Exam #1 Flashcards
ch. 1-4
Communication
The process of creating shared meaning through symbolic interaction
What is masspersonal communication?
The use of mass communication channels to communicate a
personal message
(ie. social media)
Self-concept
A relatively stable set of perceptions that each
individuals holds of themselves.
Self-esteem
The part of self-concept that evaluates self-worth.
Social Comparisons
evaluating ourselves by how we compare to
others
Reflected Appraisals
– your opinion of yourself is determined by how
others see you
“looking glass self” theory
describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
three steps of Perceiving Others:
- Selection – Exposure, Attention, and Retention
- Organization
- Interpretation
Attribution:
The process of attaching meaning to behaviors
Stereotyping:
The perceptual process of applying exaggerated beliefs
associated with a categorizing system.
Self-serving bias:
the tendency to interpret and explain information in a way that casts the perceiver in the most favorable manner.
Perception Checking:
A way to better understand other people’s actions and
motivations in communication
noise
refers to any force that interferes with the accurate reception of a message.
Intrapersonal communication
involves communicating with oneself
dyadic communication
two-person interactions.
Interpersonal communication
when the people involved treat each other as unique individuals
Small-group communication
occurs when the number of individuals is small enough that each person can interact with all of the other members.
Organizational communication
the exchange of information between people working towards common goals in an organization
Public communication
occurs when one or more people deliver remarks to others who act as an audience.
Self-monitoring
involves paying close attention to situational cues and adapting your behavior accordingly
Uses and gratification theory
suggests that, rather than passively consuming information, people actively seek out specific media to satisfy a variety of needs.
richness
describes the degree to which nonverbal cues can clarify a verbal message
message leanness
the lack of nonverbal cues.
hyperpersonal communication
messages that accelerate the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens face-to-face
polymediation
address the range of options available to communicators when they are choosing how to engage with others
Negativity bias
the tendency to focus more on negative impressions than on positive ones.
self-serving bias.
When others suffer, we often blame the problem on their personal qualities. By contrast, when we suffer, we find explanations outside ourselves.
halo effect
When someone has one positive quality, you might unduly assume other positive qualities—a bias that scholars call the
horns effect
perceiving others in an unfairly negative light on the basis of a single negative trait or experience.
Perceived self
is the person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination.
facework or identity management
to describe the verbal and nonverbal ways people try to maintain a positive image.
culture
The language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs shared by a group of people.
A coculture
a group that is part of an encompassing culture
salience
how much weight people attach to cultural characteristics in a particular situation
in-group
people you consider to be similar to you and with whom you have an emotional connection
out-group
people you view as different and with whom you have little or no sense of affiliation.
low-context cultures
mostly use language to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas. They prefer specific, straight-forward communication
Ex. US, Canada, northern euro, Israel
high-context cultures
rely heavily on unspoken and situational cues and are typically attentive listeners who place a higher value on social harmony than on direct communication.
ex. Asian, Latin, and Middle Eastern cultures
Uncertainty avoidance
the degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous situations and try to avoid them
Power Distance
The perceived gap between those with substantial power and resources and those with less.
Intersectionality
each person experiences life at the juncture of multiple identities that give rise to a unique perspective and collection of experiences.
cultural humility
an ongoing process in which people continually learn about others and themselves in an environment that is empowering, respectful, and adaptive.
Ethnocentrism
an attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others
Hegemony
the dominance of one culture over another
