EXAM 1 Flashcards
What is the principle of complementarity
Function always relfects structure
What does homeostasis mean
- Same State
- Defined as “Dynamic constancy of the internal environment”
- Not fixed
What is the national average of blood pressure
120mmHg/80mmHg
How many liters of blood in the male and female bodies
Male: 5500ml (5.5L)
Female: 5000ml (5L)
What does vasodilate mean
widen, get larger
What does vasoconstrict mean
collapse, get smaller
What happens to your blood pressure when your vessels vasocontrict
Pressure goes up, since there is now less room for the blood to move through
What is the national avg for heart rate
72 beats/min
What is an effector
something in body that makes effect
What is the job of ACH in heart rate
lower the heart rate
What is the name for adrenaline and what does it do
epinephrine
increases heart rate
What is the name for noradrenaline and what does it do
norepinephrine
decreases heart rate
how many effectors are in each system
At least 2 effectors
What does glucose levels do in your body
the oscillate around a set point
What does glucose in the blood inhibit?
glycogen breakdown
So when glocuse is high, glycogen wont break down into more glucose
All organisms in a living system are what kind of system
open system
What is a feedback mechanism
process or event that causes another event which has an effect on the inital or subsequent event
Negative feedback loop
the effector (output) shuts off the original stimulus
How many effectors are in the negative feedback loop for BP
4 effectors
What is Boyles law
pressure is inversely proportional to volume
What is the set point for body temp
98.5F/37.1C
What is the set point of blood glucose
90mg/100ml blood
What are Islets of Langerhan
Pancreas cells that detect an increase in glucose levels,
What is insulin
a hormone in the blood, it goes to all the tissues and cells in the body and allows for them to take up glucose
What does hyperglycemia mean
high glucose levels in body
What does hypoglycemia mean
low glucose levels in the body
When there is high glucose levels, where does the excess glucose go
- tissues (kept alive by glucose)
- liver (always full of glucose)
- Stored as fat
What are the components of homeostasis
Detection
Sensory/Afferent
Control Center
Efferent motor neurons
Effectors
What are the two effectors involved in body temp
sweat glands and skeletal muscles
How many negative feedback loops are there in body temp
2, one above and one below
What is the bodies thermostat
hypothalamus
what is needed to detect change in body temp
sensory and thermoreceptors
What stops a positive feedback loop
a physical event, like birth
What is the regulation of blood clotting
- break/tear occurs in blood vessel wall
- Platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
- Released chemicals attract more platelets (platelet army)
- Platelet Plug
Continues until tear is fully plugged
What is kinetic energy
energy in action
what is potential energy
energy of position, stored inactive energy
Where is energy tied up in food
in the bonds
Chemical energy
stored in the bonds of chemical substances
Electrical energy
results from the movement of charged particles
mechanical energy
directly involved in moving matter
radient or electromagnetic
energy traveling in waves
What are the major elements of the human body
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Makes up 96%
Lesser and trace elements in the body
Lesser make up 3.9% of the body
Lesser: Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfer, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine and iron
Trace:
Required in minute amounts and found as parts of enzymes
What is biochemistry
The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter
Organic Compounds
Contain carbon, covalently bonded, large
Inorganic Compounds
Do not contain carbon
Water, salts and many acids and bases
What are salts specialized roles in body functions
Sodium, potasium, calcium for myo contractions, and iron
Are acids and bases both electrolytes
yes, they ionize and dissociate in water
Proton Donors
Acids are PD, they release protons, bare protons in a solution
What are the important acids
hydrochloric acid, Acetic acid, Carbonic acid
What is the formula for hydrochloric acid
HCl
What is the formula for acetic acid
Hc2H3O2
What is the formula for carbonic acid
H2CO3
Are bases proton acceptors or donors?
Acceptors, they pick up the H+ in the solution
What does a base release when it dissolves in a solution
it releases hydroxyl ion (OH-)
What is the formula for bicarbonate ion
HCO3-
What are important bases
Bicarbonate ion
Ammonia
What is the chemical formula for Ammonia
NH3
Is there high or low concentration of H+ in an acidic pH
High concentration
What is a neutralization reaction
acids and bases are mixed together
What is building up and breaking down
Building up= Anabolic (bonds formed)
Breaking down=Catabolic (bonds breaking)
What is dehydration synthesis
dehydration, forming
What does sucrose break into?
glucose and fructose
What does maltose break into?
glucose and glucose
What does lactose break into?
galactose and glucose
Lipid Class: Neutral fats (trigylcerides)
found in subcutaneous tissue around organs for protection and support
Lipid Class: phospholipids
chief component of cell membranes
Lipid Class: steriods
Cholesterol, bile salts, vitamind D, sex hormones, adrenal cortical hormones
Lipid Class: Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, E, K
Lipid Class: Eicosanoids
- Derived from a fatty acid found in cell membranes
- PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENS, and thromboxanes (blood clotting)
Lipid Class: Lipoproteins
transport fatty acids and cholesterol in the blood stream
What are the lipid classes in the body
1.Neutral fats (trigylcerides)
2. Phospholipids
3. Steriods
4. Fat Soluble Vitamins
5. Eicosanoids
6. Lipoproteins
Saturated fatty acids
- single covalent bonds between C atoms
- Maximum number of H atoms
- Solid animal fats like butter
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- One or more double bonds between C atoms
- Reduced number of H atoms
- Plant oils, olive oils
Steroids
Flat molecules with 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
- important in cell membranes, vitamin D synthesis, sterio hormones, bile salts
Cholesterol is_____ for all sterioids
- a precursor
- all steriods are made from cholesterol
Amino Acids
Building blocks of protein, containing an amino group and a carboxyl group
Structural levels of Proteins
Primary: AA Sequence
Secondary: Alpha helices or beta pleated sheets (H-H bonds)
Tertiary: Superimposed folding of secondary structures (s-s bonds)
Quaternary: Polypeptide chains linked together in specific mannor (covalent bonds)
Fibrous and Golbular Proteins
Fibrous:
- Extended and strand like proteins
Golbular:
- Compact, spherical proteins with 3 and 4 structures
Competitive Inhibation
Inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding to the enzyme or blocks the substrate from binding to E
What does esterase and transferase mean
esterase: Cuts
Transferase: puts together
non-competitive inhibition
I bonds at another site (not the active site)
Digoxin
Increases intracelluar sodium levels, which drives on influx of calcium into the heart, enchancing contractility, increases cardiac output and subsequently decreasing ventricular filling pressures
What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Why is it important to recycle ATP pieces
because it takes sm to build them that we wouldnt get anywhere if we had to rebuild from scratch
What are the two mechanisms of ATP synthesis
- Substrate level phosphorylation
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What is Chemiosmotic process
couples movement o substances across membranes to chemical reactions
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction
Oxidized substances lose an electron and energy
Reduced substances gain electrons and energy
ORR involve the gain of O2 or loss of H atoms
Redox Reactions
Catalyzed by enzymes that usually require a B vitamin co enzyme
