Exam 1 Flashcards
100 cm
1 m
1 kg
1000 g
1nm
10^-9 m
1 g
1000 mg
1 kJ
1000 J
h
Planks constant
Density
mass/volume
Molarity (M)
Moles of solute/liter of solution
What did the Rutherford gold foil experiment disprove
Since rays deflected a lot, there is a dense center of an atom called the nucleus, rather than the plum pudding model
The nucleus is super (big/small) and _______ dense
Super small, very dense
Atomic Mass:
Atomic Number:
Mass: Neutrons + Protons
Number: # of protons
Isotopes
Different number of neutrons
Ions
Different number of electrons
Eukaryotes have
Membrane bound organelles
nucleus
Why are the eukaryotes qualities important?
It seperates chemical reactions in organelles
Examples of eukaryotes
Humans, yeast
Cell theory
- All living organisms are made of one or more cells
- Cells are the most basic unit of life
- Cells arise from previous living cells
Four building blocks of cells and their larger units
Sugars -> polysaccharides
Fatty acids -> fats, lipids, membranes
Amino acids -> Proteins (polypeptide)
Nucleotides -> Nucleic acids
Mitochondria
Powers the cell
Ribosomes
Make proteins
Nucleus
Instructions (DNA) to make proteins
E.R.
Path and makes proteins
Golgi apparatus
Packages and sorts proteins
Nucleolus
Makes ribosomes
Lysosomes
Degrades proteins
How to recognize amino acids
Amino group (H2N)
Carboxylic acid
How to recognize nucelotide
Phosphate attached to 5’ carbon
Nucleic acids are bond together through
phosphodiester bonds
A dehydration reaction
synthesizes a polymer (removes H2O)
A hydration reaction
Breaks apart a polymer (adds H2O)
How is a peptide bond formed
The carboxyl group (c teminus) binds with a free amino group (end terminus) and removes an H2O in the process
Why is it called deoxyribose
A hydrogen replaces the OH (lack of oxygen)
Three parts of a nucleotide
- Phosphate group
- Pentose sugar (sugar-phosphate backbone)
- Nitrogenous base
Classical Theory of Matter
Matter are particles
light is a wave
Any light has two waves ______, and they are ________ to each other
- Magnetic
- Electric
Perpendicular
Wavelength unit and symbol
λ (nm)
Frequency unit and symbol
v (1/s)
The classical theory thought that intensity =
amplitude
How did einstein disprove his hypothesis about the classical theory
A low frequency light (red) at a high intensity did not eject any electrons (create a current)
Amplitude causes a current (T/F)
False, frequency does
Intensity is just the
number of particles per second
As frequency increases, energy
increases
As wavelength increases, energy
decreases
Work function
The energy required to see the photoelectric effect
If the energy of a photon is greater than the work function….
The KE of the electron will correspond directly to the energy of the photon
Energy conservation equation in light
hc/λ = hVo + 1/2mv^2
Hz =
1/second
Energy is emitted in units called
quanta
Debroglie shows that
electrons can be both a wave and a particle
(particles = fixed position)
(wave = moves)
fixed wavelength
Limitations of the Bohr model
- Only works for hydrogen
- electrons have no fixed orbits
- Only works for a one electron system
Four quantum numbers
N, L, m sub l, m sub s
n
Principal quantum number
energy levels
The number of orbitals you will have is
n^2
l
Angular momentum quantum number
shape (number of angular nodes)
n-1
chart of l number to orbital name
0 = s
1 = p
2 = d
3 = f
M sub l
Magnetic quantum number
orientation in space
-l…..0….+l
2l + 1
M sub s
Spin quantum number
+1/2 or -1/2
Three tips for finding quantum numbers
- there are n subshells in the nth level
- there are n^2 orbitals in the nth shell
- There are (2l+1) orbitals in each subshell
Counting nodes
total number of nodes: n-1
Angular nodes = l
Number of radial nodes (n-1)-l
Zeff
Effective nuclear charge
How much charge the outer electrons can feel
Explanation for atomic size trend
Across: smaller because more zeff
Down: Larger because more shells (shielding)
Ionization energy
Amount of energy needed to remove 1 mole of electrons from 1 mole of gas-phase atoms or ions in their ground states
Electron affinities
The energy change that occurs when 1 mole of electrons is added to 1 mole
of atoms or ions in the gas phase
Central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
Pyrimidines
How many rings?
Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
1
Purines
How many rings?
Adenine, Guanine
2
Where is DNA?
Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
Why is GC stronger than AT
GC has 3 hydrogen bonds, AT has two
DNA replication is
semiconservative
Direction of DNA synthesis
5’ to 3’ direction done by DNA polymerase
Helicase
Unwinds DNA
Topoisomerase
Relieves tension during unwinding
Primase
Points the start with priming RNA strand
Polymerase
Synthesizes DNA
Lygase
Seals diester bonds
Repair polymerase
Fills and removes DNA (merges okazaki fragments)
Single Strand binding protein
Prevents parent DNA from remerging
ORC
(Origin replication complex): Protein that finds the origin of replication
How do the lagging and leading strand stay at the same pace?
The lagging stand loops itself to stay in the same direction of the leading strand. the polymerases can then stay connected
RNA vs DNA
RNA:
Uracil
Ribose
Can fold into different structures
DNA:
Thymine
Deoxyribose
Double helix always
Electronegativity
How much an atom likes electrons while in a bond
Metallic Bonds
Metal + metal
Form a lattice
Delta EN = <0.1
Ionic Bonds
Transfer of electrons
Metal + Nonmetal
Delta EN = > 1
Covalent Bonds
Nonmetal + nonmetal
Delta EN = anything
If the EN difference is greater than _____ it is polar
0.5
Bacterial cells don’t have
mitochondria (all membrane bound organelles)
Remember, prokaryotic cells still have
ribosomes and replication machinary
Write out an electron configuration pyramid
Don’t forget the 4s before 3d rule
The polarity of DNA comes from the
polarity of the nucleotide subunits (sugar-phosphate backbone with 5’ and 3’ carbon)
Nucleotides are linked through
covalent phosphodiester bonds
DNA replication origins are typically rich in _____. Why?
A-T base pairs. Only two bonds so its easier to seperate
DNA replication is a bidirectional process that is initiated at multiple locations along chromosomes in eukaryotic cells. (T/F)
True
Which elements can have less than 8 electrons?
H, B, Be
Which elements can have more than 8 electrons
Any with an allowed 3d orbital
Hints for a nonpolar molecule
- Diatomic
- Noble Gases
- Carbon and hydrogen only
- Symmetry
- Delta EN <0.5
Hints for a Polar molecule
- Hydrogen Bond
- Lone pairs break symmetry
Fill out chart for VSPER structures
Okie :)
Pay attention to photoelectric binding energy in kJ/mol
convert to per electron
Debrogile wavelength is directly corrosponding to
wavelength of energy input
Visible Light
Spectrum
400-700 nm
