Exam 1 Flashcards
what immunoglobulin mediates type 1 reaction?
IgE
immediate-type hypersensitivity characterizes what type of ADR?
type 1
anaphylaxis characterizes what type of drug reaction?
type 1
antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, what type of drug reaction?
type 2
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is an example of which drug reaction type?
type 2
graft rejection is an example of which drug reaction type?
type 2
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and graft rejection, examples of which drug reaction type?
type 2
immune complex hypersensitivity- which drug reaction type?
type 3
arthus reaction to tetanus vaccine- which drug reaction type?
type 3
lupus is an example of which drug reaction type?
type 3
cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity- which drug reaction type?
type 4
rash, eosinophilia, PPD test, poison ivy- which drug reaction type?
type 4
eosinophilia- which drug reaction type?
type 4
what is the term for drugs that produce receptor site stimulation?
agonists
agonists, think WHAT?
act
what do agonists produce?
receptor site stimulation
antagonists, think WHAT?
block
what type of drugs block receptor site stimulation?
antagonists
what do antagonists block?
receptor site stimulation
what do antagonists do?
block receptor site stimulation
parasympathetic nervous system is part of what system?
autonomic nervous system
what NT does parasympathetic nervous system release?
acetylcholine
acetylcholine is released by what system?
parasympathetic nervous system
what system counterbalances sympathetic activity?
parasympathetic nervous system
what two types of receptors does acetylcholine activate?
muscarinic and nicotinic
what are the two cholinergic receptors?
muscarinic and nicotinic
muscarinic and nicotininc receptors are activated by what?
acetylcholine
what effect does parasympathetic nervous system have on pupils?
constriction
what effect does PNS have on salivation?
stimulates salivation
what effect does PNS have on heart rate?
decreases HR
what effect does PNS have on contractility?
decreases contractility
what effect does PNS have on bronchi?
bronchial constriction
what effect does PNS have on digestion?
stimulates digestion
what effect does PNS have on gallbladder?
stimulates gallbladder
what effect does PNS have on bladder?
contracts bladder
what effect does PNS have on rectum?
relaxes rectum
what effect does PNS have on peripheral vascular system?
peripheral vasodilation
what do most postganglionic neurons release? (NT)
norepinephrine
what do adrenal medullary neurons release? (NT)
mix of epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic nervous system is under which nervous system?
autonomic nervous system
what are the three types of receptors activated by epinephrine and norepinephrine?
alpha, beta, dopamine
what are the three types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha, beta, dopamine
alpha, beta, and dopamine are what type of receptors?
adrenergic
what effect does SNS have on pupils?
dilates pupils
what effect does SNS have on salivation?
inhibits salivation
what effect does SNS have on bronchi?
bronchial dilation
what effect does SNS have on heart rate?
increased heart rate
what effect does SNS have on digestion?
inhibits digestion
what effect does SNS have on contractility?
increases contractility
what effect does SNS have on glucose release?
stimulates glucose release by liver
what effect does SNS have on bladder?
relaxes bladder????
what effect does SNS have on rectum?
contracts rectum
what effect does SNS have on peripheral vascular system?
peripheral vasoconstriction
what type of drug is clonidine?
central acting adrenergic agonists
can you stop taking central acting adrenergic agonists abruptly? (e.g. clonidine)
no
what type of receptors are found in the eyes, salivary glands, arterioles, GI and GU tract?
alpha 1 receptors
where are alpha 1 receptors located?
eyes, salivary glands, arterioles, GI and GU tract
what happens when alpha 1 receptors are stimulated?
cause vascular and GI smooth muscle contraction
what effect do alpha 1 agonists have on peripheral vascular resistance?
increased peripheral vascular resistance
what effect do alpha 1 agnosists have on contractility?
increased contractility
what effect do alpha 1 agonists have on blood pressure?
increased blood pressure
alpha 1 agonists- vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
vasoconstriction
phenylephrine is an example of what type of drug?
alpha 1 agonists
methoxamine is an example of what type of drug?
alpha 1 agonists
what are two examples of alpha 1 agonists?
phenylephrine and metoxamine
what are the side effects of alpha 1 agonists?
headache, bradycardia, excitability, and restlessness
headaches, bradycardia, excitability, restlessness- side effects of what drug class?
alpha 1 agonists
what type of medication should be avoided with alpha 1 antagonists?
NSAIDS
doxazosin/cardura- what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
prazosin (for PTSD) what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
terazosin- what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
alpha 1 antagonists are often given for what condition?
BPH
what do alpha 1 antagonists do in the context of BPH?
block contraction of the GU smooth muscle so patients can urinate
what do alpha 1 antagonists do in the context of HTN?
help lower blood pressure through vasodilation as it inhibits norepinephrine
what NT do alpha 1 antagonists inhibit?
norepinephrine
alpha 1 antagonists cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?
vasodilation
reflex tachycardia- SE of what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
orthostatic hypotension- seen with what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
fluid retention- seen with what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
peripheral edema- seen with what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
nasal congestion- SE what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
blurred vision- SE what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
dry mouth- SE what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
syncope- SE what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
impotence- SE what drug class?
alpha 1 antagonist
what is heart rate trying to compensate for as SE of alpha 1 antagonists?
hypotension (blood vessels become bigger when relaxed)
increased HR is compensating for what with alpha 1 antagonists?
hypotension (blood vessels become bigger when relaxed)
where are alpha 2 receptors located?
presynaptic nerve terminal of the smooth muscles, platelets, and lipocytes
what receptors are located in the presynaptic nerve terminal of the smooth muscles, platelets, and lipocytes?
alpha 2
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on NE?
decreases NE
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on peripheral vascular system?
cause vasodilation
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on peripheral vascular resistance?
decreased PVR
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on renal vascular resistance?
decreased renal vascular resistance
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on HR?
decrease HR
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on sympathetic response?
blocks body’s sympathetic response
what effect do alpha 2 agonists have on cardiac output/blood flow?
decreased cardiac output/blood flow
clonidine is an example of what drug class?
alpha 2 agonist
methyldopa is an example of what drug class?
alpha 2 agonist
clonidine and methyldopa are examples of what drug class?
alpha 2 agonist
what drug class should be avoided with coronary insufficiency, CVD, MI, renal function impairment and reacts with beta blockers?
alpha 2 agonist
what are the side effects of alpha 2 agonists?
hypotension, dry mouth/mucous membranes, bradycardia, impotence, nightmares, sedation
hypotension, dry mouth/mucous membranes, bradycardia, impotence, nightmares, sedation- SE what drug class?
alpha 2 agonist
what drug class increases release of norepinephrine?
alpha 2 antagonist
what drug class increases NE release and can be used in some cases to treat sexual dysfunction?
alpha 2 antagonist
what are two examples of alpha 2 antagonists?
yohimibine and idazoxan
yohimbine and idazoxan- what drug class?
alpha 2 antagonist
three common side effects of alpha 2 antagonists?
dizziness, headaches, and reflex tachycardia
dizziness, headaches, reflex tachycardia- common SE of what drug class?
alpha 2 antagonist
beta 1 antagonist- what effect on heart rate?
decrease heart rate
beta 1 antagonist- what effect on contractility?
decrease contractility
beta 1 antagonist- what effect on conduction velocity?
decrease conduction velocity
three examples of beta 1 antagonists?
atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol
atenolol, metoprolol, esmolol- what drug class?
beta 1 antagonist
mild bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, hypotension, impotence- commone SE what drug class?
beta 1 antagonist
common SE of beta 1 antagonists?
mild bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, hypotension, impotence
why do you want to avoid beta 1 antagonists in asthmatic patient?
fear of bronchoconstriction
what happens if you stop beta 1 antagonists abruptly? (CV)
cardiac spasms that may potentially lead to MI
location of beta 2 agonist receptors?
smooth muscle of eye, arterioles, venules, bronchioles, liver, pancrease, GI and GU
what receptors are located in the smooth muscle of the eye, arterioles, venules, bronchioles, liver, pancreas, GI and GU tracts?
beta 2 agonist
what drug class- acts as a bronchodilator that can treat bronchospasms?
beta 2 agonist
what drug class- decreases GI tone and motility?
beta 2 agonist
what drug class- relaxes uterine contractions?
beta 2 agonist
what drug class- activates gluconeogenesis in the liver to inrease blood sugar?
beta 2 agonist
what effect does beta 2 agonist have on bronchi?
bronchodilator
what effect does beta 2 agonist have on GI tone and motility?
decreased GI tone and motility
what effect does beta 2 agonist have on uterine contractions?
relaxes uterine contractions
albuterol and terbutaline- examples what drug class?
beta 2 agonist
what are two examples of beta 2 agonists?
albuterol and terbutaline
what class SE- trembling, nervous tension, palpitations, muscle cramps?
beta 2 agonist
common SE of beta 2 agonists?
trembling, nervous tension, palpitations, muscle cramps
what class- cause bronchoconstriction on beta 2 receptors, oppose vasodilation, increase PVR?
beta 2 antagonists
what effect do beta 2 antagonists have on bronchi?
bronchoconstriction
what effect do beta 2 antagonists have on PVR?
increase PVR
what effect do beta 2 antagonists have on vasodilation?
oppose vasodilation
what class- used for angina, HTN, post-MI, migraines, glaucoma?
beta 2 antagonists
what are uses for beta 2 antagonists?
angina, HTN, post-MI, migraines, glaucoma
common SE what class? Tachycardia, tremors, anxiety, depression, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, arrhythmias
beta 2 antagonists
what are common SE of beta 2 antagonists?
tachycardia, tremors, anxiety, depression, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, arrhythmias
beta 2 antagonists- avoid giving this med to who? (more than B1)
asthmatics
beta 2 antagonists should be avoided more than B1 in asthmatic patients why?
bronchoconstriction
beta 2 antagonists- use caution in what patient popultion?
diabetic patients
why should beta 2 antagonists be used cautiously in diabetic patients?
block symptoms of hypoglycemic episoes
what is an example of a beta 2 antagonist?
propranolol
propranolol- what drug class?
beta 2 antagonists
where is sodium bicarbonate most likely to be absorbed?
intestines
what is the most frequent category of drug-WHAT interaction?
food
why is drug-food interaction the most common?
food affects the GI absorption of drugs
how should oral enteric-coated tablets be taken?
to achieve the best effect take the tablet with at least 8 oz of fluid
how much fluid should be taken orally with EC tablets?
8 oz
food in the GI tract affects drug absorption by?
altering gastric emptying time
food can alter the Ph of the stomach leading to…?
altered drug bioavailability
lipid solubility of the drug affects what?
drug absorption
a rich blood supply to the area of absorption leads to what?
better drug absorption
term- the fraction of a drug that reaches the systemic circulation?
bioavailability
what is the definition of bioavailability?
the fraction of drug that reaches the system circulation
what factors (5) affect bioavailability?
solubility, chemical structure, size, polarity, pre-systemic biotransformation
solubility, chemical structure, size, polarity, pre-systemic biotransformation affect what?
bioavailability
what (4) things do drug absorption depend on?
first pass metabolism, food, surface area, drug size
first pass metabolism, food, surface area, drug size- affect what?
drug absorption
fasting for an extended period of time can do what to absorption?
cause vasoconstriction which leads to decreased drug absorption
a low-carb, high-protein diet may what?
increase drug metabolizing enzymes
why do you not crush a sustained-release capsule?
if you crush the capsule the coated beads of drug can lead to toxicity
why is medroxyprogesterone/depo provera given IM?
to create a storage reservoir
what does the storage reservoir create (depo)?
increased length of time the drug is available and can be actively distributed
the ability of the body to excrete drugs via the renal system would be increased by…?
unbinding a nonvolatile drug from the plasma protein
until drugs are changed or excreted they continue to what?
act in the body
what is the difference in drug effects between men and women? (pharmacokinetics)
percentage of fat differs between the genders
nurse practitioner prescriptive authority is regulated by what?
state board of nursing
three facets of therapeutic goals when prescribing medications?
curative, palliative, and preventative measures
patient education regarding prescription medication should include discussion of what?
expected adverse drug reactions
assessment to determine diagnosis is what type of factor in prescribing medication?
factor associated with clinical judgement
review of potential alternative therapies is what type of factor in prescribing medication?
factor associated with clinical judgement
least invasive, least expensive, and least likely to cause an adverse reaction- what type of factor in prescribing medication?
factor associated with clinical judgement
assessment of other medications and supplements the patient is taking- what type of factor in prescribing medication?
factor associated with clinical judgement
what are the four factors associated with clinical judgement in prescribing medication?
(1) assessment to determine diagnosis (2) review of potential alternative therapies (3) least invasive, least expensive, least likely to cause an adverse reaction, (4) assessment of other medications and supplements that the patient is taking
what criteria should be followed for choosing an effective drug?
consulting nationally recognized guidelines for disease management
what are three cultural factors that must be considered when prescribing medications?
(1) who is the decision maker in the family for health-care decisions (2) patient’s view of health and illness (3) attitudes regarding use of drugs to treat illness
pharmacodynamic considerations in prescribing with different ethnicities?
ethnic differences have been found in drugs in regard to hepatic metabolism
what are patient benefits to having an APRN prescriber?
nurses care for the patient from a holistic approach and include patient in decision making regarding their care
why may NP thrive under healthcare reform?
the demonstrated ability of nurse practitioners to control costs and improve patient outcomes
what are the four clinical influences affecting how providers make decisions?
(1) competing demands (2) knowledge of and agreement with clinical guidelines (3) organizational issues- ancillary support; follow-up appointments (4) assessment of patient adherence
(1) competing demands (2) knowledge of and agreement with clinical guidelines (3) organizational issues- ancillary support; follow-up appointments (4) assessment of patient adherence are WHAT?
four clinical influences affecting how providers make decisions
what are the five medication-related factors affecting how providers make decisions?
(1) side effects (2) contraindication (3) cost (4) convenience/complexity/dosing (4) patient/provider medication knowledge
diabetes-related knowledge is part of what consideration?
patient attitudes and values (how providers make decisions)
what factors are considerations involving patient attitudes and values? (3) (how providers make decisions)
(1) perceived risk (2) belief in treatment efficacy (3) health goals/values
cognitive skills (memory) affect what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
health literacy affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
autonomous motivation affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
self-efficacy affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
social support- affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
environmental barriers- affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
general adherence affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
symptom burdon affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
comorbidities affect what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
diabetes-specific emotional distress affects what?
how providers make decisions- patient influences
drugs with a significant WHAT are rapidly metabolized by the liver and may have little, if any, desired action?
first pass effect
drugs with a significant first pass effect are what?
rapidly metabolized by the liver
drugs with a signifcant first pass effect that are rapidly metabolized by the liver may have what?
little if any desired action
what percentage of drugs are eliminated in the liver at first?
0.5
50% of drugs are eliminated in the liver at first and then go where?
systemic circulation
how many half lives are required to eliminate a drug? (significant FPE)
4-5 half lives
drugs are metabolized mainly by the liver in what two reactions?
phase I and phase II
phase I and phase II reactions change drug molecules into…?
a form that an excretory organ can excrete
WHAT may be more active, less active, or totally deactivated compared to parent drug?
metabolites
metabolies may be WHAT (3 things) than parent drug?
more active, less active, or totally deactivated
term? The proportion of a drug which enters the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect
bioavailability
bioavailability is what?
the proportion of a drug which enters the circulation when introduced into the body so is able to have an active affect
when are bioavailability issues especially important?
drugs with narrow therapeutic ranges or sustained-release mechanisms
term? The time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to fall by halg/50%
half-life
what is the half life?
the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the blood to fall by half/50%
term? The amount of drug needed to get the concentration in the plasma to a therapeutic level quicker
loading dose
what is the loading dose?
the amount of drug needed to get the concentration in the plasma to a therapeutic level quicker
Example of what? Z-pack with 2 pills the first day to achieve a therapeutic range
loading dose
term? The time between drug administration and the minimum concentration of a drug to produce an effect
onset of action
what is the onset of action?
the time between drug administration and the minimum concentration of a drug to produce an effect
how is the onset of action seen on drug concentration curve?
first sign of therapeutic effect
term? The time between drug administration and the maximum concentration of a drug in the blood stream
peak of action
another term for peak of action
best therapeutic effect
what is the definition of peak of action?
the time between drug administration and the maximum concentration of a drug in the blood stream
what is the definition of best therapeutic effect?
the time between drug administration and the maximum concentration of a drug in the blood stream
term? The time between the onset of action and metabolism of the drug below the minimum needed for an effect
duration of action
what is the definition of duration og action?
the time between the onset of action and metabolism of the drug below the minimum needed for an effect
the length of time you have the drug in your system reflects what?
duraction of action
duration of action reflects what?
the length of time you have the drug in your system
term? The ability of a drug to produce a maximum effect at any dosage
efficacy
what is the definition of efficacy?
the ability of a drug to produce a maximum effect at any dosage
term? The expression of the maximum effect a drug can produce
efficacy
efficacy example- asians are known to be fast WHAT- meaning that they require higher doses of drugs to achieve efficacy?
acetylators
effects of tylenol versus morphine is an example of what?
efficacy- morphine is much stronger than tylenol as it produces more pain blocking power
what levels are used to determine therapeutic level of drugs?
peak/trough
peak/trough levels are used to determine what?
therapeutic level of drugs
if a lab result indicates the peak level of a drug is above the WHAT, this means that this will produce an adverse response?
minimum toxic concerntration
if a lab result indicates the peak level of a drug is above the minimum toxic concentration, this means that this will produce an ….
adverse response
examples of meds with peak/trough (2)?
phenytoin; vancomycin
term? The amount of drug in the body that remains constant
steady state
steady state definition?
the amount of drug in the body that remains constant
term? The rate of drug intake that is equal to the rate of drug elimination; attained after approximately four, occasionally five half-lives
steady state
when is steady state attained?
after approximately four, sometimes five half-lives
what does lipophilic mean?
lipid loving
term? Lipid loving
lipophilic
lipophilic drugs generally have a high WHAT?
high volume of distribution
lipophilic drugs are primarily cleared by what organ?
liver
lipophilic drugs have what two properties?
non-ionized, uncharged
lipophilic drugs are small or large in size?
small in size?
do lipophilic drugs cross the membranes easily?
yes
term? Water loving
hydrophilic
hydrophilic definition?
water loving
hydrophilic drugs generall have a low WHAT?
low volume of distribution
lipophilic drugs generally have a LOW or HIGH volume of distribution?
high
hydrophilic drugs generally have a LOW or HIGH volume of distribution?
low
organ that primarily clears hydrophilic drugs?
kidneys
kidneys or liver primarily clear lipophilic drugs?
liver
kidneys or liver primarily clear hydrophilic drugs?
kidneys
hydrophilic drugs- small or large in size?
large
hydrophilic drugs cross membranes easily?
no
hydrophilic or lipophilic drugs cross membranes easily?
lipophilic
ionized/charged or non-ionized uncharged- lipophilic?
non-ionized, uncharged
ionized/charged or non-ionized uncharged- hydrophilic?
ionized/charged
term? Moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
passive diffusion
passive diffusion- definition?
moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
what type of drugs can cross the membrane through passive diffusion?
lipid-soluble drugs
what type of drugs have to be filtered through the aqueous pore/paracellular space?
non-lipid soluble drugs
passive diffusion involves moving from an area of WHAT concentration to an area of WHAT concentration?
high to low
hypoalbuminemia affects what?
distribution of drugs to target tissues
what condition? If not enough protein available to bind with the drug
hypoalbuminemia
what condition causes too much free drug to build up in the system and become toxic?
hypoalbuminemia
what happens when drugs are bound to albumin?
they stay in the system longer and are not eliminated
what should you do if giving two protein bound drugs?
consider giving them at different times
what kind of diseases can affect production of albumin?
liver diseases
what are three examples of liver diseases that can affect production of albumin?
AIDS, cancer, cirrhosis
AIDS, cancer, cirrhosis can affect what?
production of albumin
what term? Protects the brain from substances that may harm the brain,
blood brain barrier
term? Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters that are in the rest of the body?
blood brain barrier
blood brain barrier protects brain from what two things in the rest of the body?
hormones and neurotransmitters
WHAT helps maintain a constant environment for the brain?
blood brain barrier
do large molecules pass through BBB easily?
no
low lipid (fat) soluble molecules cross BBB fast or slow?
fast
molecules with a high or low electrical charge cross BBB fast or slow?
slow
typically, only meds that are WHAT cross the BBB?
lipid-soluble
WHAT slows the entry of many drugs into and from brain cells?
BBB
term? Lipid membrane that allows passage of drugs by simple diffusion
fetal placental barrier
smaller molecule or larger molecule drugs pass more easily across fetal placental barrier?
smaller molecule drugs
simultaneous use of several different drugs (drug-drug interactions) increase risk for what?
adverse drug reactions
age groups (2) at risk for ADRs?
young or old
pregant pts are at risk for what?
ADRs
breast feeding patients are at risk for what?
ADRs
hereditary factors play a role in the risk for what?
ADRs
disease states with may affect drug absorption, metabolism, and/or elimination increase risk for what?
ADRs
dry mouth, dry eyes, decreased urine output, increased stomach acid- examples of what?
anticholinergic effects
cannot see, cannot pee, cannot spit, cannot shit—- memory device for what?
anticholinergic effects
anticholinergic prototype drug?
atropine
atropine- drug prototype?
anticholinergic
two types of adverse reactions?
intrinsic and idiosyncratic
term? Predictable and dose-related adverse reaction
intrinsic
term? Unpredictable and not dose-related advserse reaction
idiosyncratic
example of idiosyncratic adverse reaction?
rash
rash is an example of what type of ADR? Intrinsic or idiosyncratic
idiosyncratic
term? Using an FDA approved drug for an indication not on the label
off label prescribing
what is the definition of off label prescribing?
using an FDA approved drug for an indication not on the label
example of off label prescribing?
trazodone (antidepressant) used for sleep
what medications (think patient population) are often used off label?
pediatric medications
term? Types of drug effects- valued response (BP, HR, Pain, coma score)
graded effect
valued response? Term
graded effect
yes/no response (seizure, pregnancy, rash) term?
quantal effect
graded effect definition?
valued response
quantal effect definition?
yes/no response
examples of quantal effect?
seizure, pregnancy, rash
seizure, pregnancy, rash are examples of what drug effect?
quantal effect
examples (4) of graded effect?
BP, HR, Pain, coma score
which will predominate in combined alpha and beta?
alpha
example (two drugs) of combined alpha and beta?
coreg and labetalol
3 uses of combined alpha and beta drugs?
(1) hypertension (2) decreased CHF progression (3) left ventricular dysfunction after MI
(1) hypertension, (2) decreased CHF progression (3) left ventricular dysfunction after MI- what type of drugs used?
combined alpha and beta
hypotension, bradycardia, bronchospasm exacerbation, dizzy, drowsy, mask low blood sugar- SE of what drugs?
combined alpha and beta
common SE of combined alpha and beta?
hypotension, bradycardia, bronchospasm exacerbation, dizzy, drowsy, mask low blood sugar
another term for cholinergic agonists?
parasympathomimetics
another term for parasympathomimetics?
cholinergic agonists
where do cholinergic agonists act? (7)
eyes, heart, blood vessels, lungs, GIT, bladder, sweat glands
what drugs work on eyes, heart, blood vessels, lungs, GIT, bladder, sweat glands?
cholinergic agonists
what are the two types of cholinergic agonists?
muscarinic and nicotinic
two drug examples of muscarinic agonists?
carbachol and pilocarpine
carbachol and pilocarpine are examples of what drug class?
muscarinic agonists
what type of poisoning can occur with poison mushrooms?
muscarinic poisoning
what is the antidote for muscarinic poisoning?
atropine
what three things are muscarinic agonists used for?
treats glaucoma, improves GI tone, and urinary bladder tone
what class? Treats glaucoma, improves GI tone, urinary bladder tone
muscarinic agonists
what class? Metabolize acetylcholinesterase to metabolize and break down acetylcholine at synapses
cholinesterase inhibitor
what class? Use for myasthenia gravis (against nicotinic receptors)
cholinesterase inhibitor
neostigmine and pyridostigmine help what?
swallow, raise eyelids, treat Alzheimers
when should cholinesterase inhibitors be avoided?
if GI/GU obstruction present
side effects of cholinesterase inhibitors?
excess GI stimulation, increased salivation, miosis
excess GI stimulation, increased salivation, miosis- SE of what class?
cholinesterase inhibitor
donepezil drug class?
cholinesterase inhibitor
pesticides? (some) drug class
cholinesterase inhibitor
donepezil side effects reversible?
yes
pesticide SE reversible?
cholinesterase inhibitor SE not reversible
class? Selective blockage specific to organ being targeted
anticholinergics
another name for cholinergic blockers?
anticholinergics
another name for anticholinergics?
cholinergic blockers
how to anticholinergics work?
blocks acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors
where to anticholinergics block acetylcholine?
muscarininc receptors
class? Decreases heart rate, bronchodilation, salivary glands, sweat glands, treats urinary spasms, excitation, and dilates eyes
anticholinergices
anticholinergics dilate or constrict pupils?
dilates
anticholinergics increase or decrease HR?
decrease
effect of anticholinergics on bronchi?
bronchodilation
