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Sheep Systems Management > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When did commercial sheep dairies begin developing in the us

A

In the early 1980s using meat and wool genetics

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2
Q

Main states/provinces of dairy production

A

Quebec, Ontario, New England, Upper Midwest, and some larger commercial dairies in New York and California

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3
Q

North American Major Dairy Breeds

A

East Friesian
Lucaune

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4
Q

In dairy management: when do mature ewes lamb

A

Late January to early March followed by first parity ewes

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5
Q

In dairy management: when is the grazing season

A

Early May to late October, during which pasture is the main source of nutrition

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6
Q

In dairy management what are ewes fed during non grazing season

A

ad libitum alfalfa haylage

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7
Q

Milking:

A

42kPa pressure
180 pulsations/minute
2.5-3 minutes

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8
Q

Milk Price

A

varies $95-125/cwt
Processor often covers shipping costs
Most milk is sold on a weight basis though some may have a premium or deduction for components (fat and protein)
Legal hygiene standards must be met to travel btw states <750k somatic cells mL^-1 and <100k bacterial count mL^-1

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9
Q

Milk storage and shipment

A

Many produces do not have a large enough quanttiy of fluid milk for processors to pay for fluid transport
Milk is often frozen on farm in commercial freezers (-17F -27C) - while freezing may not affect quality of end product, thawing is a step most processors would rather avoid

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10
Q

How often are ewes milked

A

2x/day early and mid lactation
1x/day late in lactation >180d

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11
Q

How long are ewes milked

A

180-200 days

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12
Q

Milk recording

A

Milk yield, %Fat, %Protein, and Somatic Cell Count is recorded on individual ewes every 4 weeks.

Individual test day records throughout a lactation are combined into 180 day total milk, fat, and protein yields.

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13
Q

Milk yield by parity

A

Milk yield increases as # of parities increases

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14
Q

Peak milk?

A

~ 2 weeks

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15
Q

How much milk yield is produced in the first 30 days

A

25-30%

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16
Q

DY30

A

Lambs suckle ewes for first 30 days, ewes are not milked. After weaning ewes are milked 2x/day
Worst total performance
Least milk fat 31-45 most 46-end

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17
Q

DY1

A

Lambs are weaned after 1 day
Best total performance
Highest milk fat days 1-45, least 46-end

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Where are lambs taken after birth (in DY1 system)

A

Allow ewes to clean the lambs then transfer to a single pen, then training pen, then graduate pen

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20
Q

Why don’t we use kid or calve milk replacer for lambs

A

The fat and protein contents are lower, and the lactose is higher which, can cause scours in lambs

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21
Q

What makes the ewe so special

A

only domesticated livestock animal capable of converting solar energy into 3 distinct usable products each year

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22
Q

is 60,90,120, or 240-day weight the most heritable

A

240 increases in heritability as days increase

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23
Q

Cutest sheep in the world

A

Valais Blacknose

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23
Q

How was Blacknose Valais brought to the US

A

Breed up program
Started with Scottish blackface and AI with purebred imported semen
F1= 50% F2=75% F3=87.5% etc…

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24
Who are the primary customers in the Blacknose Valais market
women over 50
25
T/F Valais Blacknose have a natural resistance to scrapie
F
26
Genetic Model (equation)
Phenotype= Genotype + Environment
27
What % of a Rams phenotype is due to the environment
80%
28
Heritability is
Portion of the total phenotypic variation that is due to variation in additive gene effects
29
How many chromosomes does a sheep have?
54 over 20,000 genes in the sheep genome
30
Advantages to Genomic Evaluation
Can measure traits that are: Difficult/expensive to measure - disease resistance, feed efficiency Sex limited - litter size, fertility Measured later in life - longevity , hardiness
31
Genomics will not...
- replace the need for data collection and record-keeping - be much of a benefit for the traits we already measure well - magically appear in all breeds
32
Total ewe numbers in the US are... (increasing or decreasing)
decreasing
33
Selection goals
growth, maternal, wool
34
How heritable is... ewe fertility
5%
35
How heritable is... prolificacy (lambs born per ewe per lambing)
10%
36
How heritable is... Lamb survival
5%
37
How heritable is... ewe productivity (# of lambs weaned per ewe exposed)
20%
38
How heritable is...age at puberty
25%
39
How heritable is... scrotal circumference
35%
40
Fertility
lowly heritable age at puberty will impact lamb fertility
41
Prolifcacy
number of lambs born per ewe per lambing lowly heritable but slightly more than fertility
42
Lamb Survival
low heritability large difference among breeds improve management cull ewes that don't wean lambs
43
ewe productivity
pound of lamb weaned per ewe exposed Combination of fertility, prolificacy, lamb survival, milk production and lamb growth Selection for those ewes that exhibit these traits US Maternal Index for some sheep
44
Selection programs to improve reproduction
140% lamb crop * Choose replacement ewe lambs that were born twins * Choose ewe lambs that have above average weaning weight 170% lamb crop * More flexibility to choose for a few more traits
45
Combining information slide - may want to edit this guy
Low heritability traits, look at record from relatives * Selection of rams and ewes based on birth type can lead to a .02 increase in NLB per ewe exposed. * Minimum practical generation interval is two years so if you select twins for 20 years you should have .02 increase. * Utilizing records on relatives you can get a much more accurate genetic and the expected rate of response can be at least doubled.
46
Are reproductive or carcass traits more heritable?
growth and carcass traits (in general)
47
What do we select for to improve rate of gain?
120-day weight
48
How is growth measured?
in 2 intervals: Birth to weaning (preweaning) weaning to later age (post weaning) *must be adjusted for age, sex, type of birth and rearing of lamb, and age of dam
49
Carcass traits
* Highly Heritable * Fat depth and loin eye depth * Highly Correlated * Selection for these traits is difficult because you must harvest the animal to get measurements * Some success with ultrasound
50
Fleece traits
highly heritable
51
Major gene
Booroola -FecB^b relatedto increased prolificacy - have litters have many lambs but they dont preform well in opther traits
52
How do you select ewes to be replacements?
Longevity Multiple births Weaning weight (excellent milkers) Frame (target weight 160-180) Fertility Structural correctness Select more than needed to allow for culling
53
Replacement development
Remove from self feeder ar 80 pounds monitor BCS remove poor preformers small framed and unsound lambs Economical to identify keepers asap
54
Best fat cover
0.2-0.3
55
When is fat cover most critical
3-6 months of age
56
Value of home raised replacements
Production level, have records, longevity
57
Peak ewe age
4-5 years
58
Niche Market
satisfies a specific need specific demographic, specific price points, differening levels of quality
59
Commodity Market
Standard product that is undifferentiated from other products within the market prices are volatile and typically set through commodity exchanges Meat packers & local sale barns
60
Niche - bullet points
Lower volume demand overtakes supply room to grow less price sensitivity more competitve with imports more consumer feedback can meet demands with different breeds
61
Commodity - bullet points
higher volume little variability in goat/lamb type prive volatility continuing loss of infrastructure
62
What is market segmentation
Price changes in one segment do not cause a corresponding price change in another segment For example: * You have two customers. One is price sensitive and buys in volume. Another wants frequent deliveries, specialty cuts, and buys in lower volumes. * The animal is the same, but the price is different depending on value added attributes.
63
types of segments
Market venue Service platform Cultural Traditions Values *No segment type is an island, many overlap
64
Market Venue Segmentation
Segments based on different outlets to sell meat Grocery, farmers markets, CSA, Buying club, restaurants
65
Service Platform Segmentation
Segments based on the services provided to a customer delivery, further processing
66
Cultural Traditions Segmentation
halal, kosher
67
Values Segmentation
Segments based on customer perceptions of value organic, natural, local, grass-fed, farmer owned
68
USDA Inspection
Each animal is inspected before and after harvest by a USDA employee of the Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
69
Official State Inspection
Each animal is inspected before and after harvest by a state inspection program employee Meat can be sold only within the state the animal was harvested Not every state has a state meat inspection program
70
Custom Exemption
The animals and meat are never inspected but the operation as a whole is inspected by a state employee
71
IACB
Inspection type - State official red meat slaughter and processing facilities. Products can be produced with a mark of inspection for further resale. May also provide CUST slaughter and processing.
72
IASO
Inspection type - State official red meat slaughter facility. Products can not be produced with a mark of inspection for further resale. Rather they are sold at retail at the facility. May also provide CUST slaughter and processing.
73
IB
Inspection type - State official red meat processing facilities. No Inspected slaughter, but products can be produced with a mark of inspection for further resale from inspected product. May also provide CUST slaughter and processing.
74
CUST
Inspection type - State Custom Exempt red meat slaughter and processing facilities. Products can not be produced with a mark of inspection for further resale, but are marked “Not for Sale”, for use by the owner of the product only.
75
Meat Packers
-require volume -require uniform appearance - require livestock hauling capabilities - less effort for actual animal marketing - must be willing to accept price and volume set by buyer
76
Local sale barn
- takes less effort than direct marketing - can sell lower quantities - no guaranteed price -must pay commission and other fees
77
Producer co-op groups
More bargaining power  Able to negotiate contracts  Pool lambs together to fill market sized loads  Individual producers paid for their specific lambs  Have to have a minimum # of ewes  Have to market a minimum # of lambs
78

Sheep Systems Management (2 decks)

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