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PY 381 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

neurons

A

basic signaling unit

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2
Q

glial cells

A

don’t construct signals but serve various functions, provide support, electrical stimulation

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3
Q

oligondendrocytes

A

myelinate axons in brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in periphery of body

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5
Q

microglial cells

A

act as immunte cells in CNS, remove damaged cells

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6
Q

dendrites

A

neuron part that receives input from other neurons

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7
Q

axons

A

neuron part that transmits electrical signals - axon terminal releases chemicals to communicate with other neurons

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8
Q

neuron signaling

A

recieve, evaluate, transmit info, transmission at synapse and most are pre and post synaptic

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9
Q

node of raniver

A

gaps in myelin, regeneration of action potential happens here through voltage gated ion channels

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10
Q

within neuron, between neuron

A

electrical, chemical

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11
Q

membrane potential resting state

A

-70mV

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12
Q

action potential

A

rapid depolarization and polarization of a small region of the membrane on a neuron’s output via its axon by the opening and closing of an ion channel

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13
Q

all or none law (0 or 1)

A

either neuron fires or it doesn’t

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14
Q

rate of firing

A

how neurons process info, speed for regeneration of action potentials is limited to about 200/ms, intensity of stimulus is coded by it

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15
Q

neuronal recording, single unit

A

how to monitor action potential

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16
Q

grey matter

A

composed of neuronal cell bodies

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17
Q

white matter

A

consists of axons and glial cells

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18
Q

corpus callosum

A

white matter structure in brain that connects L and R hemispheres

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19
Q

brainstem

A

medulla and pons and cerebellum and midbrain

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

maintain posture, walking, coordinated movement

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21
Q

thalamus

A

gateway of sensory information and sensory modalities (except olfactory) make synaptic relays in thalamus before being routed to primary sensory area

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22
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

does executive functions, higher order cognitive functions, center of cognitive control

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23
Q

cognitive psychology

A

identify internal processes for observable behaviors, mental representations and internal transformations

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24
Q

mental representations

A

internal pictures

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25
Q

internal transformations

A

stages of memory that are encoding, comparing, deciding, and responding

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26
Q

word superior effect

A

detect stimuli better when recognizable, people can recognize when presented with words as opposed to alone or with nonword strings

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27
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

risk increases by age, degenerative, large jump at 65+

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28
Q

epilepsy

A

excessive and abnormal patterned activity in brain, seizure when transient loss of consciousness

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29
Q

double dissociation

A

offer strongest neuropsychological evidence that a patient has a selective deficit of a certain cognitive function, lesion in area X impairs ability to do A but not B and lesion to Y impairs ability to do B not A

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30
Q

agonist

A

chemical substance that binds to and activate a receptor causing a bio response ex:Ldopa

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31
Q

antagonist

A

chemical substance that binds to and blocks activation of certain receptors preventing bio response ex:halperidol

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32
Q

behavioral genetics

A

study how genetic info shapes individual behaviors, use knockout procedure

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33
Q

knockout procedure

A

inactivating certain gene, helps with behvioral genetics

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34
Q

DBS - deep brain stimulation

A

surgical implants of microelectrodes directly in the brain

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35
Q

optogenetics

A

use light to manipulate neural activities, increase or decrease it, viral transduction then protein responds to specific light frequency, opening/closing ion channels

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36
Q

TMS - transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

noninvasive stimulation method, application of magnetic field to portion of the scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below magnet (virtual lesion) – repetitive TMS or continuous

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37
Q

event related potentials

A

align trials relative to event, see stimulus and only look at after stimulus onset

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38
Q

PET - positron emission tomography

A

invasive, because it uses radioactive tracers (not noninvasive like MRI), measure metabolic activity by monitoring distribution of a decaying injective radioactive tracer

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39
Q

fMRI

A

noninvasive, measure Blood oxygenated level dependent (BOLD) signal, ratio of oxygenated vs. deoxygenated hemoglobin, is indirect measure of neural activity

40
Q

functional connections

A

if two brain areas or multiple brain areas and calculate how they are correlated with correlational methods, structural or functional connections of brain is connectomes, connectivity maps

41
Q

fMRI vs EEG techniques

A

MRI is better for spatial resolution, can see all areas of brain but very slow and poor temporal resolution (every 2-3 seconds), EEG is brain activity from surface so harder to detect source or location of brain activity, poor spatial resolution but can measure activity in milliseconds so better temporal resolution

42
Q

perception involves what

A

organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations - percept is mental representation of original stimulus

43
Q

most perceptions follow this pattern

A

thalamus -> primary sensory cortex -> secondary sensory cortex

44
Q

thalamus

A

gate filtering information that is relayed to cerebral cortex for further processing, allow for multisensory integration

45
Q

smell is perception of what

A

oderants, don’t pass through thalamus

46
Q

olfactory neural signals do not pass through thalamus - go where?

A

most neurons project to ipsilateral cortex, go to primary olfactory cortex

47
Q

primary olfactory cortex (piriform area)

A

ventral junction of frontal/temporal, olfactory relay station

48
Q

5 basic tastes

A

salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umani

49
Q

primary gustatory cortex

A

insula and operculum

50
Q

orbitofrontal cortex OFC

A

integration of tastes and smells, secondary processing area

51
Q

proprioperception

A

enables sensory and motor systems to represent information about the state of muscles and limbs

52
Q

neural pathways of somatosensation

A

primary sensory cortex S1, has somatotropic representation of body which is sensory homunculus by relative importance, secondary somatosensory cortex S2, builds more complex representations crosses corpus callosum

53
Q

rods

A

have photopigment rhodopsin, which is destabilized by low light levels, connected to bipolar neurons that synapse with ganglion, b and w

54
Q

cones

A

contain photopsin and need more light but replenish rapidly, more active during day, connected to bipolar neurons that synapse with ganglion cells, color

55
Q

fovea

A

central portion of retina, allows for acute and detailed vision, nearly free of ganglion axons and blood vessels, have direct line to brain, vision is 70% dominated by what we see in fovea

56
Q

primary projection pathways

A

LGN of thalamus 90% and is retinogeniculate payhway, pulvunar of thalamus and superior colliculus of midbrain is 10% and critical role in visual attention, left visual field is right of both retina and right hemisphere

57
Q

mcgurk effect

A

in mutimodal perception, lining up sound we perceive with picture of what we see, Ba vs Fa, when seeing clashes with hearing and seeing overrides

58
Q

synethesia

A

idiosyncratic union betwen/within sensory modalities

59
Q

cortical plasticity

A

– perception reorganization, visual experiences after birth modifies and fine tunes synaptic connections, critical periods, can happen over short time– cross modal plasticity – when sensory system is absent, a different sensory system may expand their cortical recruitment

60
Q

brain combines low level input (edges, colors, shapes) into high level coherent percepts

A

computational problems object recognition, object recognition is unified, perceptual cababilities are flexible and robust, memory bound

61
Q

object constancy

A

viewing position, maintaining consistent and stable perception of object or person despite changes in physical appearance

62
Q

what, ventral pathway

A

object perception and recognition

63
Q

where, dorsal pathway

A

spatial recognition

64
Q

separation of what and where pathways

A

in auditory pathways, know there are 2 pathways

65
Q

PPA parahippocampal place area

A

respond strongly to places and scences

66
Q

visual agnosia

A

impairment to recognize visually presented objects, despite otherwise normal vision, can recognize objects using other sensory modalities

67
Q

optic ataxia

A

can recognize object but cannot use visual information to guide their actions

68
Q

RS - repition suppression

A

when experience same stimulation then diminished neural activation, diminished neural activation that results from the repeated presentaiton of stimulus, indicates neural efficiency

69
Q

binocular rivalry

A

see only thing with on eeye and the other with the other then see one at a time and not combine images, evidence that perception may occur in, activity in early visual cortex linked to stimuli while activity in higher areas linked to percepts, cells activity changes in advance of response

70
Q

top down effect

A

on object recognition, is based on our goals and experiences prediction made from frontal lobe facilitates visual recognition

71
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

asks whether we have expertise on certain type of object recognition, FFA, strong response to faces

72
Q

visual agnosia

A

impairment in recongizing visually presented objects, integrative visual agnosia are when can percieve parts but cannot integrate

73
Q

apperceptive visual agnosia

A

deficit to develop coherent percept, cannot draw object from memory

74
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness, impairment of visual recongition of faces, neurons in fusiform gyrus are fewer and smaller in autism

75
Q

selective attention

A

because assumed don’t have infinite capacity, focus on certain items at expense of other, selective processing information- allocation of attention among relevant inputs, prioritize what to attend to

76
Q

attention (APA dictionary)

A

state where cognitive resources are focused on certain aspects of environment rather than on others and CNS is in state of readiness to respond to stimuli

77
Q

top down - goal driven attentional control

A

steered by individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities and evolutionary adaptations

78
Q

bottom up - stimulus drive attentional control

A

steered by individuals current behavioral goals and shaped by learned priorities and evolutionary adaptations

79
Q

bottom up - stimulus driven attentional control

A

driven by lower level perceptual properties of stimulus such as color or size automatic and involuntary, captured by salient stimuli

80
Q

spatial neglect

A

visual area is intact but cannot pay attention to that side, damage to R hemisphere so ignore L side of body and surroundings, problem of neglect with attention and not sensation, gaze only on that one side

81
Q

vonutary - endogenous attention

A

initially attending to something, top down, goal directed, goals, expectations, and reward are what we attend to, a model of attention

82
Q

reflexive - exogenous attention

A

bottom up, stimulus drive process in which sensory events capture attention, model of attention

83
Q

covert attention

A

related to mental shift of attention without physical movement, overt attention is physically directing eyes to stimulus

84
Q

dichotic listening

A

listening to two different messages, one in each ear, repeat loud words that just heard, make sure participant focusing attention on attended message but unattended ear is also being processed at some level

85
Q

early selection model

A

only selective information will be processed, filter messages before incoming information is analyzed for meaning, all of unattended messages filtered out

86
Q

Posner’s cuing task

A

important for cognitive psychology, there are 2-3 conditions, attention to side of target – valid condition, to opposite to target – invalid condition, and to either way (control), measures influence of covert attention on perceptual processing

87
Q

ERP - event related potentials

A

elicited by visual stimuli, representing cortical stimulus, whether ignored or attended, attentional enhancement effect as early as 80 msec supporting early selection of attention

88
Q

biased computation model

A

each object in visual field are competing with each other for cortical representation and cognitive processing, competition can be biased toward an object that is currently being attended or toward an object that is most relevant to behavior

89
Q

biased computation model

A

reflexive visuospatial attention, once one pays attention to one stimuli are likely to not go back to attending to that attention for a movement, occurs when orienting toward object previously viewed or when location is suppressed

90
Q

visual search

A

finding targets among distractions

91
Q

popout search

A

one feature difference, target structure has one distinct difference

92
Q

conjunction search

A

have to combine different features to identify target item - use picture to guide under visual search slide

93
Q

attentional control networks, top-down and bottom up

A

flexible interaction bewteen both systems allows dynamic control of attention on top down goals and bottom up sensory stimulation

94
Q

dorsal attention networks DAN

A

voluntary attention based on spatial location features, and object properties, frontal cortex FEF, SEF, parietal cortex IPS, SPL, PC, attentional priming

95
Q

ventral attention network VAN

A

concerned with stimulus novetly and salience, TPJ, VFC, lateralized to right hemisphere, reorient attention

PY 381 (2 decks)

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