability to do work
energy
mass per unit volume
density
formula for finding density
mass / volume
formula for finding density (liquid)
grams / ml
formula for finding mass
volume x density
density of water
100 g / ml
formula for finding volume
mass / density
error caused by uncontrollable variables in an experiment
random error
zeros to the left of a nonzero number (leading zeros) are __________
not significant
an indicator of how close a series of measurements on the same object are to eachother
precision
constant error associated with an experimental system itself
systematic error
digits in any measurement that are known with certainty (and one digit that is uncertain)
significant figures
any nonzero number is ______
significant
an indicator of how close a measurement comes to a true or accepted value
accuracy
zeros in-between two non zero numbers are _____
significant
when you conduct an experiment, you are only allowed to estimate ____ number
one
zeros to the right of a non zero number are significant only when ______
there is a decimal point
all numbers are considered to be significant in ______
exact numbers
affects accuracy
systematic error
a number that has a value with a degree of uncertainty in it
inexact number
two of the most common origins for uncertainty in measurement are _______ and _______.
human error; instrument error
the determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or the extent of something
measurement
if there is a decimal point, the zeros to the right of it are
significant
mathematical operations should not _____ or ____ the uncertainty of experimental measurements
increase; decrease
the process of deleting unwanted digits from a calculated number
rounding off numbers
if the first digit to be dropped is less than 5, ___________________
that digit and all that follow are to be dropped
if the first digit to be dropped is more than 5, an odd-even rule applies, drop the 5 and any zeros that follow and then ________
if odd= increase the last retained digit by one unit
if even= leave the last retained digit the same
