Exam 1 Flashcards
‘If I take a vacation, then I will be happier’ is a poor example of a hypothesis because
Both A and B (The dependent variable is not measurable; It is not formalized hypothesis)
What is an independent variable?
A variable that is changing during the experiment
What is a controlled variable?
A variable that stays exactly the same during the experiment
What is a dependent variable?
Variable that is measured during the experiment
What is the information gathered during an experiment
data
Which of the following is FALSE about the scientific method?
Steps must be applied in order
A hypothesis is
All of the above (must be proposed based on existing knowledge; should be testable; should be in the form of an if-then statement)
Robert wants to see how sunlight affects plant growth. He takes two different types of plants. He puts one of them in sunlight for 6 hours a day. After a week he measures the plants. What is the problem with Robert’s experiment?
His constants are inadequate
Why is maintaining good notes about procedures and results important?
Both A and C (allows others to repeat it; rules out the possibility that results may come from mistakes)
Which of these should NOT be reworded as experimental data?
Inferences
Before a final conclusion may be reached, what must happen?
All of the above (results must be organized; experiments may have been repeated; calculations must be done to best estimate results)
Reporting findings from research experiments allows others to build upon them.
True
The scientific method should only be used to solve problems related to science.
False
If an atom bonds to another by sharing electrons, what is this type of bond called?
Covalent bond
What is the smallest part of an element that retains its properties?
Atom
What is the atomic number?
The number of protons of an element
What is a proton?
The number of an atom with a positive charge
What is a compound?
A pure substance made of two or more elements that are chemically bonded
How many electrons does 15P (phosphorus) have in the outermost shell?
5
When calcium (Ca) reacts with chlorine (Cl), what happens?
Ca loses two electrons and becomes a cation; each Cl gains an electron to become an anion
What do all organic compounds contain?
Carbon
How many bonds do hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon make respectively?
1, 2, 3, 4
What type of bond occurs as a result of electron sharing?
Covalent
What type of bond occurs as a result of electron transfer?
Ionic
What is a heterogeneous colloid?
A mixture of two or more substances where the particles of one substance are spread throughout another substance
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
A mixture that is not uniform
Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons and this property is known as the octet rule.
true
Which states of matter can be found in ice cream?
Solid and gas
Is water an organic compound?
False
all enzymes are
Proteins
What is the primary function of myoglobin?
Transport oxygen to the muscles tissues
Proteins that function as enzymes are able to
Break bonds, form bonds, transform bonds (all of the above)
What is a peptide bond?
A chemical bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid of a second amino acid
What is an emulsifier?
A compound that helps oil to be suspended in water
How many of the 20 amino acids are essential to humans?
9
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
The 3-D shape of a protein
What is denaturation?
A change in the 3-D shape of a protein caused by heat
primary structure of a protein?
Order and number of amino acids in a protein chain
secondary structure of a protein?
Structure associated with the folds of the polypeptide chain
quaternary structure of a protein?
Structure present in proteins when it has more than one amino acid chain
In the three-dimensional organization of a protein chain, the folded configuration usually is responsible for all of these, except
Determines if the protein is essential in the human diet
Many functional properties of proteins that are desirable for food processing are the result of protein denaturation.
True
Proteins responsible for dough elasticity
Gluten
Which of these would not be an alternative to reduce enzymatic activity associated with browning in plant tissue
Use of sugar solution
Since glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula they are
Isomers
the sweetest monosaccharide
Fructose
converts sucrose to a mixture of fructose and glucose
Invertase
What bond is formed between two sugar molecules?
Glycosidic
What is amylopectin?
Branched chain of glucose found in plants
What is amylose?
Long, straight, digestible chain of glucose found in plants
What is gelatinization?
The network formed by carbohydrate molecules in response to heating and cooling
type of carbohydrate cannot be digested or used for energy by humans
Fiber
type of linkage human enzymes cannot break down
β-glycosidic bonds
What are reducing sugars?
Monosaccharides
What does the Maillard reaction occur between?
Reducing sugars and amino acids
What two monosaccharides compose sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
What are the functions of lipids in foods?
Carry flavors, lubricate foods, provide desirable mouthfeel (all of the above)
What are triglycerides composed of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is hydrogenation?
The addition of hydrogen to break double bonds
What factors affect the rate of oxidative rancidity?
Light, presence of oxygen, presence of metal ions like Fe and Cu (all of the above)
Which of the following statements is true of emulsifiers?
Substances that keep oil dispersed in water; Must have the ability to interact with both water phase and oil phase; Monoglycerides and diglycerides can function as emulsifiers (All of the above)
In a ‘cis’ configuration, where are the hydrogens in the double bonded carbons?
On the same side
the standard of identity for milk include all of the following except
No less than 2% fat
What is cheese manufacturing designed to recover from milk?
Caseins
During the production of lactose free milk, the enzyme lactase
Breaks down lactose into galactose and glucose
What is NOT included in the change in fruit ripening?
Increase in acidity
What causes wilting in leafy vegetables?
Loss of turgidity due to transpiration
Which tissue has the least amount of myoglobin?
Poultry
To become meat, an animal upon slaughtering must go through some biochemical reactions EXCEPT
Decrease in proteinase activity, which prevents them from breaking down proteins
Areas with higher consumption of milk are also associated with higher levels of lactose intolerance within the population
False
Sugar and salt reduction
Use of fruit puree, natural flavor boosters (vanilla)
Functional ingredients
Use of fiber and prebiotic ingredients
Protein
declaring the amount of nutrient on product label
clean label
Stating the number of ingredients on product label
gut health
innovative in the area of fermented products
What is true of classic umami compounds?
All of the above (An example is monosodium glutamate (MSG); They increase the perception of sweet and salty; They depress the perception of sour and bitter)
Artificial sweeteners are always less sweet than real sugar, so product developers need to add large volumes of these sugar substitutes
False
What is an example of a classically innovative product?
Squeezable yogurt
What is an example of equity transfer product?
A restaurant deciding to market its distinctive salad dressing through supermarket outlets using the restaurant name
What is an example of line extensions?
New flavors
example of producing a new product to compete with existing products
Clones
Which of these are NOT flavor enhancers?
Bitter compounds
The drawback associated with formulating using natural colors includes all EXCEPT
Consumer acceptance
What does ‘free’ mean in food labeling?
A food that has the least possible amount of a specified nutrient
What does ‘very low or low’ mean in food labeling?
The food has a little more than foods labeled ‘free’
What does ‘reduced or less’ mean in food labeling?
The food has 25% less of a specified nutrient than the regular product
What does ‘more, fortified, enriched, etc.’ mean in food labeling?
The food has 10% more of the daily value than the regular product
In an endothermic reaction, the reactants have more energy than the products and that is why the container in which the reaction takes place feels cold
false
What food would not be considered parve?
Cheese
Colorimeters can be used to evaluate all of the following except
texture
What are the 5 tastes detected on the human tongue?
Sweet, sour, bitter, salt, and umami
A taste panel is a useful way to measure individual consumer preferences
true
Where are sweet taste buds located on the tongue?
They are distributed all over the tongue
What active ingredient is responsible for the hotness of chili peppers?
Capsaicin
What is the name of the scale used to measure the hotness of peppers?
Scoville scale
With age, the perception of food flavors is reduced due to
Reduced ability to sense food smells
A triangle taste panel includes a reference and two samples to compare to the reference
false
How many panelists are usually in a trained taste panel?
6-12
What sensory sense is detected by the olfactory receptors?
Smell
What are the characteristics of aroma in sensory analysis?
flavor and aromatics
What are the characteristics of appearance in sensory analysis?
Color, size, and shape
What are the basic tastes in sensory analysis?
Sweet, sour, bitter, acid, and umami
What are the mechanical or tactile properties in sensory analysis?
Texture and other sensations
When did organic foods receive their official definition?
1990
What movement made the U.S. the leader in food production?
Green revolution
Genetically modified organisms (GMO) have their genetic makeup changed through molecular techniques
true
In order to use the organic seal, a product must contain at least this percent of organic ingredients
95
Most studies concluded that organic foods have higher levels of important nutrients
False
Organic foods are grown and processed without the use of
Pesticides, artificial fertilizers, biotechnology (All of the above)
In recent years, organic and conventional food sales have been growing respectively at
8% and 3%
BST (Bovine Somatotropin) was used in the early 1990’s in dairy production. With this technology, which is FALSE
The hormone is transferred to the milk
To grow sales associated with organic food, food industry companies
All of the above (May develop their own organic product lines under their brand name; Acquire well established organic brands; Develop organic product lines from their main labels)
Based on evidence provided in the lecture about organic foods, which of these may be a legitimate reason to buy organic foods
Personal choice
Sales growth of organic foods is increasing, while sales growth for conventional foods is decreasing
False
Which organic product is sold the most
Fruits and vegetables
All of these could be sources of microbial contamination in a food facility EXCEPT
Food handling equipment/surfaces upon cleaning and sanitizing
An ingredient specification sheet may include
All of the above (Description of what the ingredient should be; Composition and appearance of the ingredient; Acceptable levels of microorganisms or foreign material in the ingredient)
In a First In-First OUT system the newest products are used first to avoid them getting old
false
Which of these is not a good strategy to keep pests from coming into food facilities
Using traps throughout the building
Which pest will go through a complete metamorphosis during its life cycle?
Flies
Reduce the microbial load to a level considered safe for public health
associated with sanitizing
Visible or invisible, unwanted material on food-contact surfaces
associated with cleaning
Complete removal of food soil
associated with cleaning
Quaternary ammonium compounds
associated with sanitizing
All of these are characteristics or functions performed by an ideal sanitizer EXCEPT
Remove food soil
All of these are characteristics or functions performed by an ideal sanitizer EXCEPT
remove food soil
What should you always do after taking out the trash?
Wash your hands
