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EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define/identify the “Paradox of Progress”

A
  • technological advancements and social advancements = increased development of personal problems/problems in general
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2
Q

What is Schwartz’s view on choices?

A

The more choices we have contributes to increased depression and anxiety

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3
Q

What are some benefits and drawbacks of advancing technology?

A

advancements: time-saving, ability to travel the world, stay connected with friends/family across the world
drawbacks: personal problems are more prevalent now than they have ever been in accordance with technological advancements

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4
Q

What is adjustment?

A

The ability to transition into a new “world” and new life in a way that is effective.

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5
Q

What is an example of adjustment?

A

The transition from highschool into college

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6
Q

What are the components of effective and healthy adjustment?

A

Being able to take charge and responsibility for your life and your actions/choices, facing your problems head-on, taking an active role in improving your life, and being attentive to your health and wellness during a transition/adjustment period

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7
Q

What is the definition of psychology?

A

The study of behavior in the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems.

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8
Q

The research on happiness - What truly makes us happy vs. what does not make us happy

A

What makes us truly happy: partnership, genetics, work
What does NOT make us happy: money, age, gender, intelligence, attractiveness

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9
Q

How can you study effectively?

A

Spacing out your work, studying as a function of time (distributed practice)

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10
Q

What is NOT an effective way to study?

A

Cramming is not an effective way to study.

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11
Q

Define personality.

A

Personality is the consistency of behavior across situations

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12
Q

What are the big 5 personality traits? Hint: Remember “OCEAN”

A

O: Openness to experience
C: Conscientiousness
E: Extraversion
A: Agreeableness
N: Neuroticism

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13
Q

What does the “O” stand for in OCEAN, and what criteria are involved?

A

O stands for “openness to experience”, and it consists of being open to new points of view/perspectives, embracing new cultures, trying new foods, being open to new ideas, etc.

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14
Q

What does the “C” in OCEAN stand for, and what criteria are involved?

A

C stands for “conscientiousness”, and it consists of following through on the actions we say we will do. An example of this is getting to work on time if we say we will, doing our laundry when we say we will, etc.

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15
Q

What does the “E” stand for in OCEAN, and what criteria are involved?

A

E stands for extraversion, and it consists of having a positive emotionality and a more outgoing demeanor.

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16
Q

What does the “A” stand for in OCEAN, and what criteria are involved?

A

A stands for agreeableness, and what is involved with this is being flexible when plans change, going with the flow without frustration, overall being more “chill” than most in terms of change.

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17
Q

What does “N” stand for in OCEAN, and what criteria are involved?

A

N stands for neuroticism, and people who tend to be “neurotic” often have a more negative personality, focus on the negatives and downsides of situations, and are often defined/labeled as grumpy.

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18
Q

According to Freud, what are the three components of the structure of personality?

A

According to Freud, the personality consists of the id, the ego, and the superego.

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19
Q

What is the id?

A

The id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle – the id also has a conflict with sex and aggression - Freud was obsessed with this conflict of sex and aggression.

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20
Q

What is the ego?

A

The ego is the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

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21
Q

What is the superego?

A

The superego is the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

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22
Q

Defense mechanisms: What are they?

A

Defense mechanisms are ways that we react, in general, to ourselves, and others when we have an internal conflict/frustration. The defense mechanisms we discussed were projection, repression, and displacement.

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23
Q

What is projection?

A

Projection is a defense mechanism that happens when someone recognizes something within themselves that they do not like, and take those feelings and apply them to someone else: For example: if we think we are too angry and hateful, we would turn to tell someone else that they are too angry and hateful –> we reap what we sow.

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24
Q

What is repression?

A

Repression is a defense mechanism that consists of motivated forgetting, which means someone actively pushes struggles/conflicts/feelings down so that they do not have to be faced. It is similar to sweeping dirt under a rug: you cannot see it, but it is still there and will be there until you do something about it.

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25
What is displacement?
Displacement is a defense mechanism that involves taking feelings/emotions about someone, such as a superior, and taking them out on someone we care about, like a friend.
26
What is regression?
Regression is a defense mechanism that consists of going "back in time" to things we liked as children in times of sorrow, anger, conflict, stress, etc.
27
What is behaviorism?
Behaviorism is the psychological study of overt and observable behavior (studying behavior literally as we see it displayed in people)
28
What is classical conditioning?
Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that already produces a response. EX: Pavlov's dogs - trained to a point when they start drooling upon a bell being rung because they learned to assume that food will follow this sound of the bell.
29
What is operant conditioning?
Operant conditioning is a learning process/paradigm that uses rewards and punishments to change behavior.
30
What is positive reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement is adding something to life to increase a behavior that is wanted to be seen, such as a reward to a child from a parent for doing their chores, or a bonus to an employee that had the most sales.
31
What is negative reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement is removing something from life to put an end to a behavior: EX: if someone's father repeatedly nags them to clean their room, then the individual would clean their room to decrease their father's nagging.
32
What is positive punishment?
Positive punishment is adding something in order to reduce a behavior -- such as installing an electric fence and shock collar for an escaping dog.
33
What is negative punishment?
Negative punishment is taking something away in order to reduce a certain behavior, such as when siblings fight with each other, a parent would take away video game priveleges
34
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy is one's belief in their ability to do something.
35
What is humanistic psychology?
Free will, human potential and growth, not focusing on the negative aspects of our human condition.
36
What is stress?
Stress is a stimulus that taxes our coping abilities, any circumstance that upsets our wellbeing
37
What are some examples of positive stressors?
Graduation, getting married, winning the lottery
38
What are some examples of negative stressors?
chronic illness, a big exam that was not well prepared for, traffic
39
Why do some people respond to stress more negatively, and why do some people respond to stress more positively?
It depends on someones personality type, and their perspective on whether or not the stressor is worth stressing about
40
What is a routine stressor?
A routine stressor is a daily task/responsibility -- these accumulate to make up a majority of our stressors
41
What is frustration?
Frustration is when the pursuit of a goal is thwarted or lost.
42
What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisals?
Primary appraisal: identifying if a threat is relevant to you or not. Secondary appraisal: acknowledging whether or not we have the coping mechanisms to combat a threat/situation
43
What is an approach-approach conflict?
Approach-approach: 2 competing things inside a person -- ex: you are hungry, but you are not picky
44
What is an approach-avoidance conflict?
Approach-avoidance: one thing you want to focus on but it has 2 outcomes. EX: Asking someone out: 1. they say yes, approach 2. they say no, and you feel rejected avoidance
45
What is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?
Avoidance-avoidance conflict: 2 or more options that are not pleasurable at all. EX: you have chronic back pain and your options are: 1. get an invasive surgery to solve the pain 2. continue to live with the pain as it is
46
What is the fight-or-flight response?
Fight or flight is an involuntary response that we have when we are faced with an external threat
47
Optimal levels of arousal when performing a task... ?
NS arousal to focus on a task, the arousal relates to the complexity of the task... ex: a high complexity task -- low arousal
48
Define the stages of general adaptation syndrome
The GAS stages: alarm, resistance, exhaustion 1. alarm: "what the fuck is this" 2. understanding/resisting: body has mobilized hormones and stress-buffering chemical 3. exhaustion: sickness, exhaustion leads to lower immunity
49
What are stress-related illnesses?
Stress-related illnesses occur in people with little to no social support, our NS is hardwired to be with other people and this buffers against stress
50
What protects people from stress and stress-related illnesses?
Having a support group, being a part of a community, social support and familial support can all buffer against stress and stress-related illness
51
What is an optimistic explanatory style?
An optimistic explanatory style is when someone views problems/conflicts as temporary, not personal, and they know they can do something about it
52
What is a pessimistic explanatory style?
A pessimistic explanatory style is when someone views problems as permanent, personal, and without room for them to take action on it
53
What is coping?
Coping is any action taken to reduce and tolerate the demands that are created by stress
54
Using a variety of coping mechanisms is best. Why?
Having a toolbox of different coping strategies is important because different circumstances cause for different forms of mitigation of stress. ex: running -- a podcast, music.
55
What is self-indulgence?
Self-indulgence is when someone takes part in overeating, using substances, succumbing to a sedentary lifestyle
56
What do constructive coping processes involve?
Constructive coping processes involve confronting your problems head-on, appraising stress (belief system), and learning how to manage emotional responses to stress
57
What is Ellis's ABC Model?
A: Antecedent (event) B: Belief (appraisal) C: consequence - how we perceive the event
58
How is exercise beneficial to mental and physical health?
Exercise is beneficial to mental and physical health in the sense that it releases healthy hormones, and allows for an increase in confidence, motivation, mental clarity, etc. Exercise does NOT increase hostility.
59
Effective problem-solving behavior?
Confronting problems directly and head-on
60
What is procrastination?
Procrastination is the act of pushing things off and waiting until the last minute to complete them - this often increases stress and decreases the quality of work
61
Why is humor a good way to cope?
Laughter releases dopamine
62
What personality characteristic is most closely related to having a heart attack?
Hostility
63
Define a Type A personality.
A person continuously loses thier temper, high competitive ideas, little patience for others, very driven to be successful, very high strung
64
Why do people act in self-destructive ways? What are these ways?
People self-destruct because it feels good in the moment, such as using drugs or alcohol to deal with stress/anxiety, it is a form of coping
65
Why is smoking detrimental to your health?
Damage to body and mind, the more education someone has on the impacts of smoking, the less likely they are to partake in this behavior
66
What are some of the negative effects of alcohol?
Violent crime, hangover, potential to become addicted
67
What are some of the warning signs of alcoholism?
When people frequently drink in order to deal with stress and worry
68
What are the differences between tolerance, abuse, physical dependence, and psychological dependence?
Tolerance: adjusting to various/increasing doses of a drug Physical dependence: most commonly seen in narcotics, used to avoid withdrawal, taking higher level drugs when tolerance is at its "limit" Abuse: using drugs way too often to repress, cope, etc. Psychological dependence: intense craving to take a drug continuously, no real physical addiction to it --> Cannabis use
69
Marijuana use and its effects
People who tend to use marijuana often have a psychological dependence, tolerance usually thins over time, largely used to cope

PSY 103 (2 decks)

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