Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the most common reason for visiting a zoo?
Social experiences with friends and family
What are the three primary expectations of visitors?
- Conservation program
- Welfare program
- Conservation education
What is the definition of a crisis?
Can see it coming and can prepare for it. Ex. hurricane
What is the definition of an emergency?
Can’t see it coming and can’t prepare for it. Ex. Fire in building
What is an air kennel?
it is a plastic cage (similar to a cat carrier) that is required for air shipment of animals
What are the four reasons for zoos?
- Conservation
- Education
- Entertainment
- Research
What are the 3 stakeholders of a zoo?
- Animals
- Keepers
- Visitors
What do the animals need in a zoo? (4)
5 needs, natural behaviors, welfare, sustainable population
What do the keepers need in a zoo? (2)
Safety and serviceability
What do the visitors need? (4)
Safety, visibility, enjoyment, and education
What are the two reasons that animals escape?
- human error
- design flaws
What was one thing that the Miami Metro Zoo could have done differently in the aftermath of Hurricane Andy?
They could have brought chains and locks to replace those that were broken or to hold in place other things.
What was the primary concern after Hurricane Andy?
To determine the status of the collection, especially in regards to the more dangerous animals.
What was the secondary concern after HA?
Making sure the rest of the animals that did not pose a threat to the public were safe.
What was the tertiary concern after HA?
Repairing enclosures (some temporary) and getting escaped mammals back inside.
What was the Metro zoo’s biggest mistake during HA?
Not having an established clearinghouse for the surviving collection.
What were the first animals moved after HA? Why?
Koalas because the climate control system broke down
What role did the media serve in the aftermath of HA and the Metro Zoo?
They broadcasted that certain systems had broken down and companies and individuals brought phones, refrigerator and freezer, food, and ice. They also helped raise money for the rebuilding.
What was the biggest reason that the zoo recovered?
The cohesiveness of the staff. Everyone pitched in, eve secretaries and security guards.
What was the general feeling about the animals wellbeing after HA?
The feeling was that the more intelligent animals were more affected by the hurricane.
What are the two measures of a good exhibit?
- degree to which they meet the animal’s biological, physiological, psychological, social, behavioral, and emotional needs and requirements.
- Degree to which they inspire and enthuse human visitors to develop more caring and compassionate views of wild animals.
Where and when was the first zoo established?
4,300 years ago in Ur, Iraq
What year was the first reptile house established? Aquarium? Insect house?
- 1849 reptiles
- 1853 aquarium
- 1881 insects
Who was Carl Hagenbeck? What did he do?
He combined naturalistic exhibition, barless, regional groups of mixed species.
What is the problem with rock designs?
They are popular, but aren’t realistic enough. Real rocks are better but can be hard to obtain. Artificial rocks don’t have the same qualities.
What was the issue with 20th century zoos?
They focused on the sterilization of exhibits and enclosures rather than on the health of the animals.
How was the Woodland Park Zoo different than the typical zoos in the 20th century?
They hired landscape architects and diagrammed the location’s shade and sun patterns, slopes, drainage, soils, and vegetation to replicate different habitats.
What is the typical exhibit designed to do?
- Prevent escape
- Ensure animal visibility
What are the 13 basic rules of mammal exhibits?
- eye level or above
- food and retail not competing with exhibit
- plants are not just background filler
- places for animals to hide
- choices and variety for animal w/in habitat
- overlapping viewpoints
- as many species as possible that live in same habitat
- see how everything looks in relation to natural habitat
- division between animals and people is very visible
- people are immersed into animal’s habitat
- nearby exhibits are related
- exhibits designed for natural groupings
- habitat is replicated closely to natural habitat and include as many natural elements as possible
What are the 5 zoo exhibit design principles?
- animal requirements
- space and time
- visitor and staff needs
- new ways of doing things
- basic essentials in quantity and quality
What is the Noah’s Ark Paradigm? What is it’s flaw?
Saving natural world one species at a time, but it doesn’t save their habitats.
What are the 2 factors that appear to promote behavioral change?
- Incentives
- Social support
What is the easiest way to change behavior?
If the change is simple, easy to understand, and has no negative social stigmas.
What is anthropomorphism?
Giving human characteristics to animals
What are the seven ways to ensure effective conservation education?
- Know your audience
- Be age specific
- Interactive is better than passive. People better than signs
- Animals are what set zoos apart from other conservations.
- Use thoughtful anthropomorphism
- Natural environments have positive effects.
- Certain activities promote behavior change. Ex. Seafood Watch Guide
What are the two things that each exhibit needs to account for?
- animal’s biological and psychological needs
- those involved in the management and maintenance of exhibit
How should the corners be shaped in regards to the walls? Why?
Rounded because square corners can collect debris and pests
What are the 8 types of wall treatment? What are the pros and cons of each?
- Paint: needs to be non-toxic, can be peeled off if not applied correctly
- Tile: easy to clean but may appear too sterile
- Brick: cheap, require a lot of maintenance, hard to clean
- Fiberglass: easy to clean
- Wood: easily replaces, shelter pests
- Waterproofing: Easier to clean but if not sealed properly can cause extensive damage
- Murals: pretty, but are expensive to touch up/replace
- Rockwork: Must have depressions created for drainage when washed and must be sealed. Pathways for keepers to clean upper portion
What are the 5 freedoms?
- Freedom from hunger and thirst
- Freedom from discomfort
- Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
- Freedom to express natural behaviors
- Freedom from fear/distress
What are the three concerns of Southeast Asia Zoos?
- rebuilding old indoor enclosures
- addressing issues that come with confiscated and abandoned animals
- monitoring animal use in photography and tv shows/movies
What does CITIES stand for? What does it do?
Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species
They regulate trade of endangered/threatened species
BIAZA
British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
EARAZA
What does it do?
Euro-Asian Regional Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Improve standards for animals in member collections
What three things should be considered in constraint?
What are the three important physical elements?
- Husbandry training
- Physical restraint
- Pharmaceutical restraint
- Capture
- Handling
- Restraint
What is physical restraint?
any circumstance where physical force alone is used to restrain an animal (e.g., bare hands, gloves, ropes, noose poles, baffle boards, shields, and nets)
What is mechanical restraint?
Refers to the use of restraint systems such as a squeeze box, drop-floor chute, or hydraulically operated restraint chute
What is chemical restraint?
refers to the use of drugs and tranquilizers to restrain the animal
What is behavioral restraint
refers to situations where husbandry training, desensitization, and/or operant conditioning are used to facilitate or perform a procedure. Cooperation.
Husbandry Manual
Outlines the best way to care for a species in captivity
What does the SSP do?
maintains captive populations that are genetically diverse and demographically stable
What are the 5 key parts of accreditation?
- Staff
- Safety and Security
- Conservation, Education, Research
- Veterinary Care
- Animal Collection
How high should the perimeter fence be?
2.4m roughly (7.8ft)
How high should the fence be for ungulates?
1.8-2.4m high
What issue is related to a narrow transfer gate? What about a wide gate?
A narrow gate causes bunching and a wide gate is difficult to operate manually
What two factors are important when designing the floor of an exhibit/enclosure?
- Slope
- Drainage
The slope should not exceed __?
5% grade
When designing a paddock consider ___? What should the substrate do?
Drainage, to avoid pools of water
Promote drainage
What is the problem with natural substrates such as grass?
Can cause medical issues such as parasites
What kind of animals need skylights in their exhibit design?
Those that are dependent on the time of day for activities
ex. Reproduction
What is required for keeper access doors? (4+1 optional)
- Large enough for entry, no crawling/stooping
- Large enough for exhibit materials and equipment
- Viewing Window
- open inward for safety
- Dutch doors (t/b open separately, optional)
What is the purpose of off-exhibit holding areas? (5)
- allow for transfer of animals for cleaning
- allow for movement out of public view
- animals can be separated for food/sleep
- Introduction screens for introductions
- Isolation for individual samples/observation
Benefits of separate holding areas off-exhibit (3)
- Can provide more security
- Allow paddock to recover for ungulates
- Surplus housing
The design should include max space and possibility to expand T/F
True
When designing a way to transfer animals from exhibit to holding area, what do you need to do? (6)
- Minimize stress on animal
- take into account natural behaviors
- doors need to be located at junctions of walls because mammals will run to corners
- shift doors need to be located at heights for natural behaviors
- Runs need to allow keepers to access at least one side (sliding/descending)
- color code/number shift doors and operating mechanisms for identification and safety
What are the two types of shift doors? pros/cons?
- guillotine: can cause injury
- Sliding: eliminate injury, harder to operate
Hydraulic/Pneumatic shift doors
Electric shift doors
Both need to have ___?
usually sliding and cant stop at any point due to sensors
expensive and can be forced open
manual overrides
What type of shift door is preferred for ungulates and small mammals?
Manual, be conscious of placement
When deciding on a door for dangerous animals, what needs to be met? (3)
- heavy and solid (Carns, apes, pachyderms)
- 2 lock clasps: 1 on bottom and top
- lightweight alloys can be used if meets requirements
What do keeper service areas need? (10)
- roomy
- well-lit and ventilated
- proper drainage
- corridors are wide enough for crates, deliveries, etc.
- adequate storage for food, tools, materials ex. racks, fridge/freezer
- Nonskid flooring
- Ramps preferred over stairs
- Safety gates for dangerous animals
- Unobstructed view of entire area
- Netting/mesh around lights, ducts, pipes for small mammals
What do you need to keep in mind for hoses? (5)
- hose racks near connections (placement depends on animal)
- allow for short hose use (<7.6m)
- automatic recoil preferred
- save space for racks
- Keepers should not handle more than 30m hose/day
What is a trench drain?
accommodate shovel for cleaning and have catch baskets to prevent clogs in pipes
Animal Welfare
Based on science and research Focus on physical and mental health. Naturalistic environments. Measured on a continuum. Advocates for optimal wellbeing and quality of life. Ok with human-animal interaction if done ethically/humanely
Animal Rights
Philosophy and ethics. Condemn and protest human use of animals and advocates for animals to have human-like rights. Against human-wildlife interactions
Updated Animal 5 needs
- opportunity for nutrition to meet physical and behavioral needs
- opportunity for comfortable home with choice
- healthy coping skills
- optimal health
- quality habitats and social groups
Where should the drain be placed in a pool?
At the end of the pool opposite of the fixture for filling
Hoofstock should have _____ bowls. They work by the animal _____ and should have a _____ to _____ fill when water is low
self-filling, pressing on a lever with snout, float device, automatically
Primates and carnivores use ____ watering devices. They work when the animal ____ the device that releases water for the _____ it is ____
lick-it, licks, duration, licked
Where should water containers be put?
above floor level to reduce contamination risk
The electrical receptacles need to be able to accommodate ___?
high-pressure sprayers and medical equipment
The electrical system needs to have a _____ in case of failure?
back-up generator
What determines the rate of air exchange required for a building? What is important to have to control this rate? Why?
Number and size of animals
Proper ventilation is important to allow for drying and limiting algae growth
What can you do with soluble waste? What about insoluble?
- flushed down sewer system
- must be disposed of separately
What is a PPEQ animal? How does their waste need to be dealt with?
Permanent Post Entry Quarantine
Manure needs to be sterilized before leaving grounds. Usually by composting, chemically, or incineration
Where is waste placed once collected?
pit, sealed vat, or sold
What do mice and cockroaches need to reproduce?
shelter, food water
To control pests, what do artificial rocks, trees, logs, etc. need to have?
ports for spraying insecticide or for inserting bait
What do you need to put into your design plan for safety. (6)
- alarms in areas with dangerous animals that sound in and outside of section and different sounds for each
- Phones with outside lines
- emergency procedures and phone numbers next to all phones
- keeper escape routes
- mirrors, cameras, etc. if blind spots exist
- All doors to dangerous animals are double-locking.
What is the best type of lock for dangerous animals? How many master keys should the section have?
key-retaining lock to ensure it gets locked
one master key
What does D.E.R.P stand for? What does this mean if an animal is classified as this?
Display, Education, Research Purposes
No breeding
How should wellbeing be evaluated?
at the individual level, even if in a group
What is an input? Output? Examples?
What we are doing ex. husbandry, training and enrichment, nutrition, etc.
What animal is experiencing ex. health status, mobility, behavior, growth, etc.
How do you assess wellbeing? (6)
- daily observation
- structured assessments
- habitat assessment
- research (behavioral/physical)
- mortality/morbidity
- health exams
What is mortality? What is morbidity?
Mortality is the number or rate of death while morbidity is the expression of disease.
Ethics
Moral responsibilities of animals in captivity
How to develop wellbeing assessments? (5)
- develop wellbeing indicators
- develop indicator criteria
- determine assessment type
- determine scoring methods
- perform pilot assessments
What is the primary, secondary, and tertiary messages of our children’s zoo?
- Friends in Odd Places
- Shaped by Survival
- Small Hands, Big Impact
Define interpretation
What we (zoo) present to guests and how we want them to interpret our messages
What are the elements of interpretive planning? What do they include?
- Visual element (colors, fonts, audience, age/educational level)
- Visitor experience (entire visit, all departments)
How can/do you interact with visitors?
- demonstrations (docents
- enthusiastic attitude
- Activities (passport books, shows, walking tours: self-guided, ambassador animals)
