Exam 1

Question 1

another word for anterior

Answer 1

ventral

Question 2

another name for posterior

Answer 2

dorsal

Question 3

unilateral

Answer 3

one side of the body

Question 4

bilateral

Answer 4

occurs on both side of body

Question 5

ipsilateral

Answer 5

something occurring on the same side of the body as another structure

Question 6

contralateral

Answer 6

something occurring on the opposite side of the body as another structure

Question 7

what are the 2 major classifications of joints

Answer 7

synarthroses (non-synovial)

diarthroses (synovial)

Question 8

types of synarthroses

Answer 8

1. synostosis
2. syndesmosis or fibrous
3. synchondrosis

Question 9

synostosis

Answer 9

in skull, bone to bone

Question 10

syndesmosis

Answer 10

bone that connects to bone via cartilage or fibrous connective tissue

Question 11

synchondrosis

Answer 11

separated by hyaline or fibrocartilage. slight movement. provides stability

Question 12

5 components of Diarthrosis joints

Answer 12

1. fibrous joint capsule
2. joint cavity
3. synovial membrane
4. synovial fluid
5. articular (hyaline) cartilage

Question 13

fibrous capsule of Joint Capsule

Answer 13

outer layer
attaches to periosteum
limited blood supply
contains jt. receptors

Question 14

synovial membrane of Joint Capsule

Answer 14

inner layer
secretes synovial fluid
poorly innervated, good blood supply

Question 15

Diarthrodial Joints

Answer 15

1. planar
2. hinge
3. ball and socket
4. bicondylar
5. pivot
6. saddle
7. ellipsoidal

Question 16

hinge joint

Answer 16

humeroulnar (elbow)

talocrural (ankle)

Question 17

bicondylar joint

Answer 17

tibia femoral joint: felxion and extension and some rotation

Question 18

pivot joint

Answer 18

radialulnar joint: supination and pronation

Question 19

saddle joint (sellar)

Answer 19

convex on concave in one plane and concave on convex in another plane

Question 20

ellipsoidal joint (condyloid)

Answer 20

knuckles: convex surface meets with concave surface

Question 21

planar joint

Answer 21

AC joint, midtarsal, intertarsal, intercarpal

2 flat surfaces meeting with one another. gliding motion

Question 22

uniaxial

Answer 22

motion occurs in one plane around single axis

toes and fingers

Question 23

biaxial

Answer 23

motion occurs in 2 planes around 2 axes

hand

Question 24

multiaxial

Answer 24

free to move around 3 planes

ball and socket

Question 25

simple

Answer 25

one articular surface on each bony member of joint

Question 26

compound

Answer 26

more than one articular surface on each body member

Question 27

complex

Answer 27

contains an intraarticular disc or cartilage

Question 28

accessory structures

Answer 28

meniscus
bursa 
labrum
fat pad
ligaments
tendons

Question 29

bursa

Answer 29

fluid filled sacks that help prevent friction

Question 30

labrum

Answer 30

at hip or shoulder, added layer to add depth to the socket

Question 31

fat pad

Answer 31

located within joint capsule itself

Question 32

ligaments

Answer 32

bone to bone

Question 33

tendons

Answer 33

muscle to bone

Question 34

arthrokinematics

Answer 34

“roll or glide”

movement occurs at joint surface during the osteokinematic motion

Question 35

kaltenborn’s rule

concave on convex

Answer 35

when a concave surface moves on a fixed convex surface. roll and glide=same direction

Question 36

convex on concave

Answer 36

concave surface is fixed

roll and glide occur in opposite directions

Question 37

goniometry

Answer 37

measurement of angles

Question 38

information from AROM

Answer 38

estimate of AROM
movements that increase/decrease pain
willingness to move 
coordination 
attention span 
muscle strength

Question 39

information from PROM

Answer 39

amount of movement available 
quality of motion 
end feel 
presence/absence of capsular pattern 
pain

Question 40

end feel (cyriax)

Answer 40

resistance to movement that an examiner feels at the end of a PROM

Question 41

normal end feels

Answer 41

1. bony
2. tissue stretch
3. soft tissue

Question 42

abnormal end feels

Answer 42

empty: limited due to pain
bony: occurs prior to when it should
capsular: tissue stretch early on ROM
springy block: something stuck in the joint
spasm/hard: hard end feel when nothing should be blocking area

Question 43

myositis ossificans

Answer 43

blood hardens and begins to feel like bone

Question 44

ROM considerations

Answer 44

position of athlete & ATC
stabilization 
alignment of goniometer 
interpreting data 
recording data

Question 45

stabilization

Answer 45

helps provide isolated movement at that joint
provided manually or towels/tables
stabilize proximal segment

Question 46

interrater reliability

Answer 46

amount of agreement repeated measurements of ROM by different clinicians

Question 47

intrerater reliability

Answer 47

agreement between repaid measurements of ROM by same clinician

Question 48

lumbarization

Answer 48

S1 is detached from sacral body and acts as an individual vertebra

Question 49

Sacralization

Answer 49

fusion of L5 onto sacrum

Question 50

intervertebral disc layers

Answer 50

neurovacular capsule 
outer annulus fibrosis 
inner annulus 
inner nucleus pulposus 
fibrocartilaginous endplate

Question 51

annulus fibrosus

Answer 51

composed of 10-20 layers of rings of fibrocartilage
function: protect and isolate the nucleus
attaches to outer portion of vertebral bodies
high capacity for weight bearing

Question 52

nucleus pulposus

Answer 52

gel like substance, made primarily of water (70-90%)
hydrophillic: ability to accept water
expands while laying down
pressure is greatest when sitting down

Question 53

fibrocartilaginous endplate

Answer 53

covers most of supers and interior portion of disc securing it to vertebral bodies. porous in nature allowing diffusion of nutrients

Question 54

Intervertebral disc (IVD)

Answer 54

bending: nucleus pulposus deforms in the direction opposite of the movement
rotating: not well suited for this, only half of the annular fibrosis protect against it

Question 55

joints of lumbar spine

Answer 55

intervertebral joints (IV)
facet joint (apophyseal joint, zygapophyseal joint)

Question 56

IV joints (intervertabral joints)

Answer 56

synarthrosis: limited movement 
cartilaginous
symphysis 
bony members
joint also includes IVD and endplates

Question 57

facet joints

Answer 57

diarthrodial

planar: gliding movement