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Infection & Immunity > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name three characteristics of SCID

A

Absence of serum immunoglobulins
Asbence of T lymphocytes
Absence of NK cells

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2
Q

What is the main role of the thymus?

A

It is primary education site for T lymphocytes

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3
Q

How did Wilco get leukemia?

A

Through leukocytosis of the abundant gammadelta T cells he had

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the heel prick test in the Netherlands?

A

For early detection of rare diseases that need to be treated early in life

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5
Q

What are the three categories of micro-organisms? Name an example

A

The good, the bad, and the ugly,
good are intestinal bacteria
bad are the measles
ugly are ebola, tetanus, diphtheria

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6
Q

What are the four types of micro-organisms?

A

Virus, bacteria, fungi, and parasites

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7
Q

How long does it take for a virus to multiply once compared to a B-lymphocyte?

A

A virus multiplies every 20 mins (exponentionally) and a B-lymphocyte takes about 20 hours to multiply

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8
Q

Name the 6 steps of infection

A

Encounter
Entry
Spread
Multiplication
Damage
Outcome

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9
Q

Name for examples of congenital and perinatal infections

A
  • Rubella
  • Syphilis
  • HIV
  • CMV/cytomegalovirus
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10
Q

Which tpes of entry mechanisms are there for bacteria?

A

Inhalation
Ingestion
Penetration crossing the epithelium

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11
Q

What does multiplication of the pathogen depend on?

A

Environment such as temperature, pH, oxygen, and the host defense system

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12
Q

There are five different mechanisms of direct damage. Name them

A

Inflammation
Intoxication
Cell death
Tissue destruction
Endotoxins

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13
Q

What are the four signs of infection?

A

Warmth, pain, swelling, and redness

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14
Q

Where can normal microbiota be found in the body?

A

Skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, urinary tract, genital system

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15
Q

Which spaces in the body are normally sterile from microbiota?

A

the blood, CSF, synovial fluid, and deep tissues

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16
Q

What is the main difference between gram+ and gram- bacteria?

A

Gram+ bacteria have a thick cell wall mad of murein or peptidoglycan while gram- bacteria have an outer membrane made of LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

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17
Q

What is cell-mediated entry for pathogens?

A

When macrophages carry microbes into a tissue

18
Q

Name three examples that allow penetration of a pathogen

A

Insect bites
Cuts & wounds
Organ transplant or blood transfusion

19
Q

A larger number of infectious agents equals.. (CHOOSE 2)
A. a higher likelihood of infection
B. a lower likelihood of infection
C. A larger inoculum
D. A smaller inoculum

A

A and C. A larger inoculum, a bigger number of invading organisms, increases the likelihood of infection

20
Q

What are the two strategies for host defense?

A

complement system & phagocytosis
humoral and cellular immunity

21
Q

Name two modes of microbial defenses to evade the immune system

A
  • making a protective covering
  • altering of surface antigens
22
Q

Explain the term tissue tropism

A

Pathogens have preferences for certain parts of the body, due to the tissue properties, receptors of cells, or physical properties of the body site

23
Q

Which organs are primary lymphoid organs? and what is their main function

A

their main function is education of lymphocytes. This occurs in the thymus (T-cells) and the bone marrow (B-cells)

24
Q

Which organs are secondary lymphoid organs? What is their main function?

A

Their main function is to produce an immune response. The organs are the lymph nodes, the spleen, MALT, and CALT

25
Q

What are the four types of lymphoid cells?

A

B cells, T cells, NK cells, and Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

26
Q

What are the three types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and basophils

27
Q

Differentiation from the multipotent stem cell to immune cels is influenced by…

A

growth & differentiation factors

28
Q

What are the main functions of a T-cell? And a B-cell?

A

T-cell : help for antibody production, killing of virus-infected cells, and regulation.
B-cell: antibody production

29
Q

What do inducer cells do?

A

They induce the generation of localized lymphoid structures in order to fight infection

30
Q

What are the two main functions of dendritic cells?

A

Presenting antigens to T-cells to activate them
Producing cytokines

31
Q

Explain how a T-lymphocyte will know where the antigen is for which it has the antibodies?

A

Dendritic cells will take up a pathogen and bring it to the nearest lymph node. Here, the T-cells pass along to see the virus, until a T-cell recognizes that antigen and it will be activated there in the lymph node.

32
Q

Explain the concept of homing receptors and addressins

A

Homing receptors are adhesion molecules on the lymphocytes that help recognize where it needs to go. The receptors will bind addressins on the endothelial cells of the location it was destined for, ensuring the lymphocyte reaches the right address

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

They are the messengers of the immune system, mediating interaction between leukocytes

34
Q

Which cytokines does Th1 T-lymphocytes produce and what do they promote?

A

IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-2, they promote cellular immunity

35
Q

Which cytokines do Th2 T-lymphocytes produce and what do they promote?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, promoting humoral immunity

36
Q

Which cytokines (from which lymphocyte subtype) promote inflammatory responses?

A

TH17 cytokines, IL-17, IL-22, TNF-alpha

37
Q

True or false: not all cytokines are initially activated for an immune response, and why is it true or false?

A

FALSE. all cytokines are initially activated, but they are regulated by Treg cells

38
Q

Explain the term pleiotropy with regards to cytokines

A

Pleiotropy for cytokines means one cytokine can activate many different pathways

39
Q

Explain the term redundancy in the context of cytokines

A

Redudancy for cytokines means that several cytokines can activate a specific pathway

40
Q

What are the three main structural groups of cytokines?

A

Cytokines with - 4 short alpha-helices
- 4 long alpha-helices
-Beta sheet structure

41
Q

What are the six structural families of cytokine receptors?

A
  • Hematopoietins
    Interferons
    TNF
    Ig superfamily
    Chemokine
    TGF
42
Q

What is the problem if a certain cytokine gene is not active?

A

If the cytokine has a common chain found in more than one cytokine, many cytokines are turned off or disfunctional

Infection & Immunity (6 decks)

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