Exam 1-2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
What are four types of non-immune defence mechanisms?
Diarrhea, vomiting, sneezing, and coughing
What is the main problem in primary ciliary dyskinesia?
The cilia are no longer moving properly or at all, which impacts the airway negatively
Explain the concept of colonization resistance
Colonization resistance, especially in the gut and skin, is the concept that when an area of the body is already colonized, it becomes harder for new bacteria to survive and ‘trash the place’
What is the main purpose of sneezing and coughing?
Clearance of the airways from bacteria, viruses, dirt, and irritants
What cells and molecules are part of the innate immune system?
macrophages and granulocytes as cells, complement and cytokines as the molecules
What cells and molecules are part of the acquired immune system?
Lymphocytes are the cells, antibodies the molecules
What are three strategies of the innate immune system for immune defense?
phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptide production, and reactive oxygen species
How does tissue damage lead to an immune response?
Severe tissue damage causes necrosis and will initiate the release of DAMPs, which will lead to inflammation in the tissue
Apart from the ‘professional cells’ of the immune system, which other cells are involved in innate immunity?
epithelial cells, stromal cells, and endothelial cells
What types of receptors recognize PAMPs?
PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
What type of immune responses will PRRs initiate?
phagocytosis, proteolysis, immune cell activation, and the release of inflammatory mediators
What are the three types of pattern recognition receptors?
Mannose receptors, N-formyl methionyl receptors, and toll-like receptors
What do toll-like receptors do?
Toll-like receptors are receptors that can recognize PAMPs, which will initiate the innate immune response
What are the general steps of signaling for inflammation through TLRs?
DAMPs/PAMPS will be detected by TLRs, which will activate a signalling pathway through NFkB to the nucleus of the cell. This initiates creation of the inflammasome. The inflammasome then helps regulate the cleavage of IL-1Beta from its pro-form into the active form
what is the main role of the inflammasome?
The inflammasome helps in cleaving of the pro-IL-1Beta into its active form, which will activate inflammation pathways
What characterizes CGD (chronic granulomatous disease?)
The inability to make hydrogenperoxide, making it harder for phagocytes to kill off bacteria and parasites
What are the three main functions of mast cells?
Histamine production
production of chemotaxic factors
cytokine production
What are the four functions of macrophages?
phagocytosis
cytokine production
antigen presentation
NET (neutrophil extracellular traps) formation
What are the steps of movement by immune cells (leukocytes and neutrophils) from the blood to the tissues?
Step 1: rolling. To slow down, a neutrophil will roll along the blood vessel wall in order to slow down. Slowing down is helped by adhesion molecules on the cell and the endothelium
step 2. Adherance to the vessel wall through LFA-1 and ICAM-1 binding with the cell
Step 3. migration/diapedesis, where the cell will force itself through the vessel wall
What are the steps of diapedesis?
destabilization of cell-cell junctions
leukocyte probing
endothelial pore confinement
endothelial pore closure
Explain the concept of chemotaxis
Chemotaxis is the movement of a microbe due to a concentration gradient of chemotacic factors
What is the difference between M1 and M2 macrophages?
M1 will lead to inflammation, while m2 will inhibit inflammation, instead allowing cell generation and tissue repair
When will a natural-killer cell kill?
In the absence of a MHC-class 1 molecule on a cell, there is no inhibition of the NK cell and thus it will kill this cell
How does an NK cell kill through the death receptor dependent pathway?
It activates perforin, which makes small holes in the target cell. This allows for granzyme to enter into the cell, which induces apoptosis
