Exam 1 Flashcards
Melody + accompaniment (SATB)
homophonic
several equal and independent melodies working together
polyphonic
different versions of the same melody sounding simultaneously
heterophonic
Philosophers who believed a perfect world could be accessed only through our intellects
dualists
Philosophers who believed in the world around us
Materlists
“The City of God” was written to demonstrate that
History had a direction willed by God
Characteristics of Ancient Greek Music
-improvised
-always associated with poetry or dancing
-the melody and rhythm were bound in the vocal inflections and rhythm of poetry
-virtuoso instrumentalists
“What in the world does the god mean, and what is this riddle? For I realize that I am wise in nothing, great or small; what then does he mean by saying that I am the wisest? Surely, he does not lie; that is not in keeping with his nature.” Passage from…
Plato’s apology
Maze-like pattern found on early Greek vases
meander
Most prosperous and successful of the great Athenian dramatists
Sophocles
Four fathers of the early Christian church
- St. Ambrose
- St. Jerome
- Pope Gregory 1
- St. Augustine
Christ Pantocrator
-SURVIVED the period of destruction of iconic images that twice racked the Eastern church
-represents the DUAL NATURE OF CHRIST
-is one of the most WIDELY USED religious images of Orthodox Christianity
Why is Bothius important
TRANSLATIONS of greek philosophers TRANSMITTED knowledge
Main idea of Julius Caesar’s “Commentaries”
military campaigns
Let me only glance where you are,
the voice dies, I can say nothing,
but my lips are stricken to silence,
underneath my skin the tenuous flame suffuses;
nothing shows in front of my eyes;
my ears are muted in thunder.
And the sweat breaks running upon me,
fever shakes my body, paler I turn than grass is;
I can feel that I have been changed,
I feel that death has come near me.
Lyric poem author:
Sappho
Characteristics of art in classical Greece
-balance and order
-realism in faces
-standards of human beauty derived from proportion and symmetry
-muscularity of male forms
NOT rigid, stylized stances
Connections between music & math in ancient Greece
-ratios of the sounds of planetary bodies moving through space
-ratios of strings for intervals
-mathematical laws govern music intervals and heavenly bodies/ planets
-system of musical sounds and rhythms exemplifies harmony of the cosmos
Greek doctrine of ethods
Music and poetry are inseparably connected
4 Roman writers
-Catallus
-Julius Caesar
-Cicero
-Virgil
Who said “You cannot step into the same river twice, for other waters are continually flowing in?”
Heraclitus
Main them of the Iliad
Achilles’ anger and its consequences
Greek vases from 1000-700 BC mainly feature
abstract geometric designs
Most significant architectural feature of Hagia Sophia
dome on pendentives
In Hagia Sophia, the light entering the church symbolically represents
divine wisdom
The sculpture “Kritios Boy” is renowned for representing
a turning point from the Archaic to the Classical period
The “Lacoon group” is an example of
freestanding Hellenistic art
The feeling of emotional cleansing experienced by the audience in ancient Greek dramas
catharsis
Thales of Miletus believed that the world had its origins in
water
The work of a famous Greek sculptor that combines realistic action with an idealized geometry
Discobolus by Myron
The year 323 is important because it is the year
Alexander the Great died and the Hellenistic period began
Greek/Oriental/Hellenistic musical features rejected by the early Christian church
-cultivating music in pursuit of enjoyment and beauty
-music connected with religious festivals
-instrumental music
-anything associated with the Jewish culture
“Unhappy Dido, so they told me truly
That your own hand hand brought you death. Was I—Alas! The cause?
I swear by all the stars,
By the world above, by everything held sacred
Here under the earth, unwillingly, O queen,
I left your kingdom [by] the gods’ commands.”
Virgil’s Aeneid
Who wrote edict of Milan
Constantine
Who managed to protect the borders of the Roman empire?
Diocletian
Who was responsible fo the Tetrarchy of Four
Diocletian
Who shifted the center of the Roman Empire to the east and laid the foundation for the culture?
Constantine
Who participated in the Council of Nicaea?
Constantine
Why was Christ portrayed without his beard in the mosaics of Ravenna
-in scenes in which He exercised divine power
-to represent eternity
not because that was the Greek-Byzantine style
Pythagoras was a
philosopher and musician
Which Roman emperor moved the capital for the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna?
Theodoric
Separate, 8-sided buildings near cathedrals or churches in the Byzantine era were commonly used for
baptisteries
Leader of Greece during the Golden Age connected with great achievements
Pericles
“Contraposto” is a term used to indicate
a chiastic stance in Greek statuary
The importance of the art and architecture in the city of Ravenna is
-the combination of basilica shapes
-Christian symbolism
-change from 3D to 2D
-blending secular and spiritual elements in the mosaics
When a priest and a congregation exchange lines of singing in a psalm, this is called
responsorial
When two choirs exchange lines in the singing of a psalm, this is called
antiphonal
According to the Council of Nicaea, is Christ fully or partially divine?
Fully
What is the significance of St. Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai in Egypt
-built during Justinian times, still used
-preserve Byzantine art
-protected many history icons
-rediscovery of earliest Greek codex of the New Testament
-chant performed here very similar to chant from the early days of the Eastern Orthodox Church`
Dome of the Rock religion
Christianity, Juadaism, Islam
The Vatican in Rome religion
Christianity
Mecca religion
Islam
Santiago de Compostela religion
Christianity
Wailing Wall in Jerusalem religion
Judaism
Scala Santa in Rome religion
Christianity
5 pillars of Islam
- fasting
- faith
- pilgrimmage
- almsgiving
- prayer
Can Sunni Muslims also be Sufi?
Yes
contributions of the Umayyad Caliphate to the Islamic empire
-unifying the empire
-common coinage
-establishing Arabic as the official language
-standardizing weights and measures
-building Dome of the Rock and Umayyad Mosque
Things NOT characteristic of Islamic art
-veneration of holy animals
-images of Allah
Commonalities between Christianity and Islam
-expansion through missionary work
-revelation from a divine source
-belief in free will
Who transmitted knowledge and philosophy from East to West
-Maimonides
-Boethius
-Averroes
-Avicenna
-House of Wisdom
Which caliphate lasted the longest?
Abbasid
Which caliphate built Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Umayyad Caliphate
Which caliphate built the Mosque of Samarra
Abbasid Caliphate
Which caliphate built House of Wisdom
Abbasid Caliphate
Which caliphate built Great Mosque of Damascus
Umayyad Caliphate
Which caliphate built the Great Mosque of al-Mutawakill
Abbasid Caliphate
Which caliphate built the Great Mosque of Cordoba
Abbasid Caliphate
Many Abbassid buildings were built using what material?
mud bricks
two-pipe reed instrument
aulos
a scale whose particular arrangement of whole and half steps creates a unique mood or sound
mode
the second level of a basilica or church
clerestory
Ka’bah
cube
triangles formed by the intersection of two arches
Pendentive
whether or not it was blasphemous to use images or icons in art
Inconoclastic controversy
a horizontal band at the top of a building decorated with sculpture
frieze
the triangular upper section of the front of a classical building
pediment
an oil flask used for funerary offerings and painted with mourning or graveside scenes
Lekythos
lighthearted, for the purpose of comic relief in the middle of tragedies
Satyr play
mathematical proportions in the movements of celestial bodies as a form of music
music of the spheres
Wars between Rome and Carthage
Punic Wars
a sculpture in motion
Discobolos
the characteristic of 3D in sculpture
Relief
a landowner in ancient Rome, but not elite
Plebian
six groups of long-short-short syllables
Dactylic hexameter
wars between Greece (led by Athens) and Darius I and his successors
Persian War
the upper class in ancient Rome
Patrician
wars between Athens and Sparta and their respective allies
Peloponnesian Wars
Four rulers of the divided Roman empire
Tetrarchy
the ideal male proportion
Doryphoros
politically neutral organization of Greek city-states
Delian League
music or poetry that typically represents Dionysis
Dithyramb
four-note scale
tetrachord
the chanting of psalms by a Jewish rabbi/cantor/Levite
Cantillation
