Exam 1 Flashcards
Gordon Allport emphasized the importance of taking what kind of approach to studying human nature (the uniqueness of the individual), rather than what kind of approach (lawfulness across persons)?
Idiographic, nomothetic
Who proposed the famous equation suggesting that human behavior is a joint function of the person and the environment, B = f (P, E)?
Kurt Lewin
What did Mischel (1968) argue was the largest possible correlation any study might find between a personality trait (e.g., score on a self-report survey of extraversion) and people’s behavior?
R = .30
Multiple meta-analyses, which have aggregated across the results of tens of thousands of studies in social and personality psychology, have shown that the average correlation found in BOTh social psychology and personality psychology is equal to approximately what?
.20
What term is used to describe the extent to which we can find the same pattern of results in an independent sample? That is, we conduct a study, record our results, and then conduct a second study using the same procedures and measures, and find the same pattern of results.
Replication
Which subfield of psychology tends to perform best within replication?
Personality psychology
According to the Self-Other Knowledge Asymmetry Model, people tend to be less accurate in judging personality traits that are less (???) (e.g., neuroticism, self-esteem) and tend to be more accurate (in terms of predicting outcomes like job performance and academic achievement) in judging traits that are highly (???) in nature (e.g., charm, irritability, likability)
Visible, evaluative
People who are (higher/lower) in agreeableness are generally more accurate in making personality judgments
Lower
People who are (higher/lower) in neuroticism (i.e., specifically, the anxiety facet) are generally more accurate in making personality judgments
Higher
People who score (higher/lower) on cognitive ability tests (e.g., ACT, SAT) are generally more accurate in making personality judgments
Lower
Women tend to be (more/less) accurate in making personality judgments than men due to socialization effects
More
Across both of Gosling’s studies, which two of the Big Five traits were people (research assistants) most accurate in guessing based on “traces” or cues within occupants’ rooms/spaces? What were some of the characteristics they used to make these judgments?
Openness and Conscientiousness; conscientiousness individuals were more organized, neat, and uncluttered; openness occupied distinctive and unconventional offices
Across both of Gosling’s studies, which two of the Big Five traits were people (research assistants) least accurate in guessing based on “traces” or cues within occupants’ rooms/spaces?
Agreeableness and Neuroticism
In Gosling’s first study, Gosling found that then people had less (???) information available to them, they were more likely to apply stereotypes in making judgments about occupants’ personalities
Individuating
What’s the purpose of random assignment in experimental designs?
Assures that the characteristics of subjects are approximately equal, on average, across conditions, whether they’re measured or unmeasured characteristics
What does random assignment in experimental designs allow you to conclude?
–Allows for causal inference (X –> Y)
–Supports the conclusion that the changes in the dependent variable (Y) stems from no other cause other than that of the manipulated variable
Define positive correlation
If X increases, Y increases
Give a real-world example of a positive correlation
The more hours you study for a test, the higher grade you will get
Define negative correlation
If X increases, Y decreasesI
Give a real-world example of a negative correlation
The sadder you become, the less motivation you have to do things
In order to separate out the variance attributable to people’s “true” standing on latent factor vs error variance (i.e., measurement error) in a Structural Equation Model (SEM), you need at least how many items?
3 items
In what kinds of studies or research designs do personality psychologists generally want to prioritize minimizing participant burden, over capturing greater detail or specific facets of personality?
Intensive longitudinal designs and ecological momentary assessment (EMA) designs
Trait scores based on BFI/BFI-2 are (???) correlated, r = (???) with traits scores of NEO/FFM tradition, but the BFI/BFI-2 and NEO/FFM traditions have (same/different) facet structures
Highly, .72 - .77, different
Schwaba and colleagues (2019) assessed N = 497 students at UC Berkeley that first week of college, fourth year of college, and 24 years later and found results that highlight the value of assessing personality at the (???) level
Academic
