Exam 1 Flashcards by jaelyn person

From which site would you expect a weak acid to be absorbed the most?

a. The mouth
b. the stomach
c. the small intestine

The stomach

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From which site would you expect a weak base to be absorbed the most

a. the mouth
b. the stomach
c. the small intestine

the small intestine

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The Hemlock poison is consider a

a. phytotoxin
b. phytoxicant
c. zootoxin
d. zootoxicant
d. bacteriotoxin

a. phytotoxin

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who is credited as :the father of modern toxicology”

a. socrates
b. Avicenna
c. maimonides
d. Paracelsus
e. Ramazzin

D. Paracelsus

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Endothelial cells in the kidney’s glomerulus and lining of hepatic sinusoids are the most significant for which of the following transportation.

A. passive diffusion
B. Facilitated
C. active transport
D. Filtration

D. Filtration

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In general, cholesterol provides rigidity to membranes; the higher cholesterol content the more permeable of the membrane

A. True
B. False

B. False

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The lower the cholesterol content the more permeable of the membrane

A. True
B. False

True

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What is/are transport process/es for large molecules

A. Pinocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Filtration
D. All the above

D. All the above

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For highly lipophilic compounds (logP >5)

A. Absorption is enhanced due to the lipophilic character of membrane

b. Absorption is limited due to aggregation and less dissolution in GI tract fluids.

C. Absorption is hindered due to the compound tends to “stick” inside the membrane

D. The hydrophilic head of the membrane may prevent the entry of the compound

E. B,C, and D

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Dermal Absorptivity is

A. enhanced by removal of epidermis using for examples acid and base

b. enhanced by lower the water content in the skin

C. decreased when exposed to solvents which extract lipids and creating holes in the cells such as DMSO

D. All of the above

E. a and b

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Slow delivery of a drug

a. produces a weaker longer-lasting effect

b. temporarily stabilizes the brain and results in withdrawal syndromes

c. is highly addicting

d. can not be used as an addiction therapy

e. all of the above

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Repeated exposure for 2 weeks in an toxicological experiment is defined as a..

A. acute toxicity test
B. Subacute toxicity test
C. Subchronic toxicity
D. chronic toxicity test

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LD50 is

A. A lethal dose that cause 50% induction of enzyme activity

B. the lethal dose that kills 50% of experimental animals

C. An important endpoint for chronic toxicity

D. all of the above

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Alveolar clearance is higly efficient, removing about -60% inhaled particulates per day

A. true
B. false

false

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Which of the following about Albumin is NOT true

A. Is the most abundant plasma protein
B. has a molecular weight of 50 kDa
C. Binds both endogenous and exogenous compounds
D. binds to acidic drugs

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Who developed gram staining procedures and the “magic bullet” concept?

A. Socrates
B. Avicenna
C. Rachel Carson
D. Paracelsus
E. Paul Ehrlich

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Drugs that administrated IV usually

A. have delayed onset of action
b. are embolism free
c. are 100% bioavailable
d. not for emergency use

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Which of the following drug administration route will be subjected to the first-pass effect

a. sublingual
b. oral
c. rectal
SC

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Which of the following is not true about Subcutaneous drug application

A. slow and constant absorption

b. absorption is limited by blood flow

c. almost immediate onset of action

d. suitable for volatile agents

e. c and d

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in general, the faster a drug can reach the brain, the more likely it is be addicting. Thereby which of the following drug administration route is most addicting

a. smoking
b. injecting
c. sniffing
d. ingesting

a. smoking

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According to the following data, DFP is the most toxic/lethal when given

a.oral
b. SC
C. IV
d. IP
e. IA

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Which of the following about Albumin is true

a. Is the most abundant plasma protein
b. has a molecular weight of 50 kDa
c. binds both endogenous and exogenous compounds
d. binds to acidic drugs

A,C,D

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What is/are transport process/s for liquids

a. pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. filtration
d. all the above

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What is/are transport process/s for solids

a. pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
c. filtration
d. all the above

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For highly lipophilic compounds (logP >4) A. Absorption is enhanced due to the lipophilic character of membrane b. Absorption is limited due to aggregation and less dissolution in GI tract fluids. C. Absorption is hindered due to the compound tends to "stick" inside the membrane D. The hydrophilic head of the membrane may prevent the entry of the compound E. B,C, and D

A. Absorption is enhanced due to the lipophilic character of membrane

Why are children at higher risk to methemoglobinemia than adults. a. has lower Gi tract pH as compared to adult b. reduction of NO3 to NO2 facilitate the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ c. heme containing Fe3+ eliminate ROS and carry O2 more efficiently d. all of the above

The binding of plasma protein to toxicant is usually NOT through a. hydrophobic interactions b. covalent bonding c. hydrogen bonding d. van der waals forces

Which of the following organ tissue receive the most cardiac output at rest? A. Liver B. Muscle C. Brain D. Bone

A. Liver

For highly bound drugs, small changes in plasma protein binding can have significant effect on free (unbound) concentration and hence the pharmacologic or toxic effect A. True B. False

A. True

For highly bound drugs, small changes in plasma protein binding can have significant effect on free (Bound) concentration and hence the pharmacologic or toxic effect A. True B. False

B. False

During Phagocytosis, the digestion of xenobiotics mainly occur in A. Phagosome B. lysosome C. Phagolysosome D. Microsome

C. Phagolysosome

Initial distribution dominated by tissue affinity, but the eventual distribution depends on cardiac output A. True B. False

B. False

Pharmacodynamic response id often better associated with "bounded" drug concentration such Sr2+ in the bone Matrix A. True B. False

B. False

Pharmacodynamic response id often better associated with "unbounded" drug concentration such Sr2+ in the bone Matrix A. True B. False

A. True

The total drug applied =80 mg and the plasma concentration = 5/L, what's the volume of the distribution at this time point. a. 38.4L B. 800L c. 16 L D. 1,600L e. 16,000L

E. 16,000L

If bone degrades or is mobilized for Ca, can lead to mobilization of a. Pb b. chlordane C. HCH d. Opren

A. Pb

Which of the toxicological mechanism to explain the risk of using Sulfonamides during pregnancy A. Ion-traping b. dose-response c. Phase 1 Metabolism d. competitive displacement

D. Competitive displacement

What does ADME stand for?

Absorption, Distribution, metabolism, Excretion.

List 4 mechanisms for transportation of chemicals through the biological membrane

Active transportation passive transportation facilitated diffusion Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis

A measure of how likely a molecule is to dissolve in water or an organic solvent.

What is LogP

what is a phytotoxins

plant toxin

what is a zootoxins

animal toxin

what is a bacteriotoxins

bacteria toxin

man-made substance and/or produced by but not normally found in the body

Xenobiotic

Islamic authority on poisons and antidotes

Avicenna

Give an example of occupational toxicology

Miner's Disease( this came from inhaling metal vapors, foundation for the field of chemotherapy)

She alarmed the public about dangers of pesticides in the environment

Rachel Carson

EPA

Environmental protection agency

FDA

Food and Drug administration

NIOSH

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

SETAC

Society for environmental toxicology and chemicals

Sublingual, oral, rectal

Enteral Routes

Intravascular Intramuscular Subcutaneous Inhalation

Parenteral routes

This exposure is less than 24 hours- generally a single dose

Acute

This exposure is repeated for 1 month or less

Subacute

This exposure is repeated for 1 to 3 months

subchronic

This exposure is repeated for more than 3 months

chronic

Inhalation ingestion absorption

Three primary routes for environmental exposures.

This is how the drug deals with the organism

Toxicokinetics

This is how the organism deals with the drug

toxicodynamics

This is an example of passive transport

Simple diffusion

This is an example of active transport

Sodium-potassium pump

This is an example of facilitated diffusion

Carrier mediated process

This is an example of pinocytosis

cell drinking

this is an example of phagocytosis

cell eating

The processing of all blood from GI tract ( via hepatic vein) through the liver prior to entry into systemic circulation

First pass effect