Exam 1 Flashcards
Describe leisure
Experiences which are pleasant in expectation, experience, or recollection, are intrinsically motivated, optional, autonomous, and engaging
What is authentic leisure?
The purposeful selection of leisure involvement that reflects essential aspects of the self. It increases self-awareness of interests and helps participants identify their strengths, virtues, passions, and talents
Describe competence as a characteristic of leisure
Ability to perform the activity at a level that ensures successful engagement and implies the ability to understand and make decisions
Describe what it means for leisure to be optional in nature
Person has choices in terms of the types of activities, places to do them, people with whom to do them with
Describe what it means for leisure to be autonomous
Ability to freely decide and control one’s leisure, and the ability to critically evaluate or reflect on choices
Describe freedom as a characteristic of freedom
Freedom is a choice made under one’s own power, and not the power of another
What are leisure barriers?
Obstacles that impede someone’s ability to engage in activities that can be either personal or societal
Describe some societal barriers to leisure
Stigma, inaccessible facilities
What is well-being?
A state of successful, satisfying, and productive engagement with ones life and the realization of one’s full potential
Name the 5 dimensions of wellbeing (PECSS)
Physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and spiritual
Describe internal capabilities of well being
How one is able to be and to achieve
Describe external capabilities of well being
Sources of well being such as public action or social policy
Name the 10 core capacities that must be present for a good life
Life, bodily health, bodily integrity, senses imagination and thought, emotions, practical reason, affiliation, other species, play, control over one’s environment
Describe quality of life
The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of their life
Describe the personal level of quality of life
Degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experience in everyday life, including health, personal relationships, the environment, quality of looking life, social life, and leisure time
Describe the community level of quality of life
A set of social indicators, such as nutrition, air quality,, incidence of disease, crime rates, health care, educational services, and divorce rates
What is health?
Freedom from disease and illness
What is functional ability?
The ability to meet the demands of your environment on 3 levels; the body, the whole person, and the social context
Describe the capabilities approach of well-being
Sees well being as internal and external
What is well being achievement?
Helping people reach goals to increase well being
What is well being freedom?
Advocating for and creating opportunities in the environment
Describe the hedonic view of well being
Equates well being with pleasure and sees the goal of life as experiencing maximum pleasure
Describe subjective well being
The evaluations people make of their lives including reflective cognitive evaluations and affective reactions to life events
Describe the 6 dimensions of well being
Acceptance of self, positive relations, autonomy and self determination, environmental mastery and competence, life purpose, personal growth
Describe the dimensions of being, belonging, and becoming in the quality of life model
Being: Physical, psychological, and spiritual being
Belonging: Physical, social, and community belonging
Becoming: practical, leisure, and growth becoming
What is purposeful facilitation?
When leisure experiences and strengths are enhanced through diligent application of authentic assessment to the goals, dreams, and aspirations of the participant
What are resouces?
A source of supply or support, an available means, and a natural feature or phenomenon that enhances the quality of life
What are assets?
Advantages or resources
What are internal strengths?
Things that belong to the individual including their interests, talents, abilities, skills, knowledge, aspirations, goals, strengths, and virtues
What are external strengths?
Resources in an individuals environment and sources of encouragement such as family support, home resources, community resources, opportunities, and expectations
What are interests?
Something which engages our attention and curiosity
What are preferences?
Things we like more than others which drive choices and selections
What are passions?
Interests which compel us to pursue and devote ourselves to certain goals and activities, a strong expression of our desires
What are talents?
Special and creative natural abilities or aptitudes
What are abilities?
When people differ in their performance of a behavior for which there is some objective or external standard
What are skills?
The ability to do something well, arising from talent, training, and practice
What is competency?
The possession of required skills, knowledge, experience or capacity for a particular skill or activity
Describe what performance is
The level at which a person can do an activity in their real life environment
Describe what capacity is
The level at which a person can do an activity in a standardized clinical environment
Describe what knowledge is
A clear understanding of a topic or subject area
Describe what aspirations are
A strong desire, longing, or hope
What is a goal?
A result or achievement toward which effort is directed
Describe what social supports are
Freely chosen networks of people that provide assistance and resources to meet goals
Describe what friendships are
Relationships where liking is coupled with mutual perception of similarity and expectations of reciprocity and parity
What are the 4 types of social supports?
Instrumental, emotional, information, and appraisal
Describe instrumental support
Helping someone garner tangible or physical assistance for a person such as transportation
Describe emotional support
Checking up or encouraging someone
Describe information support
Sharing information such as opportunities for leisure
Describe appraisal support
Giving feedback or reinforcement which helps a person reach their goals
What are the 5 stages of cultural competence?
destructiveness, incapacity, blindness, pre-competence, competence
Describe cultural destructiveness
When attitudes, behaviors, and practices may be derived from biases or myths which are harmful to people and culture
Describe cultural incapacity
When the individual is not intentionally being harmful or destructive, but lacks the capacity or awareness to meet cultural needs
Describe cultural blindness
A belief that culture makes no difference and all people are the same
Describe cultural pre-competence
Acknowledging cultural differences and making efforts to take other cultures into consideration
Describe cultural competence
Displaying acceptance and respect of cultural differences, continual learning and self-assessment, being attentive to differences, and adopting culturally relevant service delivery to meet individual needs
What 3 things does advocacy require?
Passion, understanding of situation or reason to advocate, willingness to advocate within a larger audience
Name the 9 types of abilities or intelligences we have under the multiple intelligence theory
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, and existential
What are the 6 virtues?
wisdom, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence
What is the difference between core and balance patterns of leisure?
Core patterns are more familiar, stable, and consistent. It is made up of common everyday low-cost activities.
Balance patterns are less common and frequent, provide novel experiences.
Name the 4 components of self advocacy
Knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, communication, and leadership
Describe positive psychology theories
Study of the strengths and virtues that enable people and communities to thrive. Founded on the belief people want to live meaningful and purposeful lives
What are the four main areas that positive psychology theories focus on?
Positive emotion and experiences, positive individual traits, positive relationships, and positive and enabling institutions
What is authentic happiness?
Happiness that comes from identifying and cultivating an individuals most fundamental strengths and using them in work, love, and play
What does happiness theory claim about happiness?
Happiness lies on a continuum, with each person having a happiness baseline
What percentage of happiness comes from our happiness baseline? Where else does it come from?
50% from the baseline, 10% from life circumstances, 40% within our control
Described learned optimism theory
Sees our thoughts as influencing our feelings, which influences our behavior. Overall, it is our choice between optimism and pessimism, and learning optimism brings a brighter outlook
What is flow?
An optimal experience where individuals feel alive and in the moment, often as a result of engaging in leisure and recreation activities
What is a flow channel?
When individuals stretch their skills to meet the challenge of the activity
What happens when the challenge is high and skills are low?
Person experiences anxiety
What happens when the challenge is high and skills are also high?
Person experiences flow
What happens when a challenge is low and the person has low skills?
Person experiences apathy
What happens when challenge is low and skills are high?
Person experiences boredom
What is authentic leisure?
The purposeful selection of leisure involvement that reflects essential aspects of the self
Describe broaden-and-build theory
Asserts that positive emotions broaden our outlook and builds resources over time, which adds value to our life
What are the 2 core truths of broaden-and-build theory
- Positive emotions open our hearts and minds, making us more receptive and creative
- Positivity transforms us for the better
What is a theory?
A generalized statement aimed at explaining a phenomenon
What is a model?
A purposeful representation of reality built on theories
What is an approach?
When information is taken from models and applied into practice
Describe leisure coping theory
Sees coping as a pathway to one’s truer and stronger self
What are the two approaches of coping?
- Reducing or eliminating the negative demands of a situation
- Increasing positive resources
What are the 3 dimensions of self determination?
Autonomy, self-actualization, and self-regulation
What 2 things does self-determination imply?
- Individual is in charge of their own life
- The individual is able to make their own decisions
What are the 6 steps of self determination?
- Identify and express needs, interests, and abilities
- Set expectations and goals
- Make choices and plans
- Take action to complete plans
- Evaluate the results
- Adjust your plans and actions if necessary
Describe self-efficacy
Peoples beliefs in their capabilities to perform in ways that give them control over events that affect their lives
What is the main idea of self efficacy theory
Focusing on what you can do and not what you will do
What are the steps of self-efficacy?
- Mastery
- Social modeling
- Social persuasion
- Physical and emotional stress
What is the main idea of well-being and environmental theories?
Clients exist within the context of social and physical environments, so we should view both the individual and the environments in which they live
Describe normalization theory
Focuses on individuals with impairments living their life as ordinary citizens within their own communities and cultures.
Also provides opportunities for self-determination and choice
What is social capital?
The connections and relationships that develop around community and the value these relationships hold for the members
What is social currency?
When individuals have valuable social relationships and a strong sense of community, which prevents conflict from destroying relationships
What does social capital allow?
- Collective problem solving
- Increased awareness of similarities
- Increased tolerance
- Improved communication
- Enhanced psychological and biological processes
What is resilency?
The capacity to prevail in the face of adversity as individuals build and utilize protective factors
Under resiliency, what 3 things do individuals learn to do?
Recover from negative emotional experiences, adapt to stressful situations, and derive meaning from distressing experiences
What is emotion-focused coping?
When individuals adjust their emotional response to a situation by reappraising the importance of the problem, seeking distractions, avoiding the problem, or accepting the situation
What is the positivity ratio?
Having 3 positive emotions for every negative emotion, which is necessary for a transformative effect of living longer and stronger
What is problem-focused coping?
When the participant attempts to manage or alter the problem by focusing on something external or within oneself. Includes basic problem solving, adjusting motivations, and enhancing related skills
What are the 4 stages of coping?
Appraisal, assessment of coping resources, applying the coping strategy, and evaluation
What 3 levels is the ICF conceptualized at?
Body function and structures, the whole person, and social and environmental contexts
What two areas are featured across dimensions in the ICF?
Body function and structures, activity and participation
Describe 4 trends responsible for the decline of community?
Replacement of civic-minded generation with less involved children and grandchildren, electronic entertainment, time and money pressures, and trend toward suburbanization
What are the 4 patterns of resiliency?
Dispositional, relational, situational, and philosophical
Describe the dispositional pattern of resilience
Sees self-perception and physical psychosocial attributes as protective factors against life stressors. Includes self worth, autonomy, self-reliance, and good health and appearance
Describe the relational pattern of resilience
Relationships seen as a source of resilience, including ones role in society and the amount of relationships people experience
Describe the situational pattern of resilience
Reflected in the ability to interact constructively with stressful situations, including the ability to evaluate situations, problem solve, and take action to affect a positive outcome
Describe the philosophical pattern of resilience
A worldview supporting resilience as a person will prove hardier if they believe life has a purpose, personal development is important, and positive meaning can be derived from all experiences
