Exam 1 Flashcards
Electrolyte that associates with the brain
Sodium
electrolyte that associates with the Heart and GI
Potassium
electrolyte that associates with the Heart and Muscle
Calcium
Hyponatremia causes
diuretic, vomiting, diarrhea, polydipsia, Heart/Lung/Kidney Fail
Hypernatremia causes
increase in sodium intake, intake w/o fluid intake, fluid deprivation, fluid loss, hyperventilation
hypokalemia causes
decreased intake, increase output, increase in aldosterone, increase in insulin, decrease in magnesium, medications
hyperkalemia causes
meds, cell injury, acidosis, hypoaldosteronism, increase in K+ intake w/ renal failure, kidney dysfunction
hypocalcemia causes
decrease intake of calcium, vitamin d deficiency, malabsorption, decrease PTH secretion, medications (loop, calcitonin, corticosteroid)
hypercalcemia causes
90% malignancy or hyperparathyroidism, immobility (rare), meds (thiazide,lithium)
hypomagnesemia causes
malnutrition, ETOH abuse, GI loss, enteral/parenteral nut, DKA, drugs (loop/thiazide, digoxin, aminoglycoside atb)
hypermagnesemia causes
renal fail/dialysis, tissue trauma, increase Mg admin, meds (lithium, laxative, MOM), meds slow GI motility (opioid, anticholinergic)
s/sx of hyponatremia
Neuro: confusion/ HA/lethargy, seizure,
gait disturb
Muscle weakness
N/V
s/sx of hypernatremia
Neuro: restless/
weak, disorientation,
delirium, hallucinate,
seizure
Thirst
Muscle weakness
Dry mucous mem
↓ UOP
Mild fever
s/sx of hypokalemia
Arrhythmia/
tachycardia
Muscle cramping
Hypotension
Weakness
GI cramping/N
Resp depression
s/sx of hyperkalemia
ECG - tall peaked T
waves
Dysrhythmia - irreg,
brady
Muscle weak, twitch,
flaccid paralysis
Irritability/anxiety
Abdominal cramping
Diarrhea
s/sx of hypocalcemia
Neuromusc hyperact:
chvostek, trousseau
Numbness/tingling
in fingers/toes
Shortened QT
↑ bleeding risk
Seizure
Dyspnea/
laryngospasm
CATS: convulsion,
arrhythmia, tetany,
spasm, stridor
s/sx of hypercalcemia
Bone pain
Kidney stone
Abd pain, N/V/C
Anxiety, fatigue,
psychosis,
depression
↓ DTR
Prolonged QT
↑ blood clot risk
s/sx of hypomagnesemia
Muscle weak,
cramping, tetany,
tremors
Neuro: disorient,
psychosis, vertigo,
irritability,
combative,
depression
Ventricular
arrhythmia (v fib,
PVC, SVT, torsades)
s/sx hypermagnesemia
Depress CNS and
nerves: weakness,
lethargy, dizzy,
confusion
Vasodilation and
dysrhythmia -
hypotension, brady
Respiratory suppress
DTR lost, paralysis -
coma
> 10 - resp/cardiac
failure
treatment of hyponatremia
Na replace: PO,
NGT, isotonic,
hypertonic (3%, 5%)
Fluid restriction
Must be gradual!
Diuretic
Dialysis
treatment of hypernatremia
Gradual lowering w/
hypotonic fluid
Diuretics (loop,
thiazide)
treatment of hypokalemia
Diet, supplement
(taste gross)
IV K replacement -
IVPB, 20g, NS, 10-
20 min, cardiac
monitor, irritation
treatment of hyperkalemia
Diet/med restriction
Calcium gluconate -
protects heart
Sodium bicarbonate -
reverse acidosis
Kayexalate -
removed in BM
Insulin - push K into
cell
Neb Albuterol - push
K into cell
Dialysis (severe)
treatment of hypocalcemia
Ca, Vit D
supplement
Calcium
carbonate
antacid - ↓
phosphorus level
IV calcium gluconate
- infusion pump, risk
hypotension, digitalis
toxicity
treatment of hypercalcemia
Treat underlying
cause
↓ dietary intake
Fluids (NS)
Loop diuretic
IM calcitonin
IV phosphate
Dialysis
nursing management for hyponatremia
Daily weight
I&O
Neuro
Hx
nursing management of hypernatremia
I&O
Neuro
Na level
Prevention!
nursing management of hypokalemia
Cardiac, renal
monitor
Edu diuretics, renal
issues
nursing management of hyperkalemia
S/sx, K+ trends
High K+ need verify
Side effect of med
admin
nursing management of hypocalcemia
Cardiac, Ca level,
seizure/fall
precaution, airway,
EKG, bleeding
treatment of hypomagnesemia
Diet
PO mg salt (cause D)
Magnesium sulfate
IV - infusion pump,
risk cardiac/resp
ADR,
anticonvulsant, status
asthmaticus
treatment of hypermagnesemia
D/C all sources Mg
Loop diuretic
Isotonic fluids
IV calcium
gluconate (Mg
antagonist)
nursing management of hypomagnesemia
Seizure/fall precaut,
Dysphagia
Edu abuse diuretic,
laxative, alc
nursing management for hypermagnesemia
Dont admin Mg to pt
in renal failure
Monitor s/sx, IV
admin, ECG
bottom tier on maslow hierarchy
physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest
2nd to bottom tier on maslow’s hierarchy
safety needs: security, safety
middle tier on maslow’s hierarchy
belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships, friends
2nd to top tier on maslow’s hierarchy
esteem needs: prestige, feeling of acomplishment
top tier on maslow’s hierarchy
self-actualisation: achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities
health alteration
broad concept meaning any physiological change
ex: COPD is a chronic health alteration
health disparity
preventable difference in outcomes experienced by disadvantaged groups through health factors
ex: the increased black maternal mortality rate compared to other races w/ similar backgrounds
disability
a physical or mental condition that significantly limits a persons ability to perform activites of daily living
chronic illness
long-lasting medical conditions that may or may not cause disability but persist over time, often for the rest of a persons life
chronic illness can exist without disability, but disability may result from both chronic illnesses and other causes
factors related to the increasing incidence of chronic conditions
aging population, lifestyle factors, environmental factors, medical advancements, healthcare access
