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Parisitology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of hosts/parasite relationships

A

host specific parasite, broad host spectrum, definitive or final host, intermediate host, paratenic host, biological vector.

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2
Q

host specific parasite

A

a parasite that develops COMPLETELY in only one type of host

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3
Q

broad host spectrum

A

a parasite that can develop in different types of hosts. they may have a preferred host for development and if that host is unavailable, they will develop on other hosts.

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4
Q

definitive/final host (DH)

A

a host in which the parasite develops to its mature stage

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5
Q

intermediate host (IH)

A

a host in which the parasite develops to that stage which is infective for the DH. when the DH ingests the IH, the infective stage will enter the DH. the infective stage can encyst within the tissues.

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6
Q

paratenic host (PH)

A

(transport host) a host in which there is no development of a helminth and some protozoa. it will transmit the infective stage of the parasite and allow for greater dissemination.

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7
Q

biological vector

A

a host, usually a biting arthropod, in which a protozoan parasite develops through either asexual or sexual multiplication. it transmits the parasite via mouth parts on subsequent biting of a DH or in its feces deposited on the DH as it is feeding.

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8
Q

infection

A

when endoparasites such as helminths and protozoa infect the host internally

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9
Q

infestation

A

when ectoparasites such as acari and insects attach to or occupy the hosts

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10
Q

predilection site

A

the preferred site in or on the host, which is characteristic for a parasite species

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11
Q

aberrant site

A

the site on or in the host which is NOT a normal location for a parasite

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12
Q

pathogenesis

A

study of how diseases develop. changes in cells, organs, tissues that eventually give rise to gross changes and clinical signs.

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13
Q

lesions

A

differences found in tissues of an animal from what is normal - observed grossly or microscopically

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14
Q

arthropods (ectoparasites)

A
  • 80% of animal species
  • include INSECTS and ARACHNIDS (ticks and mites)
  • hard, chitinous exoskeleton
  • segmented body
  • jointed limbs
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15
Q

insects (flies, lice, fleas & others) - characteristics?

A
  • 3 pairs of legs
  • body divided into head, distinct thorax, and abdomen
  • single pair of antennae
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16
Q

flies (Diptera) - identifying/life cycle

A
  • size of fly, it’s mouthparts
  • location of fly
  • larvae and/or eggs in/on a host
17
Q

lice (Phthiraptera)

A
  • size of the head and mandibles in comparison to the thorax
  • claws
  • entire lifecycle takes place on host
  • transfer between hosts occurs via close contact
18
Q

ischnoceran lice

A

mandibles and head are wider than the thorax

19
Q

anopluran lice

A

mandibles and head are narrower than the thorax

20
Q

fleas (Siphonaptera)

A
  • shape of head
  • genal comb (by sucking mouthparts)
  • pronotal comb)
  • egg, larval and pupa stages in environment
  • adult can be on or off the host
21
Q

arachnids (ticks and mites) - characteristics?

A
  • 4 pairs of legs in nymphal and adult stages, 3 in larvae
  • body divided into cephalo-thorax and abdomen
  • no antennae but palps
  • order Acari includes ticks and mites
22
Q

ticks - characteristics?

A
  • 2 families - Ixodide or hard ticks and Argasidae or soft
  • Ixodidae - rigid, chitinous scutum, which covers the entire dorsal surface of adult male
  • Argasidae - lack a scutum and mouthparts cannot be view from the dorsal surface
23
Q

helminth

A

nematode - roundworm
cestode - tapeworm
trematode - fluke

24
Q

nematode - characteristics?

A
  • parasitic or free living
  • unsegmented, elongated, and cylindrical in shape
  • alimentary canal
  • sexes are separate and females are longer than males
25
Q

nematode life cycle

A
  • egg, 4 larval stages, 5th larval stage, and adult stage
  • direct - no intermediate host
  • indirect - one or more intermediate hosts
  • infective stage (L3) can be ingested or penetrate skin of definitive host
  • L2 - if it reaches the DH then nothing will happen. L3 needs to be present in order for the lifecycle to continue
26
Q

cestodes (tapeworms) - characteristics?

A
  • elongate, flat body without a body cavity or alimentary canal
  • a scolex (head) with 4 suckers (holdfasts) with or without hooks. there is also a rostellum (crown) at the apex.
  • strobila or body includes the head, neck, and proglottids or segments
  • each proglottid is genitally independent, hermaphrodite
  • larval stages (metacestodes): cysticercus, strobilocercus, cysticercoid, coenurus and hydatid cyst
27
Q

trematodes (flukes)

A
  • dorso-ventrally flattened, often leaf like
  • oral and ventral suckers for attachment
  • usually genitally independent, hermaphroditic
28
Q

trematode life cycle

A

indirect - at least 1 IH is required. larval stages develop and multiply asexually in a molluscan intermediate host

29
Q

protazoa

A
  • unicellular, eukaryotic
  • have a nucleus, ER, mitochondria, Golgi body and lysosomes
  • locomotion via - pseudopodia, flagella, gliding movements, cilia
30
Q

Spirocerca lupi

A

esophageal worm

31
Q

Section of a cestode that is genetically independent?

A

Proglottid - these sections of a tapeworm are segmentations from the neck and get bigger towards the posterior end of the worm and makes them more reproductively available. each segment is capable of reproduction. there are genital pores (bi/unilateral) that will push eggs out.

32
Q

what are the larval stages of a cestode?

A

cysticercus, strobilocercus, cysticercoid, coenurus, hydatid cyst.

33
Q

what is is the structure seen in the 1st larval stage of a cestode egg? what is it called?

A

it is called an oncospheres with cilia. suckers are seen in the egg. they are the necessary structure for the worm to attach. there are 4 suckers on the scolex (can see as a white ball in a cyst). it will attach to the host. from there, the neck and progottid segments will grow the worm.

34
Q

T/F. the lifecycle of a cestode is indirect.

A

True! the cestodes will require at least 1 IH before it can reach its DH and complete its lifecycle.

35
Q

what are the organs of attachment for a Cyclophyllidea?

A

this is 1 of the 2 orders of cestodes. so the organs would be the scolex and suckers.

Parisitology (4 decks)

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